{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T12:42:22Z","timestamp":1785415342868,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":133,"publisher":"Open Medical Publishing","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:p>The upper limb experiences postoperative stiffness as a frequent disabling complication that restricts range of motion, extends recovery time for work and sports activities and diminishes patient contentment. The condition develops from an intensified wound-healing response which primarily involves inflammation and fibrosis. The clinical presentation of joint stiffness manifests as frozen shoulder (adhesive capsulitis) with capsular thickening and rotator-interval\/coracohumeral ligament contracture but elbow contracture includes both capsular fibrosis and heterotopic ossification (HO). The prevention of stiffness requires atraumatic surgical methods combined with precise hemostasis, selective capsular release for high-risk patients, optimized pain management and early structured rehabilitation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>The diagnosis process requires serial goniometry measurements, pain scales, joint-specific functional scores and imaging tests to rule out structural causes and detect HO.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>The management sequence starts with education, analgesia and physical therapy before progressing to hydrodilatation, corticosteroid injections, and the moving to open surgical management. The success of patient outcomes depends on early identification of patients, proper risk assessment and coordinated care during the perioperative period.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Future research should focus on conducting adequately powered randomized trials, developing biomarker-based risk prediction systems, testing new antifibrotic\/biologic treatments and creating personalized sensor-based rehabilitation plans.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.52965\/001c.161817","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,22]],"date-time":"2026-05-22T16:47:09Z","timestamp":1779468429000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Postoperative Stiffness After Upper Limb Surgery: Prevention and Management"],"prefix":"10.52965","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Myriam","family":"Lahhoud","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01xvwxv41","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"University of Balamand","department":["Orthopedic"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rayan","family":"Elias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01xvwxv41","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"University of Balamand","department":["Orthopedic"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wendy","family":"Ghanem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01xvwxv41","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"University of Balamand","department":["Orthopedic"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hady","family":"Ezzeldine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01xvwxv41","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"University of Balamand","department":["Orthopedic"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nehme","family":"Mikhael","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01xvwxv41","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"University of Balamand","department":["Orthopedics"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bilal","family":"Harb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01xvwxv41","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"University of Balamand","department":["Orthopedics"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"30777","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,22]]},"reference":[{"issue":"7","key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1263","DOI":"10.1007\/s00590-020-02695-2","article-title":"Comparison of surgical outcomes between rotator cuff repair with and without rotator interval capsular release for rotator cuff tears to prevent and improve postoperative stiffness: a meta-analysis","volume":"30","author":"A., et al. Arirachakaran","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur J Orthop Surg Traumatol"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref2","first-page":"64","article-title":"Effects of glenohumeral corticosteroid injection on stiffness following arthroscopic rotator cuff repair: a prospective, multicentric, case-control study with 18-month follow-up","volume":"26","author":"A. M., et al. Rajani","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin Shoulder Elb"},{"issue":"8","key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2809","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arthro.2025.02.014","article-title":"Postoperative Corticosteroid Injection After Arthroscopic Rotator Cuff Repair in Patients With Stiffness Has Similar Clinical Outcome Compared With Repair Combined With Capsular Release: A Prospective Randomized Clinical Trial","volume":"41","author":"H. J., et al. Lee","year":"2025","journal-title":"Arthroscopy"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arthro.2022.06.014","article-title":"Propensity-Matched Patients Undergoing Revision Hip Arthroscopy Older Than the Age of 40 Years Had Greater Risk of Conversion to Total Hip Arthroplasty Compared With Their Primary Counterparts","volume":"39","author":"D. R., et al. Maldonado","year":"2023","journal-title":"Arthroscopy"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.2340\/jphs.v59.18363","article-title":"Treatment and rehabilitation of post-traumatic elbow stiffness with heterotopic ossification","volume":"59","author":"W., et al. Qi","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Plast Surg Hand Surg"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24715492241266096","DOI":"10.1177\/24715492241266096","article-title":"Corticosteroid Infiltration to Treat Shoulder Stiffness After Rotator Cuff Repair","volume":"8","author":"F., et al. Saade","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Shoulder Elb Arthroplast"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1007\/s00264-020-04511-2","article-title":"Physical therapy and precision rehabilitation in shoulder rotator cuff disease","volume":"44","author":"U. G., et al. Longo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int Orthop"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1007\/s40122-017-0065-6","article-title":"Frequency of Shoulder Corticosteroid Injections for Pain and Stiffness After Shoulder Surgery and Their Potential to Enhance Outcomes with Physiotherapy: A Retrospective Study","volume":"6","author":"J. G., et al. Skedros","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pain Ther"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.4055\/cios19027","article-title":"Early Clinical Outcomes of Manipulation under Anesthesia for Refractory Adhesive Capsulitis: Comparison with Arthroscopic Capsular Release","volume":"12","author":"D. H., et al. Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Surg"},{"issue":"7","key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1517","DOI":"10.1111\/os.14077","article-title":"Arthroscopic Capsular Release Versus Manipulation under Anesthesia for Refractory Frozen Shoulder: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis","volume":"16","author":"Y., et al. Zhao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Orthop Surg"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2006.08.001","article-title":"Adhesive capsulitis: human fibroblast response to shoulder joint aspirate from patients with stage II disease","volume":"16","author":"H. Mullett","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Shoulder Elbow Surg"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1007\/s00264-017-3721-x","article-title":"Management of elbow stiffness after postoperative treatment of terrible triad elbow injury: maintaining mobility and stability using a combined protocol","volume":"42","author":"H. M., et al. Cui","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int Orthop"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2007.05.009","article-title":"Long-term outcome of frozen shoulder","volume":"17","author":"C., et al. Hand","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Shoulder Elbow Surg"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5248","DOI":"10.1007\/s00167-023-07561-2","article-title":"Arthroscopic capsular release for frozen shoulder: when etiology matters","volume":"31","author":"O., et al. Galasso","year":"2023","journal-title":"Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0224986","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0224986","article-title":"Arthroscopic release for frozen shoulder: Does the timing of intervention and diabetes affect outcome?","volume":"14","author":"Y. D., et al. Su","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"10256","key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"977","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)31965-6","article-title":"Management of adults with primary frozen shoulder in secondary care (UK FROST): a multicentre, pragmatic, three-arm, superiority randomised clinical trial","volume":"396","author":"A., et al. Rangan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arrct.2021.100141","article-title":"Diabetes as a Prognostic Factor in Frozen Shoulder: A Systematic Review","volume":"3","author":"B. P., et al. Dyer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arch Rehabil Res Clin Transl"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref18","first-page":"400","article-title":"Manipulation under anesthesia for frozen shoulders: a retrospective cohort study","volume":"85","author":"T., et al. Kraal","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Orthop Belg"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ta.0000196000.96056.51","article-title":"Outcome of open release for post-traumatic elbow stiffness","volume":"61","author":"V., et al. Tan","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Trauma"},{"issue":"49","key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e9121","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000009121","article-title":"The timing of open surgical release of post-traumatic elbow stiffness: A systematic review","volume":"96","author":"C., et al. Sun","year":"2017","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.5704\/MOJ.1703.017","article-title":"Does Excision of Heterotopic Ossification of the Elbow Result in Satisfactory Patient-Rated Outcomes?","volume":"11","author":"K. N., et al. Sandeep","year":"2017","journal-title":"Malays Orthop J"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1177\/1758573216676786","article-title":"Adhesive capsulitis of the shoulder: review of pathophysiology and current clinical treatments","volume":"9","author":"H. V., et al. Le","year":"2017","journal-title":"Shoulder Elbow"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-024-07803-5","article-title":"Frozen shoulder: subjects' needs and perspectives and clinicians' beliefs and management strategies: do they align? A cross-sectional study","volume":"25","author":"F., et al. Brindisino","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Musculoskelet Disord"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1002\/msc.1561","article-title":"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on recruitment to clinical research studies in rheumatology","volume":"20","author":"M., et al. Mirza","year":"2022","journal-title":"Musculoskeletal Care"},{"issue":"8","key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1496","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2011.12.008","article-title":"sLORETA-qm for interictal MEG epileptic spike analysis: comparison of location and quantity with equivalent dipole estimation","volume":"123","author":"T., et al. Uda","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e36070","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.36070","article-title":"Cytokines' Role in the Pathogenesis and Their Targeting for the Prevention of Frozen Shoulder: A Narrative Review","volume":"15","author":"A., et al. Alghamdi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"issue":"8","key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2013.04.006","article-title":"Regarding \"Percutaneous balloon humeroplasty for Hill-Sachs lesions: a novel technique\"","volume":"22","author":"T., et al. Freude","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Shoulder Elbow Surg"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-021-02823-4","article-title":"Pirfenidone attenuates synovial fibrosis and postpones the progression of osteoarthritis by anti-fibrotic and anti-inflammatory properties in vivo and in vitro","volume":"19","author":"Q., et al. Wei","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Transl Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1261","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/keae156","article-title":"Efficacy of methylprednisolone in very early systemic sclerosis: results of the 'Hit Hard and Early' randomized controlled trial","volume":"64","author":"B. E., et al. Kersten","year":"2025","journal-title":"Rheumatology (Oxford)"},{"issue":"9","key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1656","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2018.02.050","article-title":"Biomechanical comparison of glenoid implants with adaptable and fixed backside curvatures in anatomic total shoulder arthroplasty","volume":"27","author":"A., et al. Terrier","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Shoulder Elbow Surg"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e442","DOI":"10.1097\/BOT.0000000000001878","article-title":"PrEvention of Posttraumatic contractuRes with Ketotifen 1 (PERK 1): A Randomized Clinical Trial","volume":"34","author":"K. A., et al. Hildebrand","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Orthop Trauma"},{"issue":"9 Suppl 2","key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S220","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmrj.2018.06.013","article-title":"Wearable Movement Sensors for Rehabilitation: A Focused Review of Technological and Clinical Advances","volume":"10","author":"F., et al. Porciuncula","year":"2018","journal-title":"PM R"},{"key":"ref33","first-page":"7274517","article-title":"Biological Aspect of Pathophysiology for Frozen Shoulder","volume":"2018","author":"C. H., et al. Cho","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomed Res Int"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1404","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2023.12.010","article-title":"Evolution of the throwing shoulder: why apes don't throw well and how that applies to throwing athletes","volume":"33","author":"H., et al. Hoenecke","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Shoulder Elbow Surg"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1074","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2023.01.005","article-title":"The medial forearm fascia and lateral forearm fascia contribute to overhead elbow extension in displaced olecranon fractures: a biomechanical study","volume":"32","author":"S., et al. Gedailovich","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Shoulder Elbow Surg"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102434","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msksp.2021.102434","article-title":"Patient-centered care in musculoskeletal practice: Key elements to support clinicians to focus on the person","volume":"57","author":"N., et al. Hutting","year":"2022","journal-title":"Musculoskelet Sci Pract"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msksp.2019.102103","article-title":"'There is a very distinct need for education' among people with rotator cuff tendinopathy: An exploration of health professionals' attitudes","volume":"45","author":"J., et al. White","year":"2020","journal-title":"Musculoskelet Sci Pract"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2012.06.014","article-title":"Inflammatory cytokines are overexpressed in the subacromial bursa of frozen shoulder","volume":"22","author":"Y. M., et al. Lho","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Shoulder Elbow Surg"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"768","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.82B5.0820768","article-title":"Expression of growth factors, cytokines and matrix metalloproteinases in frozen shoulder","volume":"82","author":"T. D., et al. Bunker","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Br"},{"issue":"7","key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"928","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.89B7.19097","article-title":"The pathology of frozen shoulder","volume":"89","author":"G. C., et al. Hand","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Br"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref41","first-page":"210","article-title":"Frozen shoulder: unravelling the enigma","volume":"79","author":"T. D. Bunker","year":"1997","journal-title":"Ann R Coll Surg Engl"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.1100150316","article-title":"Immunolocalization of cytokines and their receptors in adhesive capsulitis of the shoulder","volume":"15","author":"S. A., et al. Rodeo","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Orthop Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.6061\/clinics\/2016(06)07","article-title":"The roles of Tenascin C and Fibronectin 1 in adhesive capsulitis: a pilot gene expression study","volume":"71","author":"C., et al. Cohen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clinics (Sao Paulo)"},{"issue":"19","key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18871","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M410762200","article-title":"Fibronectin regulates latent transforming growth factor-beta (TGF beta) by controlling matrix assembly of latent TGF beta-binding protein-1","volume":"280","author":"S. L., et al. Dallas","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"842","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arthro.2011.01.013","article-title":"Prevention and management of stiffness after arthroscopic rotator cuff repair: systematic review and implications for rotator cuff healing","volume":"27","author":"P. J. Denard","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arthroscopy"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1097\/BLO.0b013e318030846d","article-title":"Primary frozen shoulder: global capsular stiffness versus localized contracture","volume":"456","author":"H. K. Uhthoff","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res"},{"issue":"18","key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3773","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.05263-11","article-title":"A novel role of vimentin filaments: binding and stabilization of collagen mRNAs","volume":"31","author":"A. A. Challa","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mol Cell Biol"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1391","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2011.08.046","article-title":"Enhanced expression of neuronal proteins in idiopathic frozen shoulder","volume":"21","author":"Y. Xu","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Shoulder Elbow Surg"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2006.01.002","article-title":"Expression of vascular endothelial growth factor and angiogenesis in the diabetic frozen shoulder","volume":"15","author":"J. D., et al. Ryu","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Shoulder Elbow Surg"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1248612","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2024.1248612","article-title":"A new perspective of frozen shoulder pathology; the interplay between the brain and the immune system","volume":"15","author":"S. Navarro-Ledesma","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"issue":"9","key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.5435\/00124635-201109000-00004","article-title":"Adhesive Capsulitis of the Shoulder","volume":"19","author":"A. S. Neviaser","year":"2011","journal-title":"JAAOS - Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons"},{"issue":"280","key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-199207000-00023","article-title":"The anatomy and potential effects of contracture of the coracohumeral ligament","author":"C. S., 2nd, et al. Neer","year":"1992","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2015150888","article-title":"Elasticity of the Coracohumeral Ligament in Patients with Adhesive Capsulitis of the Shoulder","volume":"278","author":"C. H. Wu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"ref54","series-title":"StatPearls","article-title":"Stiff Elbow","author":"J. M. Patino","year":"2025"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.22.00064","article-title":"Early Joint Use Following Elbow Dislocation Limits Range-of-Motion Loss and Tissue Pathology in Posttraumatic Joint Contracture","volume":"105","author":"A. J., et al. Reiter","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-018-5604-y","article-title":"Systematic review and meta-analysis of magnetic resonance imaging features for diagnosis of adhesive capsulitis of the shoulder","volume":"29","author":"C. H., et al. Suh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur Radiol"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/life13122358","article-title":"Heterotopic Ossification around the Elbow Revisited","volume":"13","author":"A. P., et al. Kontokostopoulos","year":"2023","journal-title":"Life (Basel)"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.52312\/jdrs.2025.1992","article-title":"Heterotopic ossification following severe radial head fractures: Clinical outcome and associated factors","volume":"36","author":"C. S., et al. Fischer","year":"2025","journal-title":"Jt Dis Relat Surg"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/j.otsr.2014.10.021","article-title":"Clinically relevant heterotopic ossification after elbow fracture surgery: a risk factors study","volume":"101","author":"C. C., et al. Hong","year":"2015","journal-title":"Orthop Traumatol Surg Res"},{"key":"ref60","series-title":"StatPearls","article-title":"Adhesive Capsulitis (Frozen Shoulder)","author":"D. Li","year":"2025"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1571","DOI":"10.1002\/acr.20590","article-title":"Secular trend of adhesive capsulitis","volume":"63","author":"D., et al. White","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken)"},{"issue":"7","key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2012.10.049","article-title":"Risk factors in idiopathic adhesive capsulitis: a case control study","volume":"22","author":"K., et al. Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Shoulder Elbow Surg"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jor.2019.11.024","article-title":"Risk factors for adhesive capsulitis requiring shoulder arthroscopy: A clinical retrospective case series study","volume":"19","author":"R. S., et al. Selley","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Orthop"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"604056","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2020.604056","article-title":"Risk Factors for the Occurrence and Progression of Posttraumatic Elbow Stiffness: A Case-Control Study of 688 Cases","volume":"7","author":"Y., et al. Qian","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Med (Lausanne)"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0037-1608951","article-title":"Risk Factors for Shoulder Stiffness: Current Concepts","volume":"5","author":"D., et al. Cucchi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Joints"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.32098\/mltj.01.2016.04","article-title":"Adhesive capsulitis of the shoulder and diabetes: a meta-analysis of prevalence","volume":"6","author":"N. H. Zreik","year":"2016","journal-title":"Muscles Ligaments Tendons J"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcot.2021.05.006","article-title":"The post-traumatic stiff elbow: A review","volume":"19","author":"A. Akhtar","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Clin Orthop Trauma"},{"issue":"15","key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e6583","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000006583","article-title":"Changes of transforming growth factor beta 1 in patients with type 2 diabetes and diabetic nephropathy: A PRISMA-compliant systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"96","author":"Y. C., et al. Qiao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imlet.2017.04.003","article-title":"Serum TNF-alpha concentrations in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients and diabetic nephropathy patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"186","author":"Y. L., et al. Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Immunol Lett"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1072","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2018.01.015","article-title":"Impact of different glucose metabolism status on clinical outcomes of open arthrolysis for post-traumatic elbow stiffness","volume":"27","author":"Z. Sun","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Shoulder Elbow Surg"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1314","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2023.01.033","article-title":"Association between adhesive capsulitis and thyroid disease: a meta-analysis","volume":"32","author":"S. H., et al. Chuang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Shoulder Elbow Surg"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.100B6.BJJ-2017-0535.R2","article-title":"Heterotopic ossification following total elbow arthroplasty: a comparison of the incidence following elective and trauma surgery","volume":"100-b","author":"P. M., et al. Robinson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Bone Joint J"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23259671221137863","DOI":"10.1177\/23259671221137863","article-title":"Complications of Elbow Arthroscopic Surgery: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis","volume":"10","author":"A. F., et al. Ahmed","year":"2022","journal-title":"Orthop J Sports Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"842","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arthro.2011.01.013","article-title":"Prevention and Management of Stiffness After Arthroscopic Rotator Cuff Repair: Systematic Review and Implications for Rotator Cuff Healing","volume":"27","author":"P. J. Denard","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arthroscopy"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1007\/s12178-024-09889-9","article-title":"Current Trends and Outcomes for Open vs. Arthroscopic Latarjet","volume":"17","author":"F. Vuleti\u0107","year":"2024","journal-title":"Curr Rev Musculoskelet Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"880","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arthro.2009.01.018","article-title":"Incidence and treatment of postoperative stiffness following arthroscopic rotator cuff repair","volume":"25","author":"D. P., et al. Huberty","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arthroscopy"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10225536251350423","DOI":"10.1177\/10225536251350423","article-title":"Tranexamic acid: A strategy to decrease postoperative drainage in elbow arthrolysis while preserving joint function","volume":"33","author":"B., et al. Zhao","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Orthop Surg (Hong Kong)"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jseint.2020.09.001","article-title":"Stiffness after arthroscopic rotator cuff repair: a rehabilitation problem or a surgical indication?","volume":"5","author":"W. R., et al. Schneider","year":"2021","journal-title":"JSES Int"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2358","DOI":"10.3390\/life13122358","article-title":"Heterotopic Ossification around the Elbow Revisited","volume":"13","author":"A.-P., et al. Kontokostopoulos","year":"2023","journal-title":"Life"},{"issue":"7","key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.100B7.BJJ-2017-1467.R1","article-title":"Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for heterotopic ossification prophylaxis after total hip arthroplasty","volume":"100-B","author":"M. Joice","year":"2018","journal-title":"The Bone & Joint Journal"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asmr.2024.100941","article-title":"Emphasizing the Importance of Naproxen Prophylaxis May Decrease the Rate of Heterotopic Ossification After Hip Arthroscopy","volume":"6","author":"A. Z., et al. Khalil","year":"2024","journal-title":"Arthroscopy, Sports Medicine, and Rehabilitation"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"944","DOI":"10.3390\/life13040944","article-title":"A Short Course of Celecoxib Prevents Heterotopic Ossification Following Cementless Total Hip Arthroplasty","volume":"13","author":"H. A., et al. Badi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Life"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20210","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-47508-8","article-title":"Efficacy of ibuprofen and indomethacin as prophylaxis of heterotopic ossification: a comparative study","volume":"13","author":"J., et al. Schneider","year":"2023","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1242","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2023.02.119","article-title":"Indomethacin for heterotopic ossification prophylaxis following surgical treatment of elbow trauma: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"32","author":"Y., et al. Atwan","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Shoulder Elbow Surg"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jseint.2021.04.004","article-title":"The efficacy of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatories in the prevention of heterotopic ossification following elbow trauma surgery","volume":"5","author":"K. Bochat","year":"2021","journal-title":"JSES Int"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1493","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2009.06.072","article-title":"Postoperative single-fraction radiation for prevention of heterotopic ossification of the elbow","volume":"77","author":"C. G., et al. Robinson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys"},{"issue":"8","key":"ref87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1269","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2010.05.029","article-title":"Treatment of heterotopic ossification of the elbow following burn injury: recommendations for surgical excision and perioperative prophylaxis using radiation therapy","volume":"19","author":"C. Maender","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Shoulder Elbow Surg"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e56","DOI":"10.1097\/BOT.0000000000002188","article-title":"Primary Versus Secondary Radiotherapy for Heterotopic Ossification Prevention About the Elbow","volume":"36","author":"J. S., et al. Geller","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Orthop Trauma"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1177\/1758573220967312","article-title":"Postoperative stiffness after reverse total shoulder arthroplasty","volume":"14","author":"M., et al. Ghoraishian","year":"2022","journal-title":"Shoulder Elbow"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1007\/s43465-021-00351-3","article-title":"Clinical Guidelines in the Management of Frozen Shoulder: An Update!","volume":"55","author":"V. Pandey","year":"2021","journal-title":"Indian J Orthop"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3221","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/keae176","article-title":"Pharmacological interventions for early-stage frozen shoulder: a systematic review and network meta-analysis","volume":"63","author":"J. E., et al. Berner","year":"2024","journal-title":"Rheumatology (Oxford)"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jseint.2022.02.005","article-title":"Range of motion progression patterns following open release for post-traumatic elbow stiffness","volume":"6","author":"F., et al. Ahmad","year":"2022","journal-title":"JSES International"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1097\/PHM.0000000000002646","article-title":"Does Early Continuous Passive Motion Improves Effectiveness of Physical Therapy After Arthroscopic Release of Elbow Contracture: A Prospective Randomized Trial","volume":"104","author":"L., et al. Huang","year":"2025","journal-title":"American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-024-08108-3","article-title":"Optimizing continuous passive motion duration following arthroscopic release of elbow contracture: a retrospective study","volume":"25","author":"X., et al. Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jseint.2024.10.009","article-title":"A comparative analysis of short-term results in range of motion following arthroscopic arthrolysis with vs. without peripheral nerve block in cases of elbow stiffness","volume":"9","author":"T., et al. Babasiz","year":"2025","journal-title":"JSES Int"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1186\/s10195-021-00585-9","article-title":"Early postoperative pain as a risk factor of shoulder stiffness after arthroscopic rotator cuff repair","volume":"22","author":"M. R. Guity","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Orthop Traumatol"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23259671231167128","DOI":"10.1177\/23259671231167128","article-title":"Comparison of Analgesia Treatment Methods After Arthroscopic Rotator Cuff Repair: A Network Meta-analysis of 42 Randomized Controlled Trials","volume":"11","author":"P., et al. Su","year":"2023","journal-title":"Orthop J Sports Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-022-06059-1","article-title":"Patients' and clinicians' perspectives towards primary care consultations for shoulder pain: qualitative findings from the Prognostic and Diagnostic Assessment of the Shoulder (PANDA-S) programme","volume":"24","author":"B., et al. Saunders","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Musculoskelet Disord"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ptj\/pzae176","article-title":"Fostering Adherence to Evidence-Based Care in the Management of Musculoskeletal Shoulder Pain: A Mixed-Methods Study","volume":"105","author":"C., et al. Maxwell","year":"2025","journal-title":"Phys Ther"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3132","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-07123-5","article-title":"Incidence and risk factors for early postoperative stiffness after arthroscopic rotator cuff repair in patients without preoperative stiffness","volume":"12","author":"C. H. Cho","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"7","key":"ref101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1402","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arthro.2016.03.024","article-title":"Shoulder Stiffness: Current Concepts and Concerns","volume":"32","author":"E., et al. Itoi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arthroscopy"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4287","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asjsur.2024.03.055","article-title":"Similar outcomes between arthroscopic capsular release and manipulation under anesthesia for frozen shoulder: A meta-analysis","volume":"47","author":"Y., et al. Xiao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Asian J Surg"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jseint.2023.04.007","article-title":"American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons score: what does it tell us about patients selecting operative treatment of a rotator cuff injury?","volume":"7","author":"J. Agel","year":"2023","journal-title":"JSES Int"},{"key":"ref104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101719","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jth.2023.101719","article-title":"Decoding the impact of driving postures: Comparing neck pain, mobility, proprioception in car and bike drivers with and without Forward Head Posture","volume":"33","author":"A., et al. Aafreen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Transport & Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.2007.038406","article-title":"Physical examination tests of the shoulder: a systematic review with meta-analysis of individual tests","volume":"42","author":"E. J., et al. Hegedus","year":"2008","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"ref106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e9032","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.9032","article-title":"Surgical Treatment of Adhesive Capsulitis: A Retrospective Comparative Study of Manipulation Under Anesthesia and\/or Capsular Release","volume":"12","author":"B., et al. Schoch","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2958","DOI":"10.1111\/ans.18760","article-title":"An assessment of factors associated with early postoperative stiffness in arthroscopic rotator cuff repair","volume":"93","author":"A. A., et al. Guo","year":"2023","journal-title":"ANZ J Surg"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mric.2022.02.001","article-title":"Postoperative MR Imaging of the Elbow","volume":"30","author":"L. Lo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2739","DOI":"10.1002\/jum.15958","article-title":"Prediction of Outcomes of Ultrasound-Guided Saline Enema in the Treatment of Pediatric Intussusception: A Retrospective Case-Control Study","volume":"41","author":"M., et al. Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Ultrasound Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jisako.2023.10.011","article-title":"Classification of elbow stiffness","volume":"9","author":"A. Marinelli","year":"2024","journal-title":"J ISAKOS"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref111","first-page":"102","article-title":"Hematoma Following Shoulder Arthroplasty: Incidence, Management, and Outcomes","volume":"11","author":"B. A., et al. Hendy","year":"2023","journal-title":"Arch Bone Jt Surg"},{"issue":"20","key":"ref112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1865","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.21.00698","article-title":"What's New in Shoulder and Elbow Surgery","volume":"103","author":"H. M. Kim","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1471","DOI":"10.1007\/s00264-023-06058-4","article-title":"Radiologic, clinical, and functional evaluation of children with displaced T-condylar fractures treated by closed reduction and percutaneous fixation using the Mayo Elbow Performance Score","volume":"48","author":"Y., et al. Lu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int Orthop"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.5397\/cise.2020.00283","article-title":"Can manipulation under anesthesia alone provide clinical outcomes similar to arthroscopic circumferential capsular release in primary frozen shoulder (FS)?: the necessity of arthroscopic capsular release in primary FS","volume":"23","author":"S. J. Lee","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Shoulder Elb"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1530\/EOR-23-0039","article-title":"Management of the stiff elbow: a literature review","volume":"8","author":"M. F., et al. Siemensma","year":"2023","journal-title":"EFORT Open Rev"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2022.12.003","article-title":"Postoperative Rehabilitation Following Rotator Cuff Repair","volume":"34","author":"T. Swansen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am"},{"issue":"8","key":"ref117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2819","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arthro.2025.04.021","article-title":"Editorial Commentary: Postoperative Corticosteroid Injection Is a Viable Treatment for Postoperative Stiffness After Rotator Cuff Repair","volume":"41","author":"Y. M. Chun","year":"2025","journal-title":"Arthroscopy"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e597","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asmr.2023.02.012","article-title":"Arthroscopic Rotator Cuff Repair, Manipulation Under Anesthesia, and Capsular Release for Concurrent Rotator Cuff Tear and Adhesive Capsulitis Maintain Improvements in Outcomes and Range of Motion at Minimum 5-Year Follow-Up","volume":"5","author":"D. J. Cognetti","year":"2023","journal-title":"Arthrosc Sports Med Rehabil"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e47838","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.47838","article-title":"Arthroscopic Capsular Release for Post-traumatic Elbow Stiffness","volume":"15","author":"K., et al. Ghayyad","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2010.07.008","article-title":"Frozen shoulder: a consensus definition","volume":"20","author":"J. D. Zuckerman","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Shoulder Elbow Surg"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2014.01.041","article-title":"Accuracy and reliability of the Mayo Elbow Performance Score","volume":"39","author":"M. C., et al. Cusick","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Hand Surg Am"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2047","DOI":"10.1007\/s00402-024-05323-4","article-title":"Incidence and risk factors for shoulder stiffness after open and arthroscopic rotator cuff repair","volume":"144","author":"M., et al. Salas","year":"2024","journal-title":"Arch Orthop Trauma Surg"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2687","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2024.06.010","article-title":"Risk factors for dysfunctional elbow stiffness following operative fixation of distal humerus fractures","volume":"33","author":"A. K., et al. Mihas","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Shoulder Elbow Surg"},{"issue":"7","key":"ref124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2281","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arthro.2020.09.041","article-title":"Efficacy of Arthroscopic Surgery in the Management of Adhesive Capsulitis: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials","volume":"37","author":"B., et al. Forsythe","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arthroscopy"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2007.02.005","article-title":"Clinical results of absorbable plates for displaced metacarpal fractures","volume":"32","author":"C., et al. Dumont","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Hand Surg Am"},{"issue":"8","key":"ref126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1679","DOI":"10.1007\/s00590-019-02492-6","article-title":"Manipulation under anesthesia for the postsurgical stiff elbow: a case series and review of literature","volume":"29","author":"D., et al. Rotman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur J Orthop Surg Traumatol"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpm.2006.04.006","article-title":"Physical therapy following peripheral nerve surgeries","volume":"23","author":"T. J. Bond","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin Podiatr Med Surg"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"960","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arth.2023.10.051","article-title":"Shoulder Adhesive Capsulitis Prior to Total Knee Arthroplasty is Associated With Increased Rates of Postoperative Stiffness Requiring Manipulation Under Anesthesia and Arthroscopic Lysis of Adhesions","volume":"39","author":"J. M., et al. Laperche","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Arthroplasty"},{"issue":"9","key":"ref129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2192","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546518777739","article-title":"An Intra-articular Steroid Injection at 6 Weeks Postoperatively for Shoulder Stiffness After Arthroscopic Rotator Cuff Repair Does Not Affect Repair Integrity","volume":"46","author":"I. B. Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1177\/1758573220977179","article-title":"Shoulder hydrodilatation for primary, post-traumatic and post-operative adhesive capsulitis","volume":"13","author":"D., et al. Makki","year":"2021","journal-title":"Shoulder Elbow"},{"issue":"9","key":"ref131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1302\/2633-1462.29.BJO-2021-0060.R1","article-title":"Effectiveness of interventions for the management of primary frozen shoulder : a systematic review of randomized trials","volume":"2","author":"S. S., et al. Rex","year":"2021","journal-title":"Bone Jt Open"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xrrt.2023.02.004","article-title":"Management of shoulder stiffness following rotator cuff repair: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"3","author":"F., et al. Saade","year":"2023","journal-title":"JSES Rev Rep Tech"},{"key":"ref133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1038\/s41413-019-0047-x","article-title":"Pathological mechanisms and therapeutic outlooks for arthrofibrosis","volume":"7","author":"K. M., et al. Usher","year":"2019","journal-title":"Bone Res"}],"container-title":["Orthopedic Reviews"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/orthopedicreviews.openmedicalpublishing.org\/article\/161817-postoperative-stiffness-after-upper-limb-surgery-prevention-and-management","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,22]],"date-time":"2026-05-22T16:47:12Z","timestamp":1779468432000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/orthopedicreviews.openmedicalpublishing.org\/article\/161817-postoperative-stiffness-after-upper-limb-surgery-prevention-and-management"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,22]]},"references-count":133,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.52965\/001c.161817","relation":{},"ISSN":["2035-8164"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2035-8164","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,22]]}}}