{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T05:43:59Z","timestamp":1787031839823,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"Open Medical Publishing","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"purpose-of-review\">\n                    <jats:title>Purpose of Review<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Lower back pain (LBP) has a lifetime prevalence of 80% in the United States population. Discogenic back pain (DBP), a subcategory of LBP, occurs as a result of the interverbal disc degeneration without disc herniation. Diagnosis relies on history, physical exam, and imaging such as MRI, provocative discography, or CT discography.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"recent-findings\">\n                    <jats:title>Recent Findings<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Treatment of DBP involves a multifaceted approach with an emphasis on conservative measures including behavioral modification, pharmacologic management, and other non-pharmacologic interventions with invasive therapy reserved for select patients. Due to the paucity of data on the treatment of DBP, treatment also relies on data derived from treatment of chronic LBP (CLBP).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"summary\">\n                    <jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Despite the scarcity of data for the treatment of DBP, treatments do exist with varying efficacy for DBP. Novel techniques such as the use of biologics may provide another avenue for treatment though further studies are needed to better evaluate the most efficacious regimen for both novel and existing treatments.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.52965\/001c.84649","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,25]],"date-time":"2023-08-25T16:18:02Z","timestamp":1692980282000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Review: Discogenic Back Pain: Update on Treatment"],"prefix":"10.52965","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Edgar","family":"Remotti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chinoso","family":"Nduaguba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Parker A.","family":"Woolley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ryan","family":"Ricciardelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anh","family":"Phung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rosa","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Georgetown University Hospital, Department of General Surgery, Medstar, Washington, DC"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ivan","family":"Urits","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Southcoast Physician Group, Wareham, MA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alan David","family":"Kaye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Louisiana State University Shreveport, Department of Anesthesiology, Shreveport, LA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jamal","family":"Hasoon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UTHealth McGovern Medical School, Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Houston, TX"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Simopoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cyrus","family":"Yazdi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher L.","family":"Robinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"30777","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,25]]},"reference":[{"issue":"8","key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1289","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.23195","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms of biological aging in intervertebral discs","volume":"34","author":"Nam V. Vo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Orthopaedic Research","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0736-0266","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.21037\/jss.2019.09.22","article-title":"Stem cell therapy in discogenic back pain","volume":"5","author":"Ahmed H. Barakat","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Spine Surgery","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/2414-469X","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"19","key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1693","DOI":"10.1097\/brs.0b013e3182541f45","article-title":"Where the United States spends its spine dollars: expenditures on different ambulatory services for the management of back and neck conditions","volume":"37","author":"Matthew A. Davis","year":"2012","journal-title":"Spine","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0362-2436","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e10180","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm4.10180","article-title":"Discogenic Back Pain: Literature Review of Definition, Diagnosis, and Treatment","volume":"3","author":"Kengo Fujii","year":"2019","journal-title":"JBMR Plus","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/2473-4039","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"S6","key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"796","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-017-5432-9","article-title":"The Global Spine Care Initiative: a summary of the global burden of low back and neck pain studies","volume":"27","author":"Eric L. Hurwitz","year":"2018","journal-title":"European Spine Journal","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0940-6719","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e10180","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm4.10180","article-title":"Discogenic Back Pain: Literature Review of Definition, Diagnosis, and Treatment","volume":"3","author":"Kengo Fujii","year":"2019","journal-title":"JBMR Plus","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/2473-4039","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csm.2012.03.007","article-title":"The young adult spine in sports","volume":"31","author":"Ken R. Mautner","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clinics in Sports Medicine","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0278-5919","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"9","key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11916-019-0804-y","article-title":"Stem Cell Therapies for Treatment of Discogenic Low Back Pain: a Comprehensive Review","volume":"23","author":"Ivan Urits","year":"2019","journal-title":"Current Pain and Headache Reports","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/1531-3433","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11916-019-0821-x","article-title":"Treatment of Discogenic Low Back Pain: Current Treatment Strategies and Future Options\u2014a Literature Review","volume":"23","author":"Lei Zhao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Current Pain and Headache Reports","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/1531-3433","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2311","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics11122311","article-title":"The Role of Diagnostic Injections in Spinal Disorders: A Narrative Review","volume":"11","author":"Brian Y. Kim","year":"2021","journal-title":"Diagnostics","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/2075-4418","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1347","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.07.490","article-title":"Pathomechanisms of discogenic low back pain in humans and animal models","volume":"15","author":"Seiji Ohtori","year":"2015","journal-title":"The Spine Journal","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/1529-9430","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.36076\/ppj.2009\/12\/541","article-title":"Systematic review of lumbar discography as a diagnostic test for chronic low back pain - PubMed","volume":"12","author":"Laxmaiah MD Manchikanti","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pain Physician","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/2150-1149","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.5312\/wjo.v4.i2.42","article-title":"Pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment of discogenic low back pain","volume":"4","author":"Bao-Gan Peng","year":"2013","journal-title":"World Journal of Orthopedics","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/2218-5836","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2021.07.015","article-title":"The effectiveness of intradiscal biologic treatments for discogenic low back pain: a systematic review","volume":"22","author":"Byron J. Schneider","year":"2022","journal-title":"The Spine Journal","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/1529-9430","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1483","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21041483","article-title":"Lumbar Degenerative Disease Part 1: Anatomy and Pathophysiology of Intervertebral Discogenic Pain and Radiofrequency Ablation of Basivertebral and Sinuvertebral Nerve Treatment for Chronic Discogenic Back Pain: A Prospective Case Series and Review of Literature","volume":"21","author":"Hyeun Sung Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"International Journal of Molecular Sciences","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/1422-0067","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0033-1347300","article-title":"Mechanisms of intervertebral disk degeneration\/injury and pain: a review","volume":"3","author":"Keita Ito","year":"2013","journal-title":"Global Spine Journal","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/2192-5682","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3723","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-016-4459-7","article-title":"Pathobiology of Modic changes","volume":"25","author":"Stefan Dudli","year":"2016","journal-title":"European Spine Journal","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0940-6719","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1007\/s00264-018-4260-9","article-title":"The relevance of high-intensity zones in degenerative disc disease","volume":"43","author":"Jason Pui Yin Cheung","year":"2018","journal-title":"International Orthopaedics","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0341-2695","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"ref19","first-page":"91","article-title":"An update of the systematic appraisal of the accuracy and utility of lumbar discography in chronic low back pain","volume":"16","author":"L., et al. Manchikanti","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pain Physician"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1533-2500.2010.00408.x","article-title":"Discogenic Low Back Pain","volume":"10","author":"Jan Willem Kallewaard","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pain Practice","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/1530-7085","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1213\/ane.0b013e3181e19d03","article-title":"Blockade of the sinuvertebral nerve for the diagnosis of lumbar diskogenic pain: an exploratory study","volume":"111","author":"Juerg Schliessbach","year":"2010","journal-title":"Anesthesia &amp; Analgesia","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0003-2999","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"24","key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2627","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.16885","article-title":"US spending on personal health care and public health, 1996-2013","volume":"316","author":"Joseph L. Dieleman","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0098-7484","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"7","key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1271","DOI":"10.1111\/os.13254","article-title":"Treatment of Intervertebral Disc Degeneration","volume":"14","author":"Jingguo Xin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Orthopaedic Surgery","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/1757-7853","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1097\/00024720-200206000-00014","article-title":"Does provocative discography screening of discogenic back pain improve surgical outcome?","volume":"15","author":"Sanjeev Madan","year":"2002","journal-title":"Journal of Spinal Disorders &amp; Techniques","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/1536-0652","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"9","key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2146","DOI":"10.12998\/wjcc.v9.i9.2146","article-title":"Cervical intervertebral disc degeneration and dizziness","volume":"9","author":"Tang-Hua Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"World Journal of Clinical Cases","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/2307-8960","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.5.647","article-title":"Clinical diagnosis for discogenic low back pain","volume":"647\u2013658","author":"Yingang Zhang","year":"2009","journal-title":"International Journal of Biological Sciences","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/1449-2288","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"5;3","key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.36076\/ppj.2008\/11\/311","article-title":"Accuracy of MRI for diagnosis of discogenic pain","volume":"3;11","author":"Conor O\u2019Neill","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pain Physician","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/2150-1149","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E429","DOI":"10.1097\/brs.0b013e3181dfce9e","article-title":"The Expression of Tumor Necrosis Factor-\u03b1 and CD68 in High-Intensity Zone of Lumbar Intervertebral Disc on Magnetic Resonance Image in the Patients With Low Back Pain","volume":"36","author":"Ren Dongfeng","year":"2011","journal-title":"Spine","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0362-2436","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics12030707","article-title":"Imaging Evaluation of Intervertebral Disc Degeneration and Painful Discs\u2014Advances and Challenges in Quantitative MRI","volume":"12","author":"Shota Tamagawa","year":"2022","journal-title":"Diagnostics","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/2075-4418","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.36076\/ppj.2008\/11\/311","article-title":"Accuracy of MRI for diagnosis of discogenic pain","volume":"11","author":"Conor O\u2019Neill","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pain Physician","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/2150-1149","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.36076\/ppj.2008\/11\/513","article-title":"Systematic review of lumbar provocation discography in asymptomatic subjects with a meta-analysis of false-positive rates","volume":"11","author":"Lee R. Wolfer","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pain Physician","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/2150-1149","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e10180","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm4.10180","article-title":"Discogenic Back Pain: Literature Review of Definition, Diagnosis, and Treatment","volume":"3","author":"Kengo Fujii","year":"2019","journal-title":"JBMR Plus","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/2473-4039","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"8","key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1289","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.23195","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms of biological aging in intervertebral discs","volume":"34","author":"Nam V. Vo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Orthopaedic Research","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0736-0266","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2311","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics11122311","article-title":"The Role of Diagnostic Injections in Spinal Disorders: A Narrative Review","volume":"11","author":"Brian Y. Kim","year":"2021","journal-title":"Diagnostics","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/2075-4418","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1007\/s11916-019-0757-1","article-title":"Low Back Pain, a Comprehensive Review: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment","volume":"23","author":"I., et al. Urits","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr Pain Headache Rep"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"760","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1992.03490060092030","article-title":"What can the history and physical examination tell us about low back pain?","volume":"268","author":"Richard A. Deyo","year":"1992","journal-title":"JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0098-7484","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2014.01.006","article-title":"Discogenic Low Back Pain","volume":"25","author":"Jeremy Simon","year":"2014","journal-title":"Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Clinics of North America","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/1047-9651","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S63","DOI":"10.1093\/pm\/pnac081","article-title":"Vertebrogenic Pain: A Paradigm Shift in Diagnosis and Treatment of Axial Low Back Pain","volume":"23","author":"Aaron Conger","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pain Med","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/1526-2375","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2801","DOI":"10.2147\/jpr.s378544","article-title":"Best Practice Guidelines on the Diagnosis and Treatment of Vertebrogenic Pain with Basivertebral Nerve Ablation from the American Society of Pain and Neuroscience","volume":"15","author":"Dawood Sayed","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Pain Research","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/1178-7090","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0033-1347298","article-title":"The role of the vertebral end plate in low back pain","volume":"3","author":"J. C. Lotz","year":"2013","journal-title":"Global Spine Journal","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/2192-5682","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2014.03.016","article-title":"Clinical evaluation and surgical decision making for patients with lumbar discogenic pain and facet syndrome","volume":"84","author":"Enrico Tessitore","year":"2015","journal-title":"European Journal of Radiology","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0720-048X","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620x.84b2.0840196","article-title":"Intervertebral discs which cause low back pain secrete high levels of proinflammatory mediators","volume":"84","author":"J. G. Burke","year":"2002","journal-title":"The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. British volume","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0301-620X","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1002\/acr.22753","article-title":"Clinical Efficacy of Celecoxib Compared to Acetaminophen in Chronic Nonspecific Low Back Pain: Results of a Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"68","author":"Mohamed K. Bedaiwi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arthritis Care &amp; Research","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/2151-464X","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2013.10.019","article-title":"Prevalence and distribution of intervertebral disc degeneration over the entire spine in a population-based cohort: the Wakayama Spine Study","volume":"22","author":"M. Teraguchi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Osteoarthritis and Cartilage","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/1063-4584","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"7","key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1294","DOI":"10.1093\/pm\/pny252","article-title":"Short-term Efficiency and Tolerance of Ketoprofen and Methylprednisolone in Acute Sciatica: A Randomized Trial","volume":"20","author":"Romain Gastaldi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pain Med","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/1526-2375","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"7","key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1499","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000000554","article-title":"A randomized controlled trial of gabapentin for chronic low back pain with and without a radiating component","volume":"157","author":"J. Hampton Atkinson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pain","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0304-3959","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"n1446","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n1446","article-title":"Efficacy, acceptability, and safety of muscle relaxants for adults with non-specific low back pain: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"374","author":"Aidan G Cashin","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/1756-1833","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.15169","article-title":"Duloxetine for the Treatment of Chronic Low Back Pain: A Systematic Review of Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trials","volume":"13","author":"Takashi Hirase","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cureus","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/2168-8184","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1474","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2018.4222","article-title":"Efficacy of Low-Dose Amitriptyline for Chronic Low Back Pain: A Randomized Clinical Trial","volume":"178","author":"Donna M. Urquhart","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA Internal Medicine","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/2168-6106","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"ref50","first-page":"483","article-title":"Effect of lumbar traction on discogenic low back pain using variable forces","volume":"72","author":"Z. Masood","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Pak Med Assoc"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.cd009790.pub2","article-title":"Exercise therapy for chronic low back pain","volume":"9","author":"Jill A Hayden","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/1465-1858","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/4276175","article-title":"Evaluation of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy on Improving Pain, Fear Avoidance, and Self-Efficacy in Patients with Chronic Low Back Pain: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"2022","author":"Jiajia Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pain Research and Management","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/1918-1523","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2303","DOI":"10.1093\/pm\/pnz167","article-title":"Efficacy and Safety of Acupuncture for Chronic Discogenic Sciatica, a Randomized Controlled Sham Acupuncture Trial","volume":"20","author":"Ziling Huang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pain Med","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/1526-2375","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1002\/ejp.1168","article-title":"Meta-analysis of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation for relief of spinal pain","volume":"22","author":"L. Resende","year":"2018","journal-title":"European Journal of Pain","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/1090-3801","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e10180","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm4.10180","article-title":"Discogenic Back Pain: Literature Review of Definition, Diagnosis, and Treatment","volume":"3","author":"Kengo Fujii","year":"2019","journal-title":"JBMR Plus","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/2473-4039","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1111\/ner.12937","article-title":"A Prospective Study of Dorsal Root Ganglion Stimulation for Non-Operated Discogenic Low Back Pain","volume":"23","author":"Jan Willem Kallewaard","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuromodulation: Technology at the Neural Interface","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/1094-7159","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"ref57","article-title":"Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Lack of Superiority of Epidural Injections with Lidocaine with Steroids Compared to Without Steroids in Spinal Pain: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","author":"L., et al. Manchikanti"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0040-1721015","article-title":"Intradiskal Injection of Methylene Blue for Discogenic Back Pain: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials","volume":"82","author":"Ming Deng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Neurological Surgery Part A: Central European Neurosurgery","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/2193-6315","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.2217\/pmt-2021-0078","article-title":"Effect of age on outcomes after allogeneic disc tissue supplementation in patients with chronic discogenic low back pain in the VAST trial","volume":"12","author":"Corey W Hunter","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pain Management","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/1758-1869","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"ref60","first-page":"515","article-title":"Do Regenerative Medicine Therapies Provide Long-Term Relief in Chronic Low Back Pain: A Systematic Review and Metaanalysis","volume":"21","author":"J., et al. Sanapati","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pain Physician"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.2217\/pmt-2021-0078","article-title":"Effect of age on outcomes after allogeneic disc tissue supplementation in patients with chronic discogenic low back pain in the VAST trial","volume":"12","author":"Corey W Hunter","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pain Management","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/1758-1869","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"ref62","article-title":"Viable Disc Tissue Allograft Supplementation; One- and Two-level Treatment of Degenerated Intervertebral Discs in Patients with Chronic Discogenic Low Back Pain: One Year Results of the VAST Randomized Controlled Trial - PubMed"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2020.11.121","article-title":"Is Lumbar Fusion Necessary for Chronic Low Back Pain Associated with Degenerative Disk Disease? A Meta-Analysis","volume":"146","author":"Wenbo Xu","year":"2021","journal-title":"World Neurosurgery","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/1878-8750","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-018-5680-3","article-title":"Pain and disability after first-time spinal fusion for lumbar degenerative disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"28","author":"Niek Koenders","year":"2019","journal-title":"European Spine Journal","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0940-6719","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"8","key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1417","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.08.028","article-title":"Mid- to long-term results of total lumbar disc replacement: a prospective analysis with 5- to 10-year follow-up","volume":"14","author":"Christoph J. Siepe","year":"2014","journal-title":"The Spine Journal","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/1529-9430","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11916-019-0821-x","article-title":"Treatment of Discogenic Low Back Pain: Current Treatment Strategies and Future Options\u2014a Literature Review","volume":"23","author":"Lei Zhao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Current Pain and Headache Reports","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/1531-3433","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.4103\/jcvjs.jcvjs_61_18","article-title":"Microendoscopic discectomy for lumbar disc herniations","volume":"9","author":"Ashish Chugh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Craniovertebral Junction and Spine","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0974-8237","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"832","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2017.06.112","article-title":"Clinical Efficacy and Its Prognostic Factor of Percutaneous Endoscopic Lumbar Annuloplasty and Nucleoplasty for the Treatment of Patients with Discogenic Low Back Pain","volume":"105","author":"Jung Hwan Lee","year":"2017","journal-title":"World Neurosurgery","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/1878-8750","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.36076\/ppj.2012\/15\/525","article-title":"Prospective clinical study on natural history of discogenic low back pain at 4 years of follow-up","volume":"15","author":"Baogan Peng","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pain Physician","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/2150-1149","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199503150-00011","article-title":"The Long-Term Effects of Physical Loading and Exercise Lifestyles on Back-Related Symptoms, Disability, and Spinal Pathology Among Men","volume":"20","author":"Tapio Videman","year":"1995","journal-title":"Spine","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0362-2436","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1740","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2010.137836","article-title":"Lumbar disc degeneration and genetic factors are the main risk factors for low back pain in women: The UK Twin Spine Study","volume":"70","author":"Gregory Livshits","year":"2011","journal-title":"Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0003-4967","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"3S","key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S46","DOI":"10.1093\/neuros\/nyw078","article-title":"Intervertebral disk degeneration and repair","volume":"80","author":"James Dowdell","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurosurgery","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0148-396X","issn-type":"print"}],"container-title":["Orthopedic Reviews"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/orthopedicreviews.openmedicalpublishing.org\/article\/84649-review-discogenic-back-pain-update-on-treatment","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,16]],"date-time":"2025-06-16T12:46:16Z","timestamp":1750077976000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/orthopedicreviews.openmedicalpublishing.org\/article\/84649-review-discogenic-back-pain-update-on-treatment"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,25]]},"references-count":72,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.52965\/001c.84649","relation":{},"ISSN":["2035-8164"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2035-8164","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,25]]}}}