{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,8]],"date-time":"2026-05-08T00:17:46Z","timestamp":1778199466375,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"Association For Science (Publications)","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ggj"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Ancient cities have witnessed many changes throughout their long history. These changes have different underlying causes in different regions of the world. This paper discusses the urban sprawl of Tbilisi, the capital of Georgia, mainly from the beginning of the 19th century to 2020. Through analysis of historical materials, city plans, and old maps, layers of Tbilisi urban sprawl were created using ArcMap 10.8. Images of Landsat 5 TM and Landsat 8 OLI have been used to assess changes over the last 30 years. We compared the obtained data with the census data conducted during the study period, reconstructed the current social, political, and economic situation using historical sources, and finally determined in which period the urban expansion took place, the reasons for it, and how this expansion affected the natural and social environments of the city.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.52340\/ggj.2022.758","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,8]],"date-time":"2022-03-08T17:47:47Z","timestamp":1646761667000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Tbilisi Through Time"],"prefix":"10.52340","author":[{"given":"Mariam","family":"Tsitsagi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nino","family":"Kharebava","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dali","family":"Nikolaishvili","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ia","family":"Kupatadze","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lela","family":"Gadrani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"29724","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref0","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Jin, J., Gubbi, J., Marusic, S., & Palaniswami, M. (2014). An information framework for creating a smart city through internet of things. IEEE Internet of Things Journal, 1(2). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/JIOT.2013.2296516","DOI":"10.1109\/jiot.2013.2296516"},{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Varzi, A. C. (2021). What is a City? Topoi, 40(2). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11245-019-09647-4","DOI":"10.1007\/s11245-019-09647-4"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Williams, T. (2014). Archaeology: Reading the City through Time. In Reconnecting the City: The Historic Urban Landscape Approach and the Future of Urban Heritage (Vol. 9781118383988). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/9781118383940.ch1","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118383940"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Oueslati, W., Alvanides, S., & Garrod, G. (2015). Determinants of urban sprawl in European cities. In Urban Studies (Vol. 52, Issue 9). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0042098015577773","DOI":"10.1177\/0042098015577773"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Brilhante, O., & Klaas, J. (2018). Green city concept and a method to measure green city performance over time applied to fifty cities globally: Influence of GDP, population size and energy efficiency. Sustainability (Switzerland), 10(6). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/su10062031","DOI":"10.3390\/su10062031"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Van Assche, K., & Salukvadze, J. (2012). Tbilisi reinvented: Planning, development and the unfinished project of democracy in Georgia. Planning Perspectives, 27(1). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/02665433.2011.601611","DOI":"10.1080\/02665433.2011.601611"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Gadrani, L., Lominadze, G., & Tsitsagi, M. (2018). F assessment of landuse\/landcover (LULC) change of Tbilisi and surrounding area using remote sensing (RS) and GIS. Annals of Agrarian Science, 16(2), 163\u2013169. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.aasci.2018.02.005","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aasci.2018.02.005"},{"key":"ref7","unstructured":"Tatashidze, Z. (2000). Tbilisi. In Z. Tatashidze, K. Kharadze, J. Kekelia, & R. Khazaradze, Geography of georgia, Part 1, Physical Geography (pp. 200-207). Tbilisi: Metsniereba (in Georgian)"},{"key":"ref8","unstructured":"Meskhia, Sh., Gvritishvili, D., Dumbadze, M., Surguladze, A. (1958). History of Tbilisi. Tbilisi: State Publishing House for Children and Youth Literature"},{"key":"ref9","unstructured":"Ukleba, D. (1989). The nature of Tbilisi and its surroundings. Tbilisi: Soviet Georgia."},{"key":"ref10","unstructured":"Movement DOCU, (2021). Urban sprawl. Film, Bakuradze, A., Qadagishvili, E."},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Gadrani, L., Tsitsagi, M., & Tielidze, L. (2019 Urban Landscape of Georgia (On the Example of Large Cities). Springer International Publishing. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-319-77764-1_6","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-77764-1_6"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Van Assche, K., & Salukvadze, J. (2012). Tbilisi: Urban transformation and role transformation in the post-Soviet metropolis. In Remaking Metropolis: Global Challenges of the Urban Landscape. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4324\/9780203095485","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203095485-17"},{"key":"ref13","unstructured":"Asatiani N. (2015). Urban development problems in Georgia in 1960-1970. ARS Georgia, Series B. ISSN 1512-4088"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Alpaidze, L., & Pace, R. (2021). Ecosystem Services Provided by Urban Forests in the Southern Caucasus Region: A Modeling Study in Tbilisi, Georgia. 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