{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]],"date-time":"2026-01-15T22:40:31Z","timestamp":1768516831022,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"XMLink","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["pghn.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pediatr Gastroenterol Hepatol Nutr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5223\/pghn.2026.29.1.22","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]],"date-time":"2026-01-15T06:59:10Z","timestamp":1768460350000},"page":"22","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5223\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Diagnosis of Pediatric Inflammatory Bowel Disease (PIBD)\u2013Implications for the Asia-Pacific Region: A Position Paper from the Asian Pan-Pacific Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition PIBD Working Group"],"prefix":"10.5223","volume":"29","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3450-9668","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rohan","family":"Malik","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6668-4623","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marion M","family":"Aw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9163-2828","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Way Seah","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5107-5895","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andy","family":"Darma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child Health, Dr. Soetomo General Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9374-8805","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pornthep","family":"Tanpowpong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6243-3395","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nuthapong","family":"Ukarapol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5869-4194","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"James Guoxian","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Nutrition, Hepatology and Liver Transplantation, Department of Pediatrics, National University Hospital, Singapore."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-0308-8231","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hong Ngoc","family":"Tran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, Children\u2019s Hospital No. 1, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1158-5249","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yen Hsuan","family":"Ni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"name":"for Asian Pan-Pacific Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition (APPSPGHAN) Pediatric Inflammatory Bowel Disease (PIBD) Working Group","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"18617","reference":[{"key":"10.5223\/pghn.2026.29.1.22_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2741","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v24.i25.2741","volume":"24","author":"S\u00fdkora","year":"2018","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.5223\/pghn.2026.29.1.22_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2769","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)32448-0","volume":"390","author":"Ng","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.5223\/pghn.2026.29.1.22_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1305","DOI":"10.1097\/MEG.0000000000001859","volume":"32","author":"Srivastava","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"10.5223\/pghn.2026.29.1.22_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(19)30333-4","volume":"5","author":"GBD 2017 Inflammatory Bowel Disease Collaborators","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"10.5223\/pghn.2026.29.1.22_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pedneo.2019.12.008","volume":"61","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pediatr Neonatol"},{"key":"10.5223\/pghn.2026.29.1.22_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"810173","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2021.810173","volume":"9","author":"Choe","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Pediatr"},{"key":"10.5223\/pghn.2026.29.1.22_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e15786","DOI":"10.1111\/ped.15786","volume":"66","author":"Kim","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pediatr Int"},{"key":"10.5223\/pghn.2026.29.1.22_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.5217\/ir.2019.00130","volume":"18","author":"Arai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Intest Res"},{"key":"10.5223\/pghn.2026.29.1.22_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e80","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0000000000001547","volume":"65","author":"Ishige","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr"},{"key":"10.5223\/pghn.2026.29.1.22_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0000000000003900","volume":"77","author":"Forbes","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr"},{"key":"10.5223\/pghn.2026.29.1.22_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.3345\/cep.2024.01144","volume":"68","author":"Tanpowpong","year":"2025","journal-title":"Clin Exp Pediatr"},{"key":"10.5223\/pghn.2026.29.1.22_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.11622\/smedj.2013192","volume":"54","author":"Chu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Singapore Med J"},{"key":"10.5223\/pghn.2026.29.1.22_ref13","first-page":"1839","volume":"19","author":"Zhao","year":"2013","journal-title":"Inflamm Bowel Dis"},{"key":"10.5223\/pghn.2026.29.1.22_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3363","DOI":"10.3892\/etm.2016.3756","volume":"12","author":"Zhou","year":"2016","journal-title":"Exp Ther Med"},{"key":"10.5223\/pghn.2026.29.1.22_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1465694","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2025.1465694","volume":"13","author":"Zhou","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Pediatr"},{"key":"10.5223\/pghn.2026.29.1.22_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"860","DOI":"10.1002\/jgh3.12330","volume":"4","author":"Poddar","year":"2020","journal-title":"JGH Open"},{"key":"10.5223\/pghn.2026.29.1.22_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0b013e318231d984","volume":"54","author":"de Bie","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr"},{"key":"10.5223\/pghn.2026.29.1.22_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70153","DOI":"10.1002\/jgh3.70153","volume":"9","author":"Pipicella","year":"2025","journal-title":"JGH Open"},{"key":"10.5223\/pghn.2026.29.1.22_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.5223\/pghn.2020.23.1.49","volume":"23","author":"Kang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pediatr Gastroenterol Hepatol Nutr"},{"key":"10.5223\/pghn.2026.29.1.22_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e303","DOI":"10.3346\/jkms.2024.39.e303","volume":"39","author":"Lim","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Korean Med Sci"},{"key":"10.5223\/pghn.2026.29.1.22_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1186\/s12887-024-04698-y","volume":"24","author":"Tanpowpong","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Pediatr"},{"key":"10.5223\/pghn.2026.29.1.22_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1830","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v28.i17.1830","volume":"28","author":"Huang","year":"2022","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.5223\/pghn.2026.29.1.22_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1067\/S0022-3476(03)00444-X","volume":"143","author":"Kugathasan","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"10.5223\/pghn.2026.29.1.22_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"995","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.88.11.995","volume":"88","author":"Sawczenko","year":"2003","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"key":"10.5223\/pghn.2026.29.1.22_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0b013e3181ca4db4","volume":"51","author":"Dotson","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr"},{"key":"10.5223\/pghn.2026.29.1.22_ref26","first-page":"69","volume":"89","author":"Cabrera-Abreu","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"key":"10.5223\/pghn.2026.29.1.22_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0000000000003046","volume":"72","author":"Koninckx","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr"},{"key":"10.5223\/pghn.2026.29.1.22_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"984","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2017.1736","volume":"171","author":"Holtman","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr"},{"key":"10.5223\/pghn.2026.29.1.22_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1097\/MEG.0000000000001879","volume":"33","author":"Sharma","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"10.5223\/pghn.2026.29.1.22_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.4103\/0022-3859.33857","volume":"53","author":"Ghoshal","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Postgrad Med"},{"key":"10.5223\/pghn.2026.29.1.22_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1007\/s11894-015-0449-x","volume":"17","author":"Rogler","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr Gastroenterol Rep"},{"key":"10.5223\/pghn.2026.29.1.22_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1908","DOI":"10.1097\/MIB.0000000000000784","volume":"22","author":"Birimberg-Schwartz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Inflamm Bowel Dis"},{"key":"10.5223\/pghn.2026.29.1.22_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rcl.2020.01.007","volume":"58","author":"Furman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Radiol Clin North Am"},{"key":"10.5223\/pghn.2026.29.1.22_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0000000000000239","volume":"58","author":"Levine","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr"},{"key":"10.5223\/pghn.2026.29.1.22_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.12815","volume":"40","author":"Qiu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"10.5223\/pghn.2026.29.1.22_ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2011.04710.x","volume":"34","author":"Pan\u00e9s","year":"2011","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"10.5223\/pghn.2026.29.1.22_ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1122","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjad035","volume":"17","author":"Jimbo","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Crohns Colitis"},{"key":"10.5223\/pghn.2026.29.1.22_ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"642","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2009.585","volume":"105","author":"Makharia","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.5223\/pghn.2026.29.1.22_ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v17.i4.433","volume":"17","author":"Pulimood","year":"2011","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.5223\/pghn.2026.29.1.22_ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1118","DOI":"10.1007\/s00535-025-02271-7","volume":"60","author":"Kudo","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.5223\/pghn.2026.29.1.22_ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.4103\/TROG_20113203_204","volume":"32","author":"Dutta","year":"2011","journal-title":"Trop Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.5223\/pghn.2026.29.1.22_ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5017","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v20.i17.5017","volume":"20","author":"Larsson","year":"2014","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.5223\/pghn.2026.29.1.22_ref43","first-page":"863","volume":"52","author":"Amarapurkar","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Assoc Physicians India"},{"key":"10.5223\/pghn.2026.29.1.22_ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1097\/00019606-200006000-00001","volume":"9","author":"Li","year":"2000","journal-title":"Diagn Mol Pathol"},{"key":"10.5223\/pghn.2026.29.1.22_ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2100","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2009.190","volume":"104","author":"Hou","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.5223\/pghn.2026.29.1.22_ref46","first-page":"443","volume":"25","author":"Onal","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Coll Physicians Surg Pak"},{"key":"10.5223\/pghn.2026.29.1.22_ref47","first-page":"e6","volume":"66","author":"Singh","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr"},{"key":"10.5223\/pghn.2026.29.1.22_ref48","first-page":"141","volume":"17","author":"Kapoor","year":"1998","journal-title":"Indian J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.5223\/pghn.2026.29.1.22_ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1664","DOI":"10.1111\/jgh.12645","volume":"29","author":"Ng","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"10.5223\/pghn.2026.29.1.22_ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v25.i4.418","volume":"25","author":"Kedia","year":"2019","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.5223\/pghn.2026.29.1.22_ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-010-1231-4","volume":"56","author":"Li","year":"2011","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci"},{"key":"10.5223\/pghn.2026.29.1.22_ref52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1007\/s12664-015-0582-3","volume":"34","author":"Malik","year":"2015","journal-title":"Indian J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.5223\/pghn.2026.29.1.22_ref53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e103303","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0103303","volume":"9","author":"Du","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.5223\/pghn.2026.29.1.22_ref54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.13840","volume":"45","author":"Mouli","year":"2017","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"10.5223\/pghn.2026.29.1.22_ref55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1175","DOI":"10.1007\/s00384-009-0721-3","volume":"24","author":"Lin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int J Colorectal Dis"},{"key":"10.5223\/pghn.2026.29.1.22_ref56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e653","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2021.03.021","volume":"20","author":"Nambu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"10.5223\/pghn.2026.29.1.22_ref57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjw118","volume":"11","author":"Kammermeier","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Crohns Colitis"},{"key":"10.5223\/pghn.2026.29.1.22_ref58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2208","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2020.02.023","volume":"158","author":"Crowley","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.5223\/pghn.2026.29.1.22_ref59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1795","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2012-303956","volume":"62","author":"Uhlig","year":"2013","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"10.5223\/pghn.2026.29.1.22_ref60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0000000000003017","volume":"72","author":"Uhlig","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr"},{"key":"10.5223\/pghn.2026.29.1.22_ref61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1007\/s00439-022-02464-7","volume":"142","author":"Azabdaftari","year":"2023","journal-title":"Hum Genet"},{"key":"10.5223\/pghn.2026.29.1.22_ref62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2021.11.014","volume":"162","author":"Bolton","year":"2022","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.5223\/pghn.2026.29.1.22_ref63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"942","DOI":"10.5009\/gnl210415","volume":"16","author":"Hong","year":"2022","journal-title":"Gut Liver"},{"key":"10.5223\/pghn.2026.29.1.22_ref64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.1007\/s00535-017-1426-y","volume":"53","author":"Umeno","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Gastroenterol"}],"container-title":["Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pghn.org\/pdf\/10.5223\/pghn.2026.29.1.22","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pghn.org\/DOIx.php?id=10.5223\/pghn.2026.29.1.22","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pghn.org\/DOIx.php?id=10.5223\/pghn.2026.29.1.22","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]],"date-time":"2026-01-15T07:05:58Z","timestamp":1768460758000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pghn.org\/DOIx.php?id=10.5223\/pghn.2026.29.1.22"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"references-count":64,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5223\/pghn.2026.29.1.22","relation":{},"ISSN":["2234-8646","2234-8840"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2234-8646","type":"print"},{"value":"2234-8840","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-03-09","name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-08-31","name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-10-12","name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-01-06","name":"published_online","label":"Published online","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2026 by The Korean Society of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright","group":{"name":"Copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.","name":"license","label":"License","explanation":{"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},"group":{"name":"Copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}}]}}