{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,11]],"date-time":"2026-10-11T21:56:28Z","timestamp":1791755788061,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"Open Medical Publishing","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"Xiphodynia is a rare but debilitating condition that can be described as a form of pain on the xiphisternal joint or any related structures that are anchored to the xiphoid process. Although xiphodynia is a musculoskeletal pain in nature, the pain located in the anterior chest can commonly mislead physicians into pursuing other diagnoses such as cardiac diseases. This leads to a prolonged duration of pain before receiving treatment. In the attempt to alleviate pain resulting from this condition, physicians have previously utilized a range of treatment options, including conservative management, injections, or in severe cases, xiphoidectomy. In this review, we aim to give a brief overview of xiphodynia, including clinical diagnoses and current treatment modalities.<\/jats:p>\n \n Key Summary Points<\/jats:title>\n \n 1.<\/jats:bold>\n Xiphodynia can be described as pain radiating from an irritated xiphoid process that can travel to the chest, abdomen, throat, and arms\n <\/jats:p>\n \n 2.<\/jats:bold>\n Risk factors for developing secondary xiphoidalgia include GERD, gall-bladder disease, angina pectoris, and coronary-artery disease\n <\/jats:p>\n \n 3.<\/jats:bold>\n The treatment of xiphodynia can range from conservative management to injections or a xiphoidectomy\n <\/jats:p>\n \n 4.<\/jats:bold>\n Further research is required to develop a standardized treatment protocol and currently the choice of treatment depends on the patient\u2019s individual case and the degree of severity\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.52965\/001c.37070","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,24]],"date-time":"2022-08-24T22:30:00Z","timestamp":1661380200000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Treatment and Management of Xiphoidalgia"],"prefix":"10.52965","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Nazir","family":"Noor","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00wgjpw02","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Mount Sinai Medical Center","department":["Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ariunzaya","family":"Amgalan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Georgetown University School of Medicine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Neeraj","family":"Vij","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Arizona College of Medicine - Phoenix"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kelly","family":"Habib","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Arizona College of Medicine - Phoenix"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lekha","family":"Anantuni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Creighton University School of Medicine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"An","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Georgetown University School of Medicine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hisham","family":"Kassem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00wgjpw02","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Mount Sinai Medical Center","department":["Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonella","family":"Paladini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01j9p1r26","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"University of L'Aquila","department":["MESVA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giustino","family":"Varrassi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Paolo Procacci Foundation","department":["Via Tacito"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alan D.","family":"Kaye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Louisiana State University Health Shreveport","department":["Anesthesiology"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"30777","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,25]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1007\/s11739-017-1720-y","article-title":"Xiphodynia: a rare cause of epigastric pain","volume":"13","author":"Walberto Monteiro Neiva Eul\u00e1lio Filho","year":"2018","journal-title":"Internal and Emergency Medicine","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/1828-0447","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/9306262","article-title":"Xiphoidectomy: A Surgical Intervention for an Underdocumented Disorder","volume":"2016","author":"Dirk Pieter Hogerzeil","year":"2016","journal-title":"Case Reports in Surgery","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/2090-6900","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/s0735-6757(98)90041-9","article-title":"Xiphodynia masking acute myocardial infarction: A diagnostic Cul-de-Sac","volume":"16","author":"Wladimir Koren","year":"1998","journal-title":"The American Journal of Emergency Medicine","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0735-6757","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref4","first-page":"546","article-title":"Xiphoidynia-another cause of atypical chest pain: six case reports","volume":"46","author":"H.J. 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Value of xiphosternal angle measurement: Three case reports","volume":"77","author":"Jean-Yves Maigne","year":"2010","journal-title":"Joint Bone Spine","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/1297-319X","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e347","DOI":"10.1016\/j.athoracsur.2019.03.110","article-title":"Heterotopic Ossification of the Xiphoid After Chest Compressions","volume":"108","author":"Trang N. Diem Vu","year":"2019","journal-title":"The Annals of Thoracic Surgery","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0003-4975","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1093\/occmed\/kqt132","article-title":"Xiphoid syndrome: an uncommon occupational disorder","volume":"64","author":"O. Yapici Ugurlar","year":"2014","journal-title":"Occupational Medicine","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0962-7480","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1016\/0736-4679(92)90272-u","article-title":"Xiphodynia: A report of three cases","volume":"10","author":"John M. 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