{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,20]],"date-time":"2026-09-20T21:54:08Z","timestamp":1789941248236,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"Open Medical Publishing","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:p>The management of vertebral compression fractures (VCFs) is based on conservative treatment and minimally invasive vertebral augmentation procedures. However, the role of vertebral augmentation is now being questioned by clinical trials and extensive studies. The aim of this review is to report the most relevant evidences on effectiveness, safety, and indications of the currently available vertebral augmentation techniques. Conservative treatment with bracing is effective in reducing acute but it has no effect on segmental kyphosis progression and pseudoarthrosis can occur. Percutaneous vertebroplasty (PV) was the first vertebral augmentation technique to be proposed for the treatment of VCFs. Two blinded and randomized clinical trials compared PV to a sham procedure and no significant differences in terms of efficacy were reported. More recent studies have suggested that PV can still benefit patients with acute VCFs and severe pain at onset. Balloon kyphoplasty (BK) was developed to improve the segmental alignment restoring the height of collapsed vertebrae. BK allows similar pain relief and disability improvement, as well as greater kyphosis correction compared to PV, moreover BKP seems to reduce cement leakage. Vertebral body stenting (VBS) and the KIVA system are third generation techniques of vertebral augmentation. VBS aims to increase the effectiveness in restoring the segmental alignment, while the KIVA system can prevent cement leakage. These techniques are effective and safe, even if their superiority to BK has yet to be proven by studies with a high level of evidence.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.52965\/001c.38609","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,13]],"date-time":"2022-10-13T02:11:50Z","timestamp":1665627110000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Three generations of treatments for osteoporotic vertebral fractures: what is the evidence?"],"prefix":"10.52965","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Luigi Aurelio","family":"Nasto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedics, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi della Campania \"Luigi Vanvitelli\", via de Crecchio 4, 80138 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eugenio","family":"Jannelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedics, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi della Campania \"Luigi Vanvitelli\", via de Crecchio 4, 80138 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valerio","family":"Cipolloni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Spine Division, Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, A. Gemelli University Hospital, Catholic University of Rome, Rome 00168, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luca","family":"Piccone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Spine Division, Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, A. Gemelli University Hospital, Catholic University of Rome, Rome 00168, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessandro","family":"Cattolico","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedics, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi della Campania \"Luigi Vanvitelli\", via de Crecchio 4, 80138 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessandro","family":"Santagada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Spine Division, Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, A. Gemelli University Hospital, Catholic University of Rome, Rome 00168, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charlotte","family":"Pripp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Spine Division, Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, A. Gemelli University Hospital, Catholic University of Rome, Rome 00168, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alfredo Schiavone","family":"Panni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedics, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi della Campania \"Luigi Vanvitelli\", via de Crecchio 4, 80138 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Enrico","family":"Pola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedics, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi della Campania \"Luigi Vanvitelli\", via de Crecchio 4, 80138 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"30777","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,13]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.1762","article-title":"Meta-analysis of vertebral augmentation compared with conservative treatment for osteoporotic spinal fractures","volume":"28","author":"Paul A Anderson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Bone and Mineral Research","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0884-0431","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"3;5","key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E299","DOI":"10.36076\/ppj\/2015.18.e299","article-title":"Economic Analysis of Kiva VCF Treatment System Compared to Balloon Kyphoplasty Using Randomized Kiva Safety and Effectiveness Trial (KAST) Data","volume":"3;18","author":"D.P. 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