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The cause is still largely not understood, although urothelium ischemia\/hypoxia, apoptosis, denudation, and infiltration of inflammatory cells are common histopathological findings. The current uncertainty regarding the etiology and pathology of IC\/BPS has a negative impact on its timely and successful treatment; therefore, the development of new treatment modalities is urgently needed. Herein, we present advances in our knowledge on this topic and review the potential application of regenerative medicine for the treatment of IC\/BPS. This article provides information on the basic characteristics and clinical evidence of stem cells, platelet-rich plasma (PRP), and low-energy shock waves (LESWs) based on a literature review with a search strategy for articles related to IC\/BPS, stem cells, PRP, and LESW published in MEDLINE and PubMed. Stem cells, PRP, and LESW, which modulate inflammatory processes and promote tissue repair, have been proven to improve bladder regeneration, relieve bladder pain, inhibit bladder inflammation, and increase bladder capacity in some preclinical studies. However, clinical studies are still in their infancy. Based on the mechanisms of action of stem cells, PRP, and LESW documented in many preclinical studies, the potential applications of regenerative medicine for the treatment of IC\/BPS is an emerging frontier of interest. However, solid evidence from clinical studies remains to be obtained.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.5213\/inj.2040104.052","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,27]],"date-time":"2020-09-27T20:49:37Z","timestamp":1601239777000},"page":"211-221","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5213\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":41,"title":["New Frontiers or the Treatment of Interstitial Cystitis\/Bladder Pain Syndrome - Focused on Stem Cells, Platelet-Rich Plasma, and Low-Energy Shock Wave"],"prefix":"10.5213","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Chih-Chieh","family":"Lin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5683-8406","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yun-Ching","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0701-2285","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Wei-Chia","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1468-3792","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yao-Chi","family":"Chuang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"3166","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-323-02902-5.50048-4"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5213\/inj.1632712.356"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2011.03.132"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2012.08.088"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(05)64847-1"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9343(03)00257-2"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00345-010-0536-4"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/nau.22515"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2008.06.035"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2007.09.019"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2003.11.021"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urology.2005.04.011"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/iju.14234","volume-title":"Clinical guidelines for interstitial cystitis\/bladder pain syndrome","author":"Homma","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-16499-6_10"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-410X.2010.09843.x"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2007.09.022"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2007.05.125"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-410X.2007.06795.x"},{"key":"ref19","first-page":"484.e7","volume-title":"Increased cell apoptosis of urothelium mediated by inflammation in interstitial cystitis\/painful bladder syndrome","author":"Shie","year":"2012"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-410X.2008.08097.x"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(05)67873-1"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ju.0000148361.82074.77"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ju.0000143192.68223.f7"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urology.2006.08.1109"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urology.2011.06.014"},{"key":"ref26","first-page":"S71","volume-title":"How can we improve the diagnosis and management of bladder pain syndrome? 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