{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T19:26:17Z","timestamp":1789586777308,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"Universa BV","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Acta Orthop Belg"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Periprosthetic shoulder infection (PSI) management is very complicated because of its unique microbiology and due to the heterogeneity of studies published about it. Nowadays, there isn\u2019t a strict consensus on the diagnosis. Nevertheless, the criteria established by the musculoskeletal infection society (MSIS) are generally used by the scientific community.\nThe objective of this retrospective study case and literature review is to establish that the MSIS criteria are insufficient to diagnose PSI.\n\nWe did a retrospective monocentric analysis concerning PSI. Out of the 25 shoulder arthroplasty revisions conducted in our institution from January 2010 till January 2022 (including primary implants placed in other facilities), 10 had a positive periprosthetic culture from samples taken during surgery.\n\nIn 60% of cases, the diagnosis of PSI has been made because of 2 positive periprosthetic cultures (major criterion). In 10% of cases, the diagnosis of prosthetic shoulder infection was recognized from the presence of a cutaneous fistula in communication with the joint implants (major criterion). In no case was the diagnosis of PSI determined by the presence of 4 out of 6 minor MSIS criteria. In 30% of cases, the MSIS criteria were insufficient to establish the PSI diagnosis.\n\nThe MSIS criteria are insufficient to establish the diagnosis of PSI and should be considered as a methodological bias in published studies on this subject.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.52628\/91.1.11390","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,13]],"date-time":"2025-08-13T16:43:38Z","timestamp":1755103418000},"page":"45-50","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["The MusculoSkeletal Infection Society Diagnostic Criteria are Insufficient to Diagnose Shoulder Periprosthetic Infection: a retrospective study case and literature review"],"prefix":"10.52628","volume":"91","author":[{"given":"C","family":"KABORE","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M","family":"REDA","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"X","family":"MAHIEU","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"T","family":"THIRION","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"27062","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref0","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kunutsor SK, Barrett MC, Whitehouse MR, Craig RS, Lenguerrand E, Beswick AD, Blom AW. Incidence, temporal trends and potential risk factors for prosthetic joint infection after primary total shoulder and elbow replacement: systematic review and meta-analysis. J Infect. 2020;80(4):426-36.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2020.01.008"},{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Egglestone A, Ingoe H, Rees J, Thomas M, Jeavons R, Rangan A. Scoping review: diagnosis and management of periprosthetic joint infection in shoulder arthroplasty. Shoulder Elbow. 2019;11(3):167-81.","DOI":"10.1177\/1758573218779076"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Padegimas EM, Maltenfort M, Ramsey ML, Williams GR, Parvizi J, Namdari S. Periprosthetic shoulder infection in the United States: incidence and economic burden. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2015;24(5):741-6","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2014.11.044"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Akgun D, Wieth\u00f6lter M, Maziak N, Paksoy A, Scheibel M, Moroder P. Two-Stage Exchange Arthroplasty For Periprosthetic Shoulder Infection Is Associated With High Rate Of Failure To Reimplant And Mortality. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2022;31(3):e147.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2022.01.044"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Parvizi J, Zmistowski B, Berbari EF, Bauer TW, Springer BD, Della Valle CJ, Garvin KL, Mont MA, Wongworawat MD, Zalavras CG. New definition for periprosthetic joint infection: from the Workgroup of the Musculoskeletal Infection Society. Clin Orthop Rel Res. 2011;469(11):2992-4.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11999-011-2102-9"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mirra JM, Amstutz HC, Matos M, Gold R. The pathology of the joint tissues and its clinical relevance in prosthesis failure. Clin Orthop Rel Res. 1976;(117):221-40.","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-197606000-00029"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Parvizi J, Tan TL, Goswami K, Higuera C, Della Valle C, Chen AF, Shohat N. 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Prognostic factors for bacterial cultures positive for Propionibacterium acnes and other organisms in a large series of revision shoulder arthroplasties performed for stiffness, pain, or loosening. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2012;94(22):2075-83.","DOI":"10.2106\/jbjs.k.00861"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Foruria AM, Fox TJ, Sperling JW, Cofield RH. Clinical meaning of unexpected positive cultures (UPC) in revision shoulder arthroplasty. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2013;22(5):620-7.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2012.07.017"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Topolski MS, Chin PY, Sperling JW, Cofield RH. Revision shoulder arthroplasty with positive intraoperative cultures: the value of preoperative studies and intraoperative histology. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2006;15(4):402-6.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2005.10.001"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Grosso MJ, Frangiamore SJ, Ricchetti ET, Bauer TW, Iannotti JP. 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