{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T12:53:20Z","timestamp":1793105600561,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":13,"publisher":"Open Medical Publishing","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"\n Background<\/jats:title>\n Caudal epidural steroid injections (ESIs) are commonly used to manage lumbosacral radicular pain and axial low back pain. While they are generally considered safe, real-world data on complication rates and patient-reported outcomes remain limited. This study aimed to evaluate the safety profile and short-term effectiveness of caudal ESIs by reviewing a series of randomly selected cases performed over a six-month period.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n A retrospective chart review was conducted on 40 randomly selected caudal ESI procedures performed between July 1, 2024, and December 31, 2024. All procedures were performed under fluoroscopic guidance using a corticosteroid mixed with local anesthetic and preservative-free normal saline. Charts were reviewed for procedural complications, including dural puncture, neurological injury, and infection. Outcome data, including starting and post-injection pain scores and patient-reported percent relief, were analyzed in patients with complete follow-up at two weeks or by post-procedure phone call.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n There were no documented dural puncture, infection, or permanent neurological injury among the 40 cases. Of the 27 patients with complete follow-up data, the average pain score decreased from 8.6 to 2.9 on the numerical rating scale. The average patient-reported percent relief was 67.4%. A total of 24 patients (88.9%) reported at least 50% relief, 3 patients (11.1%) reported complete (100%) relief, and only 1 patient reported no relief (0%).<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n Caudal ESIs demonstrated a favorable safety profile and were associated with meaningful short-term pain relief in most patients. These findings support the continued use of caudal ESIs as a safe and effective interventional option for appropriately selected patients with lumbosacral pain.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.52965\/001c.134102","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,22]],"date-time":"2025-04-22T15:38:29Z","timestamp":1745336309000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Caudal Epidural Steroid Injections: A Retrospective Pilot Study of Safety and Patient-Reported Outcomes"],"prefix":"10.52965","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8227-1864","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jamal","family":"Hasoon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03gds6c39","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston","department":["Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Omar","family":"Viswanath","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05wf30g94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Creighton University"},{"name":"Mountain View Headache and Spine Institute"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vwaire","family":"Orhurhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MVM Health"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alaa","family":"Abd-Elsayed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health","department":["Department of Anesthesiology"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"30777","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,22]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.36076\/ppj.2005\/8\/309","article-title":"Paraplegia following a thoracolumbar transforaminal epidural steroid injection","volume":"8","author":"S. E. Glaser","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pain Physician"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref2","first-page":"420","article-title":"Caudal Epidural Steroid Injections in Postlaminectomy Patients: Comparison of Ultrasonography and Fluoroscopy","volume":"27","author":"T. Akkaya","year":"2017","journal-title":"Turk Neurosurg"},{"issue":"7","key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.7150\/ijms.4672","article-title":"Fluoroscopic caudal epidural injections in managing post lumbar surgery syndrome: two-year results of a randomized, double-blind, active-control trial","volume":"9","author":"L. Manchikanti","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int J Med Sci"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics15060729","article-title":"Preprocedural Imaging Review Before Performing Epidural Steroid Injections: Analysis of Physician Practice Parameters","volume":"15","author":"J. Hasoon","year":"2025","journal-title":"Diagnostics (Basel)"},{"key":"ref5","first-page":"130","article-title":"Painful radiculopathy treated with epidural injections of procaine and hydrocortisone acetate: results in 113 patients","volume":"40","author":"H. W., Jr. Goebert","year":"1961","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"issue":"S1","key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S27","DOI":"10.36076\/ppj.2021.24.S27-S208","article-title":"Epidural Interventions in the Management of Chronic Spinal Pain: American Society of Interventional Pain Physicians (ASIPP) Comprehensive Evidence-Based Guidelines","volume":"24","author":"L. Manchikanti","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pain Physician"},{"issue":"7","key":"ref7","first-page":"E889","article-title":"Comparative Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Cochrane Review of Epidural Injections for Lumbar Radiculopathy or Sciatica","volume":"25","author":"L. Manchikanti","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pain Physician"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.36076\/ppj.2000\/3\/305","article-title":"Caudal epidural steroid injections","volume":"3","author":"B. A. Ogoke","year":"2000","journal-title":"Pain Physician"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123283","DOI":"10.52965\/001c.123283","article-title":"Practice Patterns of Physicians who Perform Caudal Epidural Steroid Injections","volume":"16","author":"A. Brown","year":"2024","journal-title":"Orthop Rev (Pavia)"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"132329","DOI":"10.52965\/001c.132329","article-title":"Enhanced Pain Relief with Catheter-Guided Caudal Epidural Steroid Injections: A Case Series of Patients with Unilateral Lumbar Radicular Pain","volume":"17","author":"J. Hasoon","year":"2025","journal-title":"Orthop Rev (Pavia)"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1007\/s40268-015-0119-3","article-title":"Safety of Epidural Corticosteroid Injections","volume":"16","author":"I. Pountos","year":"2016","journal-title":"Drugs R D"},{"issue":"8","key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1389","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4637.2009.00728.x","article-title":"Paraplegia following image-guided transforaminal lumbar spine epidural steroid injection: two case reports","volume":"10","author":"D. J. Kennedy","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pain Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e78817","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.78817","article-title":"Patient Outcomes Following Parasagittal Interlaminar Epidural Steroid Injections for Bilateral Lumbar Radicular Symptoms: Correlation of Contrast Spread With Symptom Relief","volume":"17","author":"J. Hasoon","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cureus"}],"container-title":["Orthopedic Reviews"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/orthopedicreviews.openmedicalpublishing.org\/article\/134102-caudal-epidural-steroid-injections-a-retrospective-pilot-study-of-safety-and-patient-reported-outcomes","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,26]],"date-time":"2025-10-26T00:59:47Z","timestamp":1761440387000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/orthopedicreviews.openmedicalpublishing.org\/article\/134102-caudal-epidural-steroid-injections-a-retrospective-pilot-study-of-safety-and-patient-reported-outcomes"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,22]]},"references-count":13,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.52965\/001c.134102","relation":{},"ISSN":["2035-8164"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2035-8164","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,22]]}}}