{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T16:36:04Z","timestamp":1787589364192,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":12,"publisher":"Open Medical Publishing","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"\n Objective<\/jats:title>\n To describe the body mass index (BMI) profile of patients who underwent orthopedic implant removal and to examine whether BMI was associated with age, sex, anatomical location, and broad symptomatic indication within the implant-removal cohort.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n A retrospective observational analysis was conducted using clinical records of orthopedic implant removal procedures. The analytic sample included 88 implant-removal procedures performed among 78 unique patients. BMI was calculated from recorded height and weight and categorized using standard clinical thresholds. Descriptive statistics were calculated for BMI, age, sex, and anatomical location. A one-sample t-test was used to determine whether mean BMI differed significantly from the overweight threshold of 25 kg\/m\u00b2. Pearson and Spearman correlations were used to examine the association between age and BMI. One-way ANOVA and Kruskal-Wallis tests were used to compare BMI across age groups and anatomical regions. Fisher\u2019s exact test was used to examine associations between high BMI, defined as BMI \u2265 25 kg\/m\u00b2, and weight-bearing anatomical regions. A broad symptomatic-removal variable was also examined, based on documentation of pain, irritation, prominent hardware, protruding screw, prominent metalwork, or local pressure. Statistical significance was defined as p < 0.05.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n The study included 88 implant-removal procedures among 78 patients. Mean age was 44.9 \u00b1 16.4 years, and mean BMI was 27.33 \u00b1 5.06 kg\/m\u00b2, significantly above the overweight threshold (p < 0.001). Overall, 68.2% of cases had BMI \u2265 25. BMI was not significantly associated with sex. Age showed a positive correlation with BMI (p < 0.01). BMI differed significantly across age groups and anatomical regions. High BMI was more frequent in weight-bearing regions (90.0% vs.\u00a061.8%, p = 0.027, OR = 5.57). Broad symptomatic removal was identified in 44.3% of cases and was more common in weight-bearing anatomical sites, especially lower-extremity locations.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n Patients undergoing orthopedic implant removal demonstrated a BMI profile predominantly within the overweight range, with higher BMI associated with older age and weight-bearing anatomical regions. These findings suggest that BMI may play a role in implant-related symptoms, particularly in lower-extremity sites exposed to mechanical loading. However, due to the absence of a non-removal comparison group, results should be interpreted as descriptive and hypothesis-generating rather than establishing causation.Keywords: body mass index; orthopedic implant removal; hardware removal; pain; irritation; obesity; anatomical location.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.52965\/001c.167325","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T16:06:03Z","timestamp":1787587563000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Body Mass Index and Clinical Characteristics Among Patients Undergoing Orthopedic Implant Removal: A Retrospective Observational Study"],"prefix":"10.52965","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-6894-8816","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Fouad","family":"Qupti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02a2hb496","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Nazareth Hospital EMMS","department":["Orthopedic Department"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nael","family":"Dabous","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02a2hb496","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Nazareth Hospital EMMS","department":["Orthopedic Department"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Waseem","family":"Jiris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mokbil","family":"Shalah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02a2hb496","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Nazareth Hospital EMMS","department":["Orthopedic Department"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fadi","family":"Khalil Hanna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02a2hb496","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Nazareth Hospital EMMS","department":["Orthopedic Department"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"30777","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23259671251324481","DOI":"10.1177\/23259671251324481","article-title":"Pain and hardware removal after tibial tubercle osteotomy: incidence, associated factors, and outcomes","volume":"13","author":"M. Davis","year":"2025","journal-title":"Orthop J Sports Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm15010235","article-title":"Headless screw fixation is associated with reduced hardware removal after tibial tubercle osteotomy: a retrospective cohort study","volume":"15","author":"O. Uslu","year":"2026","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1165","DOI":"10.1007\/s00068-024-02462-6","article-title":"Patient satisfaction after elective implant removal of the lower extremity: a retrospective cohort study","volume":"50","author":"J. Hambrecht","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur J Trauma Emerg Surg"},{"issue":"9","key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e20.00137","DOI":"10.5435\/JAAOSGlobal-D-20-00137","article-title":"Improvement in functional outcomes after elective symptomatic orthopaedic implant removal","volume":"4","author":"B. R. Williams","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAAOS Glob Res Rev"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e103","DOI":"10.1097\/BOT.0000000000001920","article-title":"Predictors of improved early clinical outcomes after elective implant removal","volume":"35","author":"L. B. Kempton","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Orthop Trauma"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1007\/s00402-025-05949-y","article-title":"Subjective outcomes and complication rates following elective implant removal: a prospective study on patient and surgeon perspectives","volume":"145","author":"A. Termer","year":"2025","journal-title":"Arch Orthop Trauma Surg"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1153","DOI":"10.1007\/s00590-023-03777-7","article-title":"Elective implant removal in the upper extremity: only symptomatic patients benefit","volume":"34","author":"J. Hambrecht","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur J Orthop Surg Traumatol"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2241","DOI":"10.1016\/j.injury.2022.03.028","article-title":"Surgical factors associated with symptomatic implant removal after patella fracture","volume":"53","author":"J. Gupta","year":"2022","journal-title":"Injury"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.3928\/01477447-20200314-02","article-title":"Predictors of symptomatic implant removal after open reduction and internal fixation of tibial plateau fractures: a retrospective case-control study","volume":"43","author":"C. C. Stewart","year":"2020","journal-title":"Orthopedics"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24730114231198841","DOI":"10.1177\/24730114231198841","article-title":"Predictors of hardware removal in orthopaedic trauma patients undergoing syndesmotic ankle fixation with screws","volume":"8","author":"J. T. Bragg","year":"2023","journal-title":"Foot Ankle Orthop"},{"issue":"18","key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6351","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14186351","article-title":"Have new plate designs reduced the rate of hardware removal following midshaft clavicle fracture fixation?","volume":"14","author":"M. Oulianski","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100948","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asmr.2024.100948","article-title":"Tibial tubercle osteotomies performed in an outpatient setting have a low rate of early complications","volume":"6","author":"T. E. Moran","year":"2024","journal-title":"Arthrosc Sports Med Rehabil"}],"container-title":["Orthopedic Reviews"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/orthopedicreviews.openmedicalpublishing.org\/article\/167325-body-mass-index-and-clinical-characteristics-among-patients-undergoing-orthopedic-implant-removal-a-retrospective-observational-study","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T16:06:03Z","timestamp":1787587563000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/orthopedicreviews.openmedicalpublishing.org\/article\/167325-body-mass-index-and-clinical-characteristics-among-patients-undergoing-orthopedic-implant-removal-a-retrospective-observational-study"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]]},"references-count":12,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.52965\/001c.167325","relation":{},"ISSN":["2035-8164"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2035-8164","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]]}}}