{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T23:52:08Z","timestamp":1791330728892,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Korean Continence Society","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,28]],"date-time":"2026-06-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782604800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012165","name":"Key Technologies Research and Development Program","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023YFC3605300"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023YFC3605300"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012165","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012165","name":"Key Technologies Research and Development Program","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023YFC3605301"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023YFC3605301"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012165","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Fundamental Research Funds for Central Public Welfare Research","award":["2023CZ-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023CZ-1"]}]},{"name":"Fundamental Research Funds for Central Public Welfare Research","award":["CRSI2025ZD-1-6"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CRSI2025ZD-1-6"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["einj.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Int Neurourol J"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Purpose: Upper urinary tract deterioration (UUTD) is a burdensome complication in patients with neurogenic bladder (NB). This study aimed to develop a practical machine learning (ML) tool for assessing UUTD risk.Methods: The study included 2,393 patients with NB who underwent clinical and urodynamic examinations. Of these, 2,001 patients from northern regions of our country were assigned to training and validation sets, and 392 patients from southern regions formed the test set for internal-external validation. Clinical and urodynamic parameters were screened using the Boruta, least absolute shrinkage and selection operator regression, and decision tree algorithms; features identified by all 3 algorithms were used to develop the ML models. Model performance was evaluated using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC), calibration curves, and decision curve analysis. SHapley Additive exPlanations analysis provided visual interpretations for individual patients.Results: Six features, notably bladder management method and detrusor sphincter dyssynergia, were identified as risk factors for UUTD. Of the 4 ML algorithms, the Gaussian Naive Bayes (GNB) model had the best overall performance, with AUCs (95% confidence intervals) of 0.884 (0.867\u20130.901), 0.868 (0.829\u20130.907), and 0.878 (0.839\u20130.916) in the training, validation, and test sets, respectively. Subgroup analyses by imaging outcome, NB etiology, and age showed consistent performance of the GNB model, with AUCs ranging from 0.815 to 0.895. The GNB model incorporating the core variables was presented through a practical web-based tool for individualized risk assessment.Conclusions: We developed a ML model to assess UUTD risk in patients with NB. The findings emphasize the importance of combining bladder management method with urodynamic evaluation when assessing UUTD risk, and the model provides a practical tool for individualized assessment. Independent external validation of the model is warranted.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.5213\/inj.2652084.042","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]],"date-time":"2026-06-29T00:13:47Z","timestamp":1782692027000},"page":"266-279","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5213\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Risk Assessment for Upper Urinary Tract Deterioration in Patients With Neurogenic Bladder: A Retrospective Study Using Interpretable Machine Learning Algorithms"],"prefix":"10.5213","volume":"30","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4486-0013","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ping","family":"Zhong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Second Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China"},{"name":"School of Rehabilitation of Capital Medical University, Department of Urology, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing, China"},{"name":"China Rehabilitation Science Institute, Beijing, China"},{"name":"Urological and Pelvic Floor Rehabilitation Center, Beijing Bo\u2019ai Hospital, Beijing, China"},{"name":"University of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Qingdao, China"},{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Innovation and Transformation in Diagnosis, Treatment and Rehabilitation of Neurogenic Bladder, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9901-9059","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Xin","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Rehabilitation of Capital Medical University, Department of Urology, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing, China"},{"name":"China Rehabilitation Science Institute, Beijing, China"},{"name":"Urological and Pelvic Floor Rehabilitation Center, Beijing Bo\u2019ai Hospital, Beijing, China"},{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Innovation and Transformation in Diagnosis, Treatment and Rehabilitation of Neurogenic Bladder, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-6320-4200","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Tianyu","family":"Xiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Rehabilitation of Capital Medical University, Department of Urology, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing, China"},{"name":"China Rehabilitation Science Institute, Beijing, China"},{"name":"Urological and Pelvic Floor Rehabilitation Center, Beijing Bo\u2019ai Hospital, Beijing, China"},{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Innovation and Transformation in Diagnosis, Treatment and Rehabilitation of Neurogenic Bladder, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1754-8465","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Juan","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Rehabilitation of Capital Medical University, Department of Urology, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing, China"},{"name":"China Rehabilitation Science Institute, Beijing, China"},{"name":"Urological and Pelvic Floor Rehabilitation Center, Beijing Bo\u2019ai Hospital, Beijing, China"},{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Innovation and Transformation in Diagnosis, Treatment and Rehabilitation of Neurogenic Bladder, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7092-6576","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Limin","family":"Liao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Second Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China"},{"name":"School of Rehabilitation of Capital Medical University, Department of Urology, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing, China"},{"name":"China Rehabilitation Science Institute, Beijing, China"},{"name":"Urological and Pelvic Floor Rehabilitation Center, Beijing Bo\u2019ai Hospital, Beijing, China"},{"name":"University of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Qingdao, China"},{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Innovation and Transformation in Diagnosis, Treatment and Rehabilitation of Neurogenic Bladder, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"3166","reference":[{"key":"ref1","volume-title":"","author":"Blok","year":"2025","type":"book"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000345460","type":"journal-article"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/nau.23501","type":"journal-article"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0022-5347(17)54449-3","type":"journal-article"},{"key":"ref5","first-page":"1049","type":"journal-article","volume-title":"Prognostic value of urodynamic testing in myelodysplastic patients. 1981","author":"McGuire","year":"2002"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urology.2005.02.009","type":"journal-article"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00345-023-04314-1","type":"journal-article"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00207454.2019.1655016","type":"journal-article"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2024.108432","type":"journal-article"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/js9.0000000000002481","type":"journal-article"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/js9.0000000000002028","type":"journal-article"},{"key":"ref12","first-page":"e078378","type":"journal-article","volume-title":"TRIPOD+AI statement: updated guidance for reporting clinical prediction models that use regression or machine learning methods","author":"Collins","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.70389\/pjs.100082","type":"journal-article"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/nau.10066","type":"journal-article"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/nau.10052","type":"journal-article"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2005.12.056","type":"journal-article"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2014.02.2566","type":"journal-article"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpurol.2013.06.014","type":"journal-article"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms160818580","type":"journal-article"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2490-14-38","type":"journal-article"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12894-022-01039-y","type":"journal-article"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12859-015-0611-3","type":"journal-article"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2023.139346","type":"journal-article"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/tpami.2021.3092177","type":"journal-article"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/js9.0000000000003431","type":"journal-article"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5213\/inj.2040468.234","type":"journal-article"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/nau.24163","type":"journal-article"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/nau.23725","type":"journal-article"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000052505","type":"journal-article"}],"container-title":["International Neurourology Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/einj.org\/upload\/pdf\/inj-2652084-042.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/einj.org\/journal\/view.php?doi=10.5213\/inj.2652084.042","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/einj.org\/upload\/pdf\/inj-2652084-042.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T23:13:13Z","timestamp":1791328393000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/einj.org\/journal\/view.php?doi=10.5213\/inj.2652084.042"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5213\/inj.2652084.042","relation":{},"ISSN":["2093-6931"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2093-6931","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-03-18","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-05-19","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-06-28","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published online","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-09-30","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Print publication","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}