{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T19:23:54Z","timestamp":1790709834682,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"Open Medical Publishing","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"objectives\"> <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title> <jats:p>Individual risk factors for the development of adjacent segment pathology (ASP) need to be investigated and identified to address possible modifiable factors in advance and improve outcomes and reduce medical costs. This study aimed to review the literature regarding patient-related risk factors and sagittal alignment parameters associated with ASP development.<\/jats:p> <\/jats:sec> <jats:sec id=\"methods\"> <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title> <jats:p>The authors performed an extensive review of the literature addressing the objectives mentioned earlier.<\/jats:p> <\/jats:sec> <jats:sec id=\"results\"> <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title> <jats:p>Certain patient factors such as age, gender, obesity, preexisting degeneration, osteoporosis, postmenopausal state, rheumatoid arthritis, and facet tropism may contribute to adjacent segment degeneration. Genetic influences, such as polymorphisms of the vitamin D receptor and collagen IX genes, can also be a potential cause for disc degeneration with consequent deterioration of the motion segment.<\/jats:p> <jats:p>The influence of sagittal imbalances, particularly after lumbar fusion, is a significant parameter to be taken into account as an independent risk factor for ASP development.<\/jats:p> <\/jats:sec> <jats:sec id=\"conclusions\"> <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title> <jats:p>Patient-specific risk factors, such as age, gender, obesity, preexisting degeneration, and genetic features increase the likelihood of developing ASP. On the other hand, sagittal alignment plays a significant role in the development of this condition.<\/jats:p> <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.52965\/001c.24915","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,14]],"date-time":"2021-08-14T03:29:39Z","timestamp":1628911779000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Patient-Related Risk Factors for the Development of Lumbar Spine Adjacent Segment Pathology"],"prefix":"10.52965","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Eduardo Moreira","family":"Pinto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Artur","family":"Teixeria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richado","family":"Frada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Filipa","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pedro","family":"Atilano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"T\u00e2nia","family":"Veigas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ant\u00f3nio","family":"Miranda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"30777","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,24]]},"reference":[{"issue":"7","key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1497","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-200407000-00020","article-title":"Adjacent segment degeneration in the lumbar spine","volume":"86-A","author":"GARY Ghiselli","year":"2004","journal-title":"The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery-American Volume","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0021-9355","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"S3","key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S317","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-006-0171-3","article-title":"Genetics of disc degeneration","volume":"15","author":"Danny Chan","year":"2006","journal-title":"European Spine Journal","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0940-6719","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1007\/s005860100278","article-title":"Evaluation of the mobility of adjacent segments after posterior thoracolumbar fixation: A biomechanical study","volume":"10","author":"Leonard Bastian","year":"2001","journal-title":"European Spine Journal","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0940-6719","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"8","key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1175","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-009-0947-3","article-title":"A prospective randomised study on the long-term effect of lumbar fusion on adjacent disc degeneration","volume":"18","author":"Per Ekman","year":"2009","journal-title":"European Spine Journal","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0940-6719","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199503010-00004","article-title":"Intradiscal pressure measurements above an instrumented fusion. 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