{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,20]],"date-time":"2026-01-20T01:12:55Z","timestamp":1768871575788,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":12,"publisher":"TIB Open Publishing","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]],"date-time":"2026-01-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768780800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100023946","name":"National Centre of Competence in Research Digital Fabrication","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["#51NF40-141853"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#51NF40-141853"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100023946","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100013348","name":"Innosuisse - Schweizerische Agentur f\u00fcr Innovationsf\u00f6rderung","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["#102.414.1 IP-ENG"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#102.414.1 IP-ENG"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100013348","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Open Conf Proc"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Tor Alva is a 30-meter-high tower and, at this point, the tallest structure in the world constructed using Reinforced 3D Concrete Printing (R3DCP). The building system is modular and prefabricated, using branching columns that are stacked and connected with bolts and grout. It is designed for easy disassembly and reuse. Each structural component follows a common typology: a precast base, a 3D-printed segmented column with varying numbers of branches, and a precast capital. Within the 3D-printed section, a combination of reinforcement strategies is employed\u2014including inter-layer stainless steel reinforcement, vertically embedded conventional steel bars bonded via grout, and unbonded post-tensioning rods. These possible reinforcement strategies are applied in different components of the tower, depending on structural design and construction requirements. This paper presents the steps taken from stay-in-place 3D-printed formwork to fully R3DCP. It also discusses how each reinforcement strategy was constructed by focusing on the implications of each technique on the fabrication workflow. The findings show how hybrid reinforcement methods in R3DCP can support broader architectural and structural uses, making concrete 3D printing suitable for load-bearing applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.52825\/ocp.v7i.2764","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]],"date-time":"2026-01-19T12:49:20Z","timestamp":1768826960000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Reinforcement Concepts for 3D Concrete Printing and Modular Construction in Tor Alva"],"prefix":"10.52825","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3034-8978","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana","family":"Anton","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"CheWei","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Benjamin","family":"Dillenburger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"30396","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"75576","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[1] D. Lowke et al., \u201cDigital fabrication with concrete beyond horizontal planar layers,\u201d Cem. Concr. Res., vol. 186, p. 107663, Dec. 2024, doi: 10.1016\/j.cemconres.2024.107663.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconres.2024.107663"},{"key":"75577","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[2] H. Kloft et al., \u201cInteraction of reinforcement, process, and form in Digital Fabrication with Concrete,\u201d Cem. Concr. Res., vol. 186, p. 107640, Dec. 2024, doi: 10.1016\/j.cemconres.2024.107640.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconres.2024.107640"},{"key":"75578","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[3] H. Kloft, M. Empelmann, N. Hack, E. Herrmann, and D. Lowke, \u201cReinforcement strate-gies for 3D-concrete-printing,\u201d Civ. Eng. Des., vol. 2, no. 4, pp. 131\u2013139, 2020, doi: 10.1002\/cend.202000022.","DOI":"10.1002\/cend.202000022"},{"key":"75579","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[4] R. J. Flatt and T. Wangler, \u201cOn sustainability and digital fabrication with concrete,\u201d Cem. Concr. Res., vol. 158, p. 106837, Aug. 2022, doi: 10.1016\/j.cemconres.2022.106837.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconres.2022.106837"},{"key":"75580","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[5] A. Anton et al., \u201cTor Alva: A 3d Concrete Printed Tower,\u201d in Fabricate 2024, in Creating Resourceful Futures. , UCL Press, 2024, pp. 252\u2013259. doi: 10.2307\/jj.11374766.35.","DOI":"10.2307\/jj.11374766.35"},{"key":"75581","unstructured":"[6] A. Giraldo Soto et al., \u201cFully load-bearing reinforced 3D printed concrete and its applica-tion in Tor Alva, the world-tallest 3D printed concrete tower,\u201d Jun. 2025, Asociaci\u00f3n Es-pa\u00f1ola de Ingenier\u00eda Estructural. doi: 10.3929\/ETHZ-B-000745428."},{"key":"75582","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[7] L. Reiter, T. Wangler, A. Anton, and R. J. Flatt, \u201cSetting on demand for digital concrete \u2013 Principles, measurements, chemistry, validation,\u201d Cem. Concr. Res., vol. 132, p. 106047, Jun. 2020, doi: 10.1016\/j.cemconres.2020.106047.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconres.2020.106047"},{"key":"75583","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[8] A. Anton, L. Reiter, E. Skevaki, and B. Dillenburger, \u201cReinforcement lattices for 3DCP: A fabrication method based on ruled surfaces,\u201d in Structures and Architecture A Viable Ur-ban Perspective?, 1st ed., London: CRC Press, 2022, pp. 268\u2013276. doi: 10.1201\/9781003023555-33.","DOI":"10.1201\/9781003023555-33"},{"key":"75584","unstructured":"[9] SIA, Swisscode SIA 261: Concrete Structures. Swiss Society of Engineers and Archi-tects (SIA), Zurich, Switzerland. 2020."},{"key":"75585","unstructured":"[10] SIA, Swisscode SIA 262: Concrete Structures. Zurich, Switzerland: Swiss Society of Engineers and Architects (SIA), 2013."},{"key":"75586","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[11] A. G. Soto, L. Gebhard, A. Anton, B. Dillenburger, and W. Kaufmann, \u201cStructural Test-ing Campaign for a 30 m Tall 3D Printed Concrete Tower,\u201d in Fourth RILEM International Conference on Concrete and Digital Fabrication, vol. 53, D. Lowke, N. Freund, D. B\u00f6hler, and F. Herding, Eds., Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2024, pp. 493\u2013500. doi: 10.1007\/978-3-031-70031-6_57.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-70031-6_57"},{"key":"75587","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[12] K. Van Tittelboom et al., \u201cOn the micro- and meso-structure and durability of 3D print-ed concrete elements,\u201d Cem. Concr. Res., vol. 185, p. 107649, Nov. 2024, doi: 10.1016\/j.cemconres.2024.107649.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconres.2024.107649"}],"container-title":["Open Conference Proceedings"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.tib-op.org\/ojs\/index.php\/ocp\/article\/download\/2764\/3257","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.tib-op.org\/ojs\/index.php\/ocp\/article\/download\/2764\/3258","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.tib-op.org\/ojs\/index.php\/ocp\/article\/download\/2764\/3257","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]],"date-time":"2026-01-19T12:49:23Z","timestamp":1768826963000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.tib-op.org\/ojs\/index.php\/ocp\/article\/view\/2764"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]]},"references-count":12,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.52825\/ocp.v7i.2764","relation":{},"ISSN":["2749-5841"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2749-5841","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]]}}}