{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,17]],"date-time":"2022-12-17T03:57:12Z","timestamp":1671249432810},"reference-count":10,"publisher":"Bulgarian Geological Society","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Rev. Bulg. Geol. Soc."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The renewed importance of polymetallic nodules in the context of forecasted increasing demands for metals are discussed. Based on the Interoceanmetal Joint Organization\u2019s (IOM) site-specific data obtained during the exploration activity in the Clarion-Clipperton Fracture Zone, a total of 272.5 Mt of nodules were estimated as economically reasonable for future mining for Ni, Cu, Co, and Mn. Additionally, data for REE and other critical elements in nodules as potential by-products are presented.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.52215\/rev.bgs.2021.82.3.153","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,2]],"date-time":"2021-12-02T23:27:08Z","timestamp":1638487628000},"page":"153-155","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Deep-sea polymetallic nodules as opportunity for future supply with critical raw materials"],"prefix":"10.52215","volume":"82","author":[{"given":"Valcana","family":"Stoyanova","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Atanas","family":"Hikov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elitsa","family":"Stefanova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zlatka","family":"Milakovska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tomasz","family":"Abramowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Irena","family":"Peytcheva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Silvia","family":"Chavdarova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Milen","family":"Stavrev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"29740","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref0","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Abramowski, T., M. Urbanek, P. Bal\u00e1\u017e. 2021a. Economic assessment of Polymetallic Nodules Mining Project with updates to present market conditions. \u2013 Minerals, 11, 311, 1\u201321; https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/min11030311.","DOI":"10.3390\/min11030311"},{"key":"ref1","unstructured":"Abramowski, T., V. Stoyanova, K. Mianowicz, Y. Jerzy-Mostashova. 2021b. Advances on technological and economic factors in the development of the deep-sea polymetallic nodules project of the Interoceanmetal Joint Organization. \u2013 Proc. 16th Int. Conf. Open and Underwater Mining of Minerals. Varna, Bulgaria, 81\u201385."},{"key":"ref2","unstructured":"COM (2020) 474. Critical Raw Materials Resilience: Charting a Path towards Greater Security and Sustainability, European Commission, 23 p."},{"key":"ref3","unstructured":"Dimitrova, D., Z. Milakovska, I. Peytcheva, E. Stefanova, V. Stoyanova, T. Abramowski, M. W\u00e4lle. 2014. Trace element and REY composition of polymetallic nodules from the Eastern Clarion-Clipperton Zone (Northern Pacific Ocean) determined by in situ LA-ICP-MS analyses. \u2013 C.R. Acad. bulg. Sci., 67, 2, 267\u2013274."},{"key":"ref4","unstructured":"Dreiseitl, I. 2016. Deep-sea exploration for metal reserves \u2013 objectives, methods and look into the future. \u2013 In: Abramowski, T. (Ed.). Deep-Sea Mining Value Chain: Organization, Technology, Development, Interoceanmetal Joint Organization. Szczecin, Poland, 105\u2013117."},{"key":"ref5","unstructured":"Halbach P., A. Jahn. 2016. Concentrations and metal potentials of REEs in marine polymetallic nodule and Co-rich crust deposits. \u2013 In: Abramowski, T. (Ed.). Deep Sea Mining Value Chain: Organization, Technology, Development, Interoceanmetal Joint Organization. Szczecin, Poland, 119\u2013131."},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hein, J., K. Mitzell, A. Koschinsky, T. Conrad. 2013. Deep-ocean mineral deposits as a source of critical metals for high- and green-technology applications: Comparison with land-based resources. \u2013 Ore Geol. Rev., 51, 1\u201314.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oregeorev.2012.12.001"},{"key":"ref7","unstructured":"ISA (International Seabed Authority). 2021. Exploration Areas: Clarion-Clipperton Fractures Zone; https:\/\/www.isa.org.jm\/contractors\/exploration-areas."},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kuhn T., A. Wegorzewski, C. R\u00fchlemann, C. Vink. 2017. A composition, formation, and occurrence of polymetallic nodules. \u2013 In: Sharma, R. (Ed.). Deep-Sea Mining: Resource Potential, Technical and Environmental Considerations. Berlin, Springer Verlag, 23\u201363; https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-319-52557-0_2.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-52557-0_2"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Volkmann, S., T. Kuhn, F. Lehnen. 2018. A comprehensive approach for a techno-economic assessment of nodule mining in the deep sea. \u2013 Mineral Economics, 31, 319\u2013336; https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13563-018-0143-1.","DOI":"10.1007\/s13563-018-0143-1"}],"container-title":["Review of the Bulgarian Geological Society"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,2]],"date-time":"2021-12-02T23:27:16Z","timestamp":1638487636000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/bgd.bg\/REVIEW_BGS\/REVIEW_BGD_2021_3\/PDF\/44_Stoyanova_Rev_BGS_2021_3.pdf"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"references-count":10,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.52215\/rev.bgs.2021.82.3.153","relation":{},"ISSN":["0007-3938"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0007-3938","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}}}