{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T05:42:49Z","timestamp":1787031769710,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Journal of Sports Science and Medicine","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]],"date-time":"2025-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756684800000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["jsportscimed"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Soccer players are frequently categorized by playing positions, both in the scientific literature and in practice. However, the utility of this approach in evaluating physical match performance and optimizing physical training programs remains unclear. This study compares the effectiveness of categorizing soccer players by their playing position versus using unsupervised machine learning based on match-specific running performance. Match-specific running data were collected from 40 young elite male soccer players over two seasons. Thirty-one of these players completed a 20-meter sprint test and a maximal incremental treadmill test to measure maximal oxygen uptake. Players were categorized both by playing position and by subgroups derived through k-means clustering based on match-specific running performance. Differences in sprint capacity, endurance capacity, and match-specific running performance were compared between and within playing positions, as well as between and within clusters. The two categorization methods were further compared for variance within subgroups and standardized differences between subgroups for total distance (TD), low-intensity running (LIR), moderate-intensity running (MIR), high-intensity running (HIR), and sprint distance during matches. Match-specific running performance differed between playing positions, despite notable inter-individual differences in running intensities within playing positions. Clustering based on match-specific running performance revealed less variance within groups (TD: P = 0.049, LIR: P = 0.032, HIR: P = 0.033) and larger standardized differences between groups (LIR: P = 0.037, MIR: P = 0.041, HIR: P = 0.035, Sprint: P = 0.018) compared to grouping by playing position. Moreover, 20-meter sprint speed differed between the sprint and high intensity endurance clusters (25.22 vs 23.75 km\/h, P = 0.012), but not between playing positions. Using unsupervised machine learning to categorize soccer players improves the identification of player groups with similar match-specific running performance, thereby supporting performance evaluation and contributing to the optimization of physical training.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.52082\/jssm.2025.565","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,7]],"date-time":"2025-07-07T07:04:22Z","timestamp":1751871862000},"page":"565-577","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Beyond Playing Positions: Categorizing Soccer Players Based on Match-Specific Running Performance Using Machine Learning"],"prefix":"10.52082","author":[{"given":"Michel de","family":"Haan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephan","family":"van der Zwaard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jurrit","family":"Sanders","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter J.","family":"Beek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard T.","family":"Jaspers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"29163","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref0","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bangsbo J. (1994) Energy demands in competitive soccer. Journal of Sports Sciences 12, 5-12.  Crossref","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.1994.12059272"},{"key":"ref1","unstructured":"Journal of Sports Science and Medicine Bangsbo J. (2014) Physiological demands of football. Scandinavian Sports Exercise 27, 1-6."},{"key":"ref2","unstructured":"Journal of Sports Science and Medicine Bangsbo J., Michalsik L. (2002) Assessment of the physiological capacity of elite soccer players."},{"key":"ref3","unstructured":"Journal of Sports Science and Medicine Bangsbo J., N\u00f8rregaard L., Thors\u00f8 F. (1991) Activity profile of competition soccer. Journal of Sports Sciences 16, 110-116."},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Journal of Sports Science and Medicine Bittencourt N. F., Meeuwisse W., Mendon\u00e7a L., Nettel-Aguirre A., Ocarino J., Fonseca S. (2016) Complex systems approach for sports injuries: moving from risk factor identification to injury pattern recognition\u2014narrative review and new concept. British Journal of Sports Medicine 50, 1309-1314.  Crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2015-095850"},{"key":"ref5","unstructured":"Journal of Sports Science and Medicine Bloomfield J., Polman R., O'Donoghue P. (2007) Physical demands of different positions in FA Premier League soccer. Journal of Sports Science and Medicine 6, 63-70.  Pubmed"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Journal of Sports Science and Medicine Bradley P. S., Sheldon W., Wooster B., Olsen P., Boanas P., Krustrup P. (2009) High-intensity running in English FA Premier League soccer matches. Journal of Sports Sciences 27, 159-168.  Crossref","DOI":"10.1080\/02640410802512775"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Journal of Sports Science and Medicine Buchheit M., Simpson B. M., Hader K., Lacome M. (2021) Occurrences of near-to-maximal speed-running bouts in elite soccer: insights for training prescription and injury mitigation. Science and Medicine in Football 5, 105-110.  Crossref","DOI":"10.1080\/24733938.2020.1802058"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Journal of Sports Science and Medicine Campos-Vazquez M. A., Mendez-Villanueva A., Gonzalez-Jurado J. A., Le\u00f3n-Prados J. A., Santalla A., Suarez-Arrones L. (2015) Relationships between rating-of-perceived-exertion-and heart-rate-derived internal training load in professional soccer players: a comparison of on-field integrated training sessions. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 10, 587-592.  Crossref","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.2014-0294"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Journal of Sports Science and Medicine Chamari K., Hachana Y., Ahmed Y., Galy O., Sghaier F., Chatard J., Hue O., Wisloff U. (2004) Field and laboratory testing in young elite soccer players. British Journal of Sports Medicine 38, 191.  Crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.2002.004374"},{"key":"ref10","unstructured":"Journal of Sports Science and Medicine Cohen J. (1988) Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. Hillsdale, NJ, USA. Erbaum Press."},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Journal of Sports Science and Medicine Dalmaijer E. S., Nord C. L., Astle D. E. (2022) Statistical power for cluster analysis. BMC Bioinformatics 23, 205.  Crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12859-022-04675-1"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Journal of Sports Science and Medicine Dellal A., Chamari K., Wong D. P., Ahmaidi S., Keller D., Barros R., Bisciotti G. N., Carling C. (2011) Comparison of physical and technical performance in European soccer match-play: FA Premier League and La Liga. European Journal of Sport Science 11, 51-59.  Crossref","DOI":"10.1080\/17461391.2010.481334"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Journal of Sports Science and Medicine Deprez D., Fransen J., Boone J., Lenoir M., Philippaerts R., Vaeyens R. (2015) Characteristics of high-level youth soccer players: variation by playing position. Journal of Sports Sciences 33, 243-254.  Crossref","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2014.934707"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Journal of Sports Science and Medicine Di Salvo V., Gregson W., Atkinson G., Tordoff P., Drust B. (2009) Analysis of high intensity activity in Premier League soccer. International Journal of Sports Medicine , 205-212.  Crossref","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0028-1105950"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Journal of Sports Science and Medicine Ekstrand J., Wald\u00e9n M., H\u00e4gglund M. (2016) Hamstring injuries have increased by 4% annually in men's professional football, since 2001: a 13-year longitudinal analysis of the UEFA Elite Club injury study. British Journal of Sports Medicine 50, 731-737.  Crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2015-095359"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Journal of Sports Science and Medicine Filter A., Olivares-Jabalera J., Dos'Santos T., Madruga M., Lozano J., Molina A., Santalla A., Requena B., Loturco I. (2023) High-intensity actions in elite soccer: current status and future perspectives. International Journal of Sports Medicine 44, 535-544.  Crossref","DOI":"10.1055\/a-2013-1661"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Journal of Sports Science and Medicine Frencken W. G., Lemmink K. A., Delleman N. J. (2010) Soccer-specific accuracy and validity of the local position measurement (LPM) system. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport 13, 641-645.  Crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2010.04.003"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Journal of Sports Science and Medicine Fuhre J., \u00d8ygard A., S\u00e6ther S. A. (2022) Coaches\u2019 criteria for talent identification of youth male soccer players. Sports 10, 14.  Crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/sports10020014"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Journal of Sports Science and Medicine Gabbett T. J. (2016) The training - injury prevention paradox: should athletes be training smarter and harder?. British Journal of Sports Medicine 50, 273-280.  Crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2015-095788"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Journal of Sports Science and Medicine Gabbett T. J. (2020) Debunking the myths about training load, injury and performance: Empirical evidence, hot topics and recommendations for practitioners. British Journal of Sports Medicine 54, 58-66.  Crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2018-099784"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Journal of Sports Science and Medicine Gil S. M., Gil J., Ruiz F., Irazusta A., Irazusta J. (2007) Physiological and anthropometric characteristics of young soccer players according to their playing position: Relevance for the selection process. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 21, 438-445.  Crossref","DOI":"10.1519\/00124278-200705000-00026"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Journal of Sports Science and Medicine Gualtieri A., Rampinini E., Dello Iacono A., Beato M. (2023) High-speed running and sprinting in professional adult soccer: Current thresholds definition, match demands and training strategies. A systematic review. Frontiers in Sports and Active Living 5, 1116293.  Crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fspor.2023.1116293"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Journal of Sports Science and Medicine Hartigan J. A., Wong M. A. (1979) Algorithm AS 136: A k-means clustering algorithm. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society 28, 100-108.  Crossref","DOI":"10.2307\/2346830"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Journal of Sports Science and Medicine Haugen T. A., T\u00f8nnessen E., Seiler S. (2013) Anaerobic performance testing of professional soccer players 1995-2010. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 8, 148-156.  Crossref","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.8.2.148"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Journal of Sports Science and Medicine Helgerud J., Engen L. C., Wisl\u00f8ff U., Hoff J. (2001) Aerobic endurance training improves soccer performance. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 33, 1925-1931.  Crossref","DOI":"10.1097\/00005768-200111000-00019"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Journal of Sports Science and Medicine Jaspers A., De Be\u00e9ck T. O., Brink M. S., Frencken W. G., Staes F., Davis J. J., Helsen W. F. (2018) Relationships between the external and internal training load in professional soccer: What can we learn from machine learning?. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 13, 625-630.  Crossref","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.2017-0299"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Journal of Sports Science and Medicine Julian R., Page R. M., Harper L. D. (2021) The effect of fixture congestion on performance during professional male soccer match-play: A systematic critical review with meta-analysis. Sports Medicine 51, 255-273.  Crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-020-01359-9"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Journal of Sports Science and Medicine Kavanagh R., Di Michele R., Oliveira R., McDaid K., Rhodes D., Morgans R. (2024) The relationships between distances covered above generic and relative speed thresholds by male soccer players in English Premier League matches across two competitive seasons. The effects of positional demands and possession. Biology of Sport 41, 77-86.  Crossref","DOI":"10.5114\/biolsport.2024.135416"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Journal of Sports Science and Medicine Kemi O., Hoff J., Engen L., Helgerud J., Wisloff U. (2003) Soccer specific testing of maximal oxygen uptake. Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness 43, 139-.","DOI":"10.1249\/00005768-200605001-01893"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Journal of Sports Science and Medicine Lago-Pe\u00f1as C., Casais L., Dellal A., Rey E., Dom\u00ednguez E. (2011) Anthropometric and physiological characteristics of young soccer players according to their playing positions: Relevance for competition success. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 25, 3358-3367.  Crossref","DOI":"10.1519\/jsc.0b013e318216305d"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Journal of Sports Science and Medicine McCann D. J., Adams W. C. (2002) A theory for normalizing resting VO for differences in body size. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 34, 1382-1390.  Crossref","DOI":"10.1097\/00005768-200208000-00022"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Journal of Sports Science and Medicine Metaxas T. I. (2021) Match running performance of elite soccer players: VO2max and players position influences. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 35, 162-168.  Crossref","DOI":"10.1519\/jsc.0000000000002646"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Journal of Sports Science and Medicine Modric T., Jelicic M., Sekulic D. (2021a) Relative training load and match outcome: Are professional soccer players actually undertrained during the in-season?. Sports 9, 139.  Crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/sports9100139"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Journal of Sports Science and Medicine Modric T., Versic S., Sekulic D. (2021b) Does aerobic performance define match running performance among professional soccer players? A position-specific analysis. Research in Sports Medicine 29, 336-348.  Crossref","DOI":"10.1080\/15438627.2021.1888107"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Journal of Sports Science and Medicine Modric T., Versic S., Sekulic D., Liposek S. (2019) Analysis of the association between running performance and game performance indicators in professional soccer players. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, 4032.  Crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16204032"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Journal of Sports Science and Medicine Mohr M., Krustrup P., Bangsbo J. (2003) Match performance of high-standard soccer players with special reference to development of fatigue. Journal of Sports Sciences 21, 519-528.  Crossref","DOI":"10.1080\/0264041031000071182"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Journal of Sports Science and Medicine Nikolaidis P. T., Knechtle B., Clemente F., Torres-Luque G. (2016a) Reference values for the sprint performance in male football players aged from 9-35 years. Biomedical Human Kinetics 8, 103-112.  Crossref","DOI":"10.1515\/bhk-2016-0015"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Journal of Sports Science and Medicine Nikolaidis P. T., Ruano M. A. G., de Oliveira N. C., Portes L. A., Freiwald J., Lepr\u00eatre P. M., Knechtle B. (2016b) Who runs the fastest? Anthropometric and physiological correlates of 20 m sprint performance in male soccer players. Research in Sports Medicine 24, 341-351.  Crossref","DOI":"10.1080\/15438627.2016.1222281"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Journal of Sports Science and Medicine Novack L. F., Nascimento V. B., Salgueirosa F. M., Carignano L. F., Fornaziero A., Gomes E. B., Osiecki R. (2013) Subgroup distribution based on physiological responses in professional soccer players by K-means cluster technique. Revista Brasileira de Medicina do Esporte 19, 130-133.  Crossref","DOI":"10.1590\/s1517-86922013000200012"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Journal of Sports Science and Medicine Ogris G., Leser R., Horsak B., Kornfeind P., Heller M., Baca A. (2012) Accuracy of the LPM tracking system considering dynamic position changes. Journal of Sports Sciences 30, 1503-1511.  Crossref","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2012.712712"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Journal of Sports Science and Medicine Pillitteri G., Petrigna L., Ficarra S., Giustino V., Thomas E., Rossi A., Clemente F. M., Paoli A., Petrucci M., Bellafiore M. (2024) Relationship between external and internal load indicators and injury using machine learning in professional soccer: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Research in Sports Medicine 1-37.  Crossref","DOI":"10.1080\/15438627.2023.2297190"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Journal of Sports Science and Medicine Rhini M., Hickner R., Naidoo R., Sookan T. (2024) The physical demands of the match according to playing positions in a South African Premier Soccer League team. South African Journal of Sports Medicine 36.  Crossref","DOI":"10.17159\/2078-516x\/2024\/v36i1a16752"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Journal of Sports Science and Medicine Rico-Gonz\u00e1lez M., Pino-Ortega J., M\u00e9ndez A., Clemente F., Baca A. (2023) Machine learning application in soccer: A systematic review. Biology of Sport 40, 249-263.  Crossref","DOI":"10.5114\/biolsport.2023.112970"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Journal of Sports Science and Medicine Silva J. R., Brito J., Akenhead R., Nassis G. P. (2016) The transition period in soccer: A window of opportunity. Journal of Sports Medicine 46, 305-313.  Crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-015-0419-3"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Journal of Sports Science and Medicine Slimani M., Znazen H., Miarka B., Bragazzi N. L. (2019) Maximum oxygen uptake of male soccer players according to their competitive level, playing position and age group: Implication from a network meta-analysis. Journal of Human Kinetics 66, 233.  Crossref","DOI":"10.2478\/hukin-2018-0060"},{"key":"ref46","unstructured":"Journal of Sports Science and Medicine Smpokos E., Rikos N., Manolarakis G., Mourikis C., Linardakis M. (2025) Physical match running performance indicators in professional Greek footballers competing in a national league: A two-consecutive-period survey (2021\/22 and 2022\/23). International Journal of Novel Research in Interdisciplinary Studies 12, 7-17."},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Journal of Sports Science and Medicine So\u00f3s I., Borys\u0142awski K., Boraczy\u0144skiski M., Ihasz F., Podstawski R. (2022) Anthropometric and physiological profiles of Hungarian youth male soccer players of varying ages and playing positions: A multidimensional assessment with a critical approach. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19.  Crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph191711041"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Journal of Sports Science and Medicine St\u00f8len T., Chamari K., Castagna C., Wisl\u00f8ff U. (2005) Physiology of soccer: An update. Sports Medicine 35, 501-536.  Crossref","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256-200535060-00004"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Journal of Sports Science and Medicine Towlson C., Salter J., Ade J. D., Enright K., Harper L. D., Page R. M., Malone J. J. (2021) Maturity-associated considerations for training load, injury risk, and physical performance in youth soccer: One size does not fit all. Journal of Sport and Health Science 10, 403-412.  Crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jshs.2020.09.003"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Journal of Sports Science and Medicine van der Zwaard S., Brocherie F., Jaspers R. T. (2021) Under the hood: Skeletal muscle determinants of endurance performance. Frontiers in Sports and Active Living 3, 719434.  Crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fspor.2021.719434"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Journal of Sports Science and Medicine van der Zwaard S., de Ruiter C. J., Jaspers R. T., de Koning J. J. (2019) Anthropometric clusters of competitive cyclists and their sprint and endurance performance. Frontiers in Physiology 10, 1276.  Crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2019.01276"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Journal of Sports Science and Medicine van der Zwaard S., de Ruiter C. J., Noordhof D. A., Sterrenburg R., Bloemers F. W., de Koning J. J., Jaspers R. T., van der Laarse W. J. (2016) Maximal oxygen uptake is proportional to muscle fiber oxidative capacity, from chronic heart failure patients to professional cyclists. Journal of Applied Physiology 121, 636-645.  Crossref","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00355.2016"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Journal of Sports Science and Medicine van der Zwaard S., van der Laarse W. J., Weide G., Bloemers F. W., Hofmijster M. J., Levels K., Noordhof D. A., de Koning J. J., de Ruiter C. J., Jaspers R. T. (2018a) Critical determinants of combined sprint and endurance performance: An integrative analysis from muscle fiber to the human body. FASEB Journal 32, 2110-2123.  Crossref","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.201700827r"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Journal of Sports Science and Medicine van der Zwaard S., Weide G., Levels K., Eikelboom M. R. I., Noordhof D. A., Hofmijster M. J., van der Laarse W. J., de Koning J. J., de Ruiter C. J., Jaspers R. T. (2018b) Muscle morphology of the vastus lateralis is strongly related to ergometer performance, sprint capacity and endurance capacity in Olympic rowers. Journal of Sports Sciences 36, 2111-2120.  Crossref","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2018.1439434"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Journal of Sports Science and Medicine Vieira L. H. P., Christopher C., Barbieri F. A., Aquino R., Santiago P. R. P. (2019) Match running performance in young soccer players: A systematic review. Journal of Sports Medicine 49, 289-318.  Crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-018-01048-8"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Journal of Sports Science and Medicine Wei X., Zhang R., Maitiniyazi A., Chmura P., Randers M. B., Krustrup P. (2024) Running performance of substitutes in the FIFA World Cup after the change in substitution rule: Influence of match outcome, playing position and sex. International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport 24, 666-680.  Crossref","DOI":"10.1080\/24748668.2024.2358268"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Journal of Sports Science and Medicine Wing C. E., Turner A. N., Bishop C. J. (2020) Importance of strength and power on key performance indicators in elite youth soccer. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 34, 2006-2014.  Crossref","DOI":"10.1519\/jsc.0000000000002446"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Journal of Sports Science and Medicine Wisloeff U., Helgerud J., Hoff J. (1998) Strength and endurance of elite soccer players. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 30, 462-467.  Crossref","DOI":"10.1097\/00005768-199803000-00019"}],"container-title":["Journal of Sports Science and Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,7]],"date-time":"2025-07-07T07:04:28Z","timestamp":1751871868000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.jssm.org\/jssm-24-565.xml-Fulltext"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]]},"references-count":59,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.52082\/jssm.2025.565","archive":["Internet Archive"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1303-2968"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1303-2968","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]]}}}