{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T17:08:54Z","timestamp":1789664934410,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Organization for Human Brain Mapping","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788480000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000071","name":"National Institute of Child Health and Human Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R21HD108587"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R21HD108587"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000071","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000071","name":"National Institute of Child Health and Human Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R03HD113915"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R03HD113915"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000071","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000070","name":"National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["T32EB025766"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T32EB025766"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000070","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DGE-2234667"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DGE-2234667"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000968","name":"American Heart Association","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["25PRE1356822"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["25PRE1356822"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000968","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:p>Multi-echo independent component analysis (ME-ICA) has been demonstrated to improve sensitivity and reliability of task functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data and, in particular, motor-task data with inherent task-correlated head motion. However, previous work has shown that an overly aggressive ME-ICA denoising approach may unintentionally remove task-related signal, while a more conservative approach may not effectively mitigate noise. While the effects of varied implementations of ME-ICA on signal and noise characteristics have been tested thoroughly in breath-hold data, the effects of similar modeling decisions have not been studied in motor-task data, which present with a more localized neural response. Here, we tested and compared the impacts of three analysis methods using rejected ME-ICA components as regressors in subject-level modeling: Aggressive (simple inclusion of ME-ICA regressors), Moderate (excluding task-correlated ME-ICA regressors from the model), and Conservative (orthogonalization of ME-ICA regressors to the core model and accepted ME-ICA components). We applied these methods to data from healthy and multiple sclerosis populations that included performance of hand-grasp, shoulder-abduction, and ankle-flexion tasks. We found that when the amount of head motion and its correlation with the task was high and the expected task-evoked signal was relatively low, the Conservative method led to significantly higher activation, t-statistics, and test-retest similarity in motor regions compared to the Aggressive method. Future motor-task studies may wish to implement similar models to prevent loss of motor signal, while still mitigating the effects of task-correlated head motion.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.52294\/001c.162891","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]],"date-time":"2026-07-16T13:36:01Z","timestamp":1784208961000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Impact of multi-echo ICA modeling decisions on motor-task fMRI analysis"],"prefix":"10.52294","volume":"6","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8938-540X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Neha A.","family":"Reddy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA","department":["Department of Physical Therapy and Human Movement Sciences"]},{"name":"Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA","department":["Department of Biomedical Engineering"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-3862-5596","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michelle C.","family":"Medina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA","department":["Department of Physical Therapy and Human Movement Sciences"]},{"name":"Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA","department":["Department of Biomedical Engineering"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jordan N.","family":"Northrop","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA","department":["Department of Physical Therapy and Human Movement Sciences"]},{"name":"Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA","department":["Department of Biomedical Engineering"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chendong","family":"Zou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA","department":["Department of Physical Therapy and Human Movement Sciences"]},{"name":"Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA","department":["Department of Biomedical Engineering"]},{"name":"Shirley Ryan AbilityLab, Chicago, IL, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4787-1124","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rebecca G.","family":"Clements","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA","department":["Department of Physical Therapy and Human Movement Sciences"]},{"name":"Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA","department":["Department of Biomedical Engineering"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7972-0120","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aravind","family":"Nehrujee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shirley Ryan AbilityLab, Chicago, IL, USA"},{"name":"Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA","department":["Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6979-2793","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Milap","family":"Sandhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shirley Ryan AbilityLab, Chicago, IL, USA"},{"name":"Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA","department":["Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7257-9646","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Molly G.","family":"Bright","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA","department":["Department of Physical Therapy and Human Movement Sciences"]},{"name":"Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA","department":["Department of Biomedical Engineering"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"29889","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2016.07.022","article-title":"Improving effect size estimation and statistical power with multi-echo fMRI and its impact on understanding the neural systems supporting mentalizing","volume":"142","author":"M. 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