{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T18:51:15Z","timestamp":1792176675453,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Journal of Biological Methods","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,28]],"date-time":"2022-06-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1656374400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["HPR"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Purpose of Review\nThis is a comprehensive review of the most recent literature on glossopharyngeal neuralgia (GPN), a relatively rare form of neuropathic facial pain. It covers the epidemiology, risk factors, pathophysiology, and differential diagnosis given that glossopharyngeal neuralgia can often be confused with other facial pain syndromes. Finally, we extensively review recent findings regarding medical or conservative measures, minimally invasive, and surgical options for potentially treating and managing glossopharyngeal neuralgia.\nRecent Findings\nAn in-depth analysis of the recent literature indicates that glossopharyngeal neuralgia is not only rare but its etiology and pathophysiology are complex and are often secondary to other disease processes. Regardless, current management options are shown to be effective in controlling pain. Conservatively, first-line management of GPN is carbamazepine, but gabapentin and eslicarbazepine acetate are suitable alternatives. In terms of current minimally invasive pain management techniques, pulsed radiofrequency ablation, nerve blocks, or percutaneous radiofrequency thermocoagulation are effective. Finally, surgical management involves microvascular decompression and rhizotomy.\nSummary\nWhile there are currently many viable options for addressing glossopharyngeal neuralgia pain ranging from conservative to surgical management, the complex nature of GPN etiology, pathophysiology, and involved anatomical structures prompts further research for more effective ways to treat the disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.52965\/001c.36042","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,28]],"date-time":"2022-06-28T04:06:53Z","timestamp":1656389213000},"page":"1","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Glossopharyngeal Neuralgia: Epidemiology, Risk factors, \u00a0 Pathophysiology, Differential diagnosis, and Treatment Options \u00a0"],"prefix":"10.14440","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Andrew","family":"Han","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carver","family":"Montgomery","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexandra","family":"Zamora","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emilie","family":"Winder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adam","family":"D. Kaye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caroline","family":"Carroll","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alfonso","family":"Aquino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juyeon","family":"Kakazu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alan","family":"D. Kaye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"5574","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","article-title":"Glossopharyngeal Neuralgia","author":"Rutvij J. 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Alc\u00e1ntara Montero","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurolog\u00eda","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0213-4853","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjoms.2019.04.005","article-title":"Glossopharyngeal neuralgia: a case report","volume":"57","author":"C.D. 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