{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T05:33:18Z","timestamp":1791264798400,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Journal of Sports Science and Medicine","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,1]],"date-time":"2025-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748736000000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["jsportscimed"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study aimed to (1) determine the kinematics of the different body parts during the execution of one of the basic combinations of plays \u2013 a few selected strokes and the footwork used to combine them, and (2) evaluate the variation of these kinematics. The study included eight male advanced-level (polish national team) table tennis players (aged 22.7 \u00b1 2.7 years). All of them were right-handed and presented an offensive style of play. Participants performed one task: performing a series of topspin strokes. Kinematic parameters were measured using the MR3 myoMuscle Master Edition system. The movement of the playing hand was used to assess specific cycle events. Angular values and velocities of the body segments and maximal linear velocities of the playing hand were calculated. The basic statistics were applied. Quartile coefficients of variation were used to assess the interindividual variability. The research made it possible to determine the kinematics of the strokes used in the combination of plays in table tennis. The essential elements of coordination of movements during the combination of three topspin strokes were indicated. Players make strokes during a series of plays at high frequency and velocity (up to several hundred degrees\/s at some joints), reducing the ranges of motion in specific body segments, which were observed to be smaller (even up to several dozen degrees) than the analogous ranges reported in the literature for single strokes. This seems to be a significant note to players and coaches in table tennis. In addition, the players execute the stroke slightly differently than in single strokes, which is caused by the need to combine the striking movement with footwork and quickly position themselves for subsequent hits. The players also used different, variable execution patterns (different angles \u2013 settings in the joints), although the effect \u2013 in the form of the maximum velocity of the playing hand \u2013 was very similar. This can be considered a manifestation of a phenomenon called \u201cfunctional movement variability,\u201d which means that athletes adjust their movements using different movement patterns but achieve similar results regarding maximum linear hand speed. This highlights the importance of the individualisation process in table tennis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.52082\/jssm.2025.311","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,17]],"date-time":"2025-04-17T10:36:33Z","timestamp":1744886193000},"page":"311-325","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Kinematics of Topspin Stroke Combinations in Table Tennis and its Inter-Individual Variability"],"prefix":"10.52082","author":[{"given":"Ziemowit","family":"Ba\u0144kosz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S\u0142awomir","family":"Winiarski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"29163","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref0","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ba\u0144kosz Z., Winiarski S. (2017) The kinematics of table tennis racquet: differences between topspin strokes. Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness 57, 202-213.  Crossref","DOI":"10.23736\/s0022-4707.16.06104-1"},{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Journal of Sports Science and Medicine Ba\u0144kosz Z., Winiarski S. (2018) Correlations between Angular Velocities in Selected Joints and Velocity of Table Tennis Racket during Topspin Forehand and Backhand. Journal of Sports Science and Medicine 17, 330-338.  Pubmed","DOI":"10.1123\/mc.2017-0057"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Journal of Sports Science and Medicine Ba\u0144kosz Z., Winiarski S. (2020) Kinematic parameters of topspin forehand in table tennis and their inter- and intra-individual variability. Journal of Sports Science and Medicine 19, 138-148.  Pubmed","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/8413948"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Journal of Sports Science and Medicine Ba\u0144kosz Z., Winiarski S. (2021) The application of statistical parametric mapping to evaluate differences in topspin backhand between Chinese and Polish female table tennis players. Applied Bionics and Biomechanics 14, 5555874.  Crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/5555874"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Journal of Sports Science and Medicine Ba\u0144kosz Z., Winiarski S., Malagoli Lanzoni I. (2020) Gender differences in kinematic parameters of topspin forehand and backhand in table tennis. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, 5742.  Crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17165742"},{"key":"ref5","unstructured":"Journal of Sports Science and Medicine Balasubramanian, S. (2013) Comparison of angle measurements between Vicon and Myomotion Systems. Master's thesis Center for Adaptive Neural Systems (ANS), Arizona State University; 2013 Available from URL: https:\/\/pdfs.semanticscholar.org\/1641\/d6ece74c8e7e9e5f06595bad7b49540bc5 3a.pdf"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Journal of Sports Science and Medicine Bartlett R., Wheat J., Robins M. (2007) Is movement variability important for sports biomechanists?. Sports Biomechanics 6, 224-243.  Crossref","DOI":"10.1080\/14763140701322994"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Journal of Sports Science and Medicine Biz C., Puce L., Slimani M., Salamh P., Dhahbi W., Bragazzi N.L., Ruggieri P. (2022) Epidemiology and risk factors of table-tennis-related injuries: Findings from a scoping review of the literature. Medicina (Kaunas) 58, 572.  Crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina58050572"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Journal of Sports Science and Medicine Bonett D.G. (2006) Confidence interval for a coefficient of quartile variation. Computational Statistics & Data Analysis 50, 2953-2957.  Crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csda.2005.05.007"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Journal of Sports Science and Medicine Bootsma R.J., van Wieringen P.C.W. (1990) Timing an Attacking Forehand Drive in Table Tennis. Journal of Experimental Psy-chology: Human Perception and Performance 16, 21-29.","DOI":"10.1037\/\/0096-1523.16.1.21"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Journal of Sports Science and Medicine Botta-Duk\u00e1t Z. (2023) Quartile coefficient of variation is more robust than CV for traits calculated as a ratio. Scientific Reports 13, 4671.  Crossref","DOI":"10.1101\/2022.10.13.512014"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Journal of Sports Science and Medicine Cowin J., Nimphius S., Fell J., Culhane P., Schmidt M. (2022) A proposed framework to describe movement variability within sporting tasks: A scoping review. Sports Medicine Open 8, 85.  Crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s40798-022-00473-4"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Journal of Sports Science and Medicine Dupuy M., Mottet D., Ripoll H. (2000) The regulation of releaseparameters in underarm precision throwing. Journal of Sports Sciences 18, 375-382.","DOI":"10.1080\/02640410050074304"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Journal of Sports Science and Medicine Fritsch, C., Marsan, T., Poulet, Y., Thoreux, P., Rouch, P. and Sauret, C. (2022) Is ball-racket contact concomitant with the maximal racket speed in young trained table tennis players? In: Proceedings of 40th International Society of Biomechanics in Sports Conference, Liverpool, UK: July 19-23, 2022. Ed: Robinson, M.A. Available from URL: https:\/\/commons.nmu.edu\/cgi\/viewcontent.cgi?article=2456&context=isbs","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scispo.2020.04.007"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Journal of Sports Science and Medicine Grycan, J. and Ba\u0144kosz, Z. (2024) The technical and tactical actions are different styles of play in table tennis. Acta Kinesiologica 18(2), 41-55. Retrieved from https:\/\/akinesiologica.com\/ojs_3.3.0-7\/index.php\/akinesiologica\/article\/view\/224","DOI":"10.51371\/issn.1840-2976.2024.18.2.6"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Journal of Sports Science and Medicine Hamill, J., Haddad, J.M., Heiderscheit, B.C., Van Emmerik, R.E.A. and Li, L. (2006) Movement system variability. In: Movement System Variability Eds: Davids, K, Bennet S and Newell, K. Champaign (IL): Human Kinetics. 153-166.","DOI":"10.5040\/9781492596851.ch-008"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Journal of Sports Science and Medicine He Y., Lyu X., Sun D., Baker J.S., Gu Y. (2021) The kinematic analysis of the lower limb during topspin forehand loop between different level table tennis athletes. PeerJ. 9, e10841.  Crossref","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.10841"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Journal of Sports Science and Medicine Iino Y., Kojima T. (2009) Kinematics of table tennis topspin forehands: Effects of performance level and ball spin. Journal of Sports Sciences 27, 1311-1321.","DOI":"10.1080\/02640410903264458"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Journal of Sports Science and Medicine Iino Y., Kojima T. (2011) Kinetics of the upper limb during table tennis topspin forehands in advanced and intermediate players. Sports Biomechanics 10, 361-377.","DOI":"10.1080\/14763141.2011.629304"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Journal of Sports Science and Medicine Iino Y., Mori T., Kojima T. (2008) Contributions of upper limb rotations to racket velocity in table tennis backhands against topspin and backspin. Journal of Sports Sciences 26, 287-293.","DOI":"10.1080\/02640410701501705"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Journal of Sports Science and Medicine Iino Y., Yoshioka S., Fukashiro S. (2017) Uncontrolled manifold analysis of joint angle variability during table tennis forehand. Human Movement Science 56, 98-108.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humov.2017.10.021"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Journal of Sports Science and Medicine Kornfeind P., Baca A., Boindl T., Kettlgruber A., Gollnhu-ber G. (2015) Movement variability of professional pool billiards players on selected tasks. Procedia Engineering 112, 540-545.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.proeng.2015.07.240"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Journal of Sports Science and Medicine Malagoli Lanzoni I., Bartolomei S., Di Michele R., Fantozzi S. (2018) A kinematic comparison between long-line and cross-court top spin forehand in competitive table tennis players. Journal of Sports Sciences 36, 2637-2643.  Crossref","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2018.1456394"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Journal of Sports Science and Medicine Malagoli Lanzoni I., Bartolomei S., Di Michele R., Gu Y., Baker J.S., Fantozzi S., Cortesi M. (2021) Kinematic analysis of the racket position during the table tennis top spin forehand stroke. Applied Sciences 11, 5178.  Crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/app11115178"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Journal of Sports Science and Medicine Preatoni E., Hamill J., Harrison A. J., Hayes K., Van Emmerik R. E. A., Stokes C. W., Rodano R. (2012) Movement variability and skills monitoring in sports. Sports Biomechanics 12, 69-92.","DOI":"10.1080\/14763141.2012.738700"},{"key":"ref25","unstructured":"Journal of Sports Science and Medicine Qian J., Zhang Y., Baker J., Gu Y. (2016) Effects of performance level on lower limb kinematics during table tennis forehand loop. Acta of Bioengineering and Biomechanics 18, 149-155."},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Journal of Sports Science and Medicine Reed G. F., Lynn F., Meade B. D. (2002) Use of coefficient of variation in assessing variability of quantitative assays. Clinical and Vaccine Immunology 9, 1235-1239.","DOI":"10.1128\/cdli.9.6.1235-1239.2002"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Journal of Sports Science and Medicine Reed G. F., Lynn F., Meade B. D. (2003) Use of coefficient of variation in assessing variability of quantitative assays. Clinical and Vaccine Immunollogy 10, 1162.  Crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/cdli.10.6.1162.2003"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Journal of Sports Science and Medicine Sharif Bidabadi S., Murray I., Lee G.Y.F. (2018) Validation of foot pitch angle estimation using inertial measurement unit against marker-based optical 3D motion capture system. Biomedical Engineering Letters 8, 283-290.","DOI":"10.1007\/s13534-018-0072-5"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Journal of Sports Science and Medicine Sheppard A., Li F.X. (2007) Expertise and the control of interception in table tennis. European Journal of Sport Science 7, 213-222.  Crossref","DOI":"10.1080\/17461390701718505"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Journal of Sports Science and Medicine Stergiou N., Decker L.M. (2011) Human movement variability, nonlinear dynamics, and pathology: is there a connection?. Human Movement Science 30, 869-888.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humov.2011.06.002"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Journal of Sports Science and Medicine Tao W., Liu T., Zheng R., Feng H. (2012) Gait analysis using wearable sensors. Sensors 12, 2255-2283.","DOI":"10.3390\/s120202255"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Journal of Sports Science and Medicine Wang M., Fu L., Gu Y., Mei Q., Fu F., Fernandez J. (2018) Comparative study of kinematics and muscle activity between elite and amateur table tennis players during topspin loop against backspin movements. Journal of Human Kinetics 15, 25-33.  Crossref","DOI":"10.1515\/hukin-2017-0182"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Journal of Sports Science and Medicine Wu, T.C. (2017) Core skills for world-level table tennis competitions. In: The 14th ITTF Sports Science Congress and 5th World Racquet Sports Congress, April 23-25, Suzhou-China. Ed: Kondric, M., Xiaopeng, Z., Dandan, X. Book of Abstracts. 150-156","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203436646_chapter_1"},{"key":"ref34","unstructured":"Journal of Sports Science and Medicine Xia R., Dai B., Fu W., Gu N., Wu Y. (2020) Kinematic comparisons of the shakehand and penhold grips in table tennis forehand and backhand strokes when returning topspin and backspin balls. Journal of Sports Sciences and Medicine 19, 637-644.  Pubmed"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Journal of Sports Science and Medicine Zagatto A.M., Gobatto C.A. (2012) Relationship between anaerobic parameters provided from MAOD and critical power model in specific table tennis test. International Journal of Sports Medicine 33, 613-620.  Crossref","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0032-1304648"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Journal of Sports Science and Medicine Zagatto A.M., Papoti M., Gobatto C.A. (2008) Anaerobic capacity may not be determined by critical power model in elite table tennis players. Journal of Sports Sciences and Medicine 7, 54-59.  Pubmed","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0032-1304648"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Journal of Sports Science and Medicine Zhang Z., Halkon B., Chou S. M., Qu X. (2016) A novel phase-aligned analysis on motion patterns of table tennis strokes. International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport 16, 305-316.  Crossref","DOI":"10.1080\/24748668.2016.11868888"},{"key":"ref38","unstructured":"Journal of Sports Science and Medicine Zhang, H. and Shi, Y. (2000) Kinematics of forehand attack on accelerated loop techniques in table tennis - a case study. In: Proceedings of XVIII International Symposium on Biomechanics in Sports, 2000 June 25-30; Hong Kong. Eds: Hong Y, Saunders R, Johns DP. Department of Sports Science and Physical Education, The Chinese University of Hong Kong. 1011."}],"container-title":["Journal of Sports Science and Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,17]],"date-time":"2025-04-17T10:36:37Z","timestamp":1744886197000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.jssm.org\/jssm-24-311.xml%3EFulltext"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,1]]},"references-count":39,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.52082\/jssm.2025.311","archive":["Internet Archive"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1303-2968"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1303-2968","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,1]]}}}