{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T18:10:56Z","timestamp":1792001456575,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"Journal of Biological Methods","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,20]],"date-time":"2022-08-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1660953600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["HPR"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Buprenorphine, a novel long-acting analgesic, was developed with the intention of two purposes: analgesia and opioid use disorder. Regarding its pharmacodynamics, it is a partial agonist at mu receptors, an inverse agonist at kappa receptors, and an antagonist at delta receptors. For the purpose of analgesia, three formulations of buprenorphine were developed: IV\/IM injectable formulation (Buprenex&amp;reg;), transdermal patch formulation (Butrans&amp;reg;), and buccal film formulation (Belbuca&amp;reg;). Related to opioid dependence, the formulations developed were subcutaneous extended release (Sublocade&amp;reg;), subdermal implant (Probuphine&amp;reg;), and sublingual tablets (Subutex&amp;reg;). Lastly, in order to avoid misuse of buprenorphine for opioid dependence, two combination formulations paired with naloxone were developed: film formulation (Suboxone&amp;reg;) and tablet formulation (Zubsolv&amp;reg;). In this review, we present details of each formulation along with their similarities and differences between each other and clinical considerations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.52965\/001c.37517","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,20]],"date-time":"2022-08-20T16:56:59Z","timestamp":1661014619000},"page":"1","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":66,"title":["Buprenorphine and its formulations: a comprehensive review"],"prefix":"10.14440","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Salomon","family":"Poliwoda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nazir","family":"Noor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jack","family":"S. Jenkins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cain","family":"W. 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