{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,29]],"date-time":"2026-08-29T21:56:33Z","timestamp":1788040593918,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"Open Medical Publishing","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:p>Significant advancements in lumbar disc herniation (LDH) management have been made in interventional pain therapy, operative therapy, peri-operative management, and cost analysis of various procedures. The present review aims to provide a concise narrative of all these topics, current trends, and possible future directions in the management of LDH. Interventional pain management using intradiscal injections often serves as a minimally invasive non-surgical approach. Surgical modalities vary, including traditional open laminectomy, microdiscectomy, endoscopic discectomy, tubular discectomy, percutaneous laser disc decompression, and transforaminal foraminotomy. Prevention of infections during surgery is paramount and is often done via a single-dose preoperative antibiotic prophylaxis. Recurrence of LDH post-surgery is commonly observed and thus mitigative strategies for prevention have been proposed including the use of annular closure devices. Finally, all treatments are well-associated with clear as well as hidden costs to the health system and society as described by billing codes and loss of patients\u2019 quality-adjusted life-years. Our summary of recent literature regarding LDH may allow physicians to employ up-to-date evidence-based practice in clinical settings and can help drive future advancements in LDH management. Future longitudinal and comprehensive studies elucidating how each type of treatments fare against different types of herniations are warranted.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.52965\/001c.88931","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,22]],"date-time":"2023-11-22T04:23:48Z","timestamp":1700627028000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Interventional Therapy and Surgical Management of Lumbar Disc Herniation in Spine Surgery: A Narrative Review"],"prefix":"10.52965","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Bongseok","family":"Jung","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"North Shore University Hospital-Long Island Jewish Medical Center","department":["Donald & Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra\/Northwell Department of Orthopaedic Surgery"]},{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Spine Surgery, North Shore University Hospital-Long Island Jewish Medical Center"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Justin","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Spine Surgery, North Shore University Hospital-Long Island Jewish Medical Center"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junho","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Spine Surgery, North Shore University Hospital-Long Island Jewish Medical Center"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alex","family":"Ngan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Spine Surgery, North Shore University Hospital-Long Island Jewish Medical Center"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Essig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Spine Surgery, North Shore University Hospital-Long Island Jewish Medical Center"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rohit","family":"Verma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Spine Surgery, North Shore University Hospital-Long Island Jewish Medical Center"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"30777","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,22]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1007\/s00064-016-0467-3","article-title":"Operative Therapie des lumbalen Bandscheibenvorfalls","volume":"29","author":"F. C. Heider","year":"2016","journal-title":"Operative Orthop\u00e4die und Traumatologie","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0934-6694","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E91","DOI":"10.1097\/brs.0000000000001161","article-title":"Minimally invasive versus open laminectomy for lumbar stenosis a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"41","author":"Kevin Phan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Spine","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0362-2436","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1015","DOI":"10.3233\/bmr-169581","article-title":"Regression of lumbar disc herniation by physiotherapy. Does non-surgical spinal decompression therapy make a difference? Double-blind randomized controlled trial","volume":"30","author":"Aynur Demirel","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Back and Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/1878-6324","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E7","DOI":"10.3171\/2017.5.focus17202","article-title":"Tubular microdiscectomy: Techniques, complication avoidance, and review of the literature","volume":"43","author":"Aaron J. Clark","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurosurg Focus","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/1092-0684","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-018-2213-5","article-title":"Annular closure device for disc herniation: Meta-analysis of clinical outcome and complications","volume":"19","author":"Wen Jie Choy","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/1471-2474","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jsp2.1186","article-title":"Intradiscal injection for the management of low back pain","volume":"5","author":"Fu Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"JOR Spine","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/2572-1143","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s005860000234Z","article-title":"Chemonucleolysis: The state of the art","volume":"10","author":"J.W. Simmons","year":"2001","journal-title":"European Spine Journal"},{"issue":"Supplement","key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2578","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199411001-00014","article-title":"Efficacy of chymopapain in chemonucleolysis: A review","volume":"19","author":"Eugene J. Nordby","year":"1994","journal-title":"Spine","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0362-2436","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"15","key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E869","DOI":"10.1097\/brs.0000000000002528","article-title":"Condoliase for the treatment of lumbar disc herniation","volume":"43","author":"Kazuhiro Chiba","year":"2018","journal-title":"Spine","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0362-2436","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"ref10","series-title":"Arthroscopic and Endoscopic Spinal Surgery: Text and Atlas","isbn-type":"print","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1385\/1-59259-904-4:351","article-title":"The rise and fall of chemonucleolysis","author":"James W. Simmons","year":"2005","ISBN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/isbn\/9781588295224"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.21037\/atm.2020.02.175","article-title":"Global low back pain prevalence and years lived with disability from 1990 to 2017: estimates from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017","volume":"8","author":"Aimin Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Annals of Translational Medicine","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/2305-5839","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.14444\/3044","article-title":"Sciatica caused by disc herniation: Why is Chymopapain Chemonucleolysis denied to our patients?","volume":"10","author":"Douglas Wardlaw","year":"2016","journal-title":"International Journal of Spine Surgery","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/2211-4599","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jos.2020.06.004","article-title":"The effectiveness of chemonucleolysis with condoliase for treatment of painful lumbar disc herniation","volume":"26","author":"Eijiro Okada","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Orthopaedic Science","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0949-2658","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.22603\/ssrr.2021-0151","article-title":"Intradiscal Injection with Condoliase (Chondroitin Sulfate ABC Endolyase) for Painful Radiculopathy Caused by Lumbar Disc Herniation","volume":"6","author":"Takashi Hirai","year":"2022","journal-title":"Spine Surgery and Related Research","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/2432-261X","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jos.2020.02.002","article-title":"Clinical outcome of condoliase injection treatment for lumbar disc herniation: Indications for condoliase therapy","volume":"26","author":"Tomohiro Banno","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Orthopaedic Science","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0949-2658","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"15","key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20184315","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS0000000000002528","article-title":"Condoliase for the Treatment of Lumbar Disc Herniation: A Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"43","author":"K. Chiba","year":"1976","journal-title":"Spine"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.3171\/2017.7.spine161327","article-title":"A multicenter, randomized, double-blind, dose-finding study of condoliase in patients with lumbar disc herniation","volume":"28","author":"Yukihiro Matsuyama","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Neurosurgery: Spine","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/1547-5654","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jos.2022.11.005","article-title":"Condoliase therapy for lumbar disc herniation -2 year clinical outcome-","volume":"21","author":"Tomohiro Banno","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Orthopaedic Science","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0949-2658","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1868","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina58121868","article-title":"Predictive Factors for Poor Outcome following Chemonucleolysis with Condoliase in Lumbar Disc Herniation","volume":"58","author":"Shu Takeuchi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Medicina","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/1648-9144","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1097\/01.anes.0000267518.20363.0d","article-title":"A double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-response pilot study evaluating intradiscal etanercept in patients with chronic discogenic low back pain or lumbosacral radiculopathy","volume":"107","author":"Steven P. Cohen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Anesthesiology","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0003-3022","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jos.2015.10.005","article-title":"Single intradiscal injection of the interleukin-6 receptor antibody tocilizumab provides short-term relief of discogenic low back pain; prospective comparative cohort study","volume":"21","author":"Takeshi Sainoh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Orthopaedic Science","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0949-2658","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e07286","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2021.e07286","article-title":"Effects of adhesion barrier gel on functional outcomes of patients with lumbar disc herniation surgery; A systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trials","volume":"7","author":"Seyedmorteza Hosseini","year":"2021","journal-title":"Heliyon","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/2405-8440","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"945","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000001475","article-title":"A multicenter randomized controlled trial on the efficacy of intradiscal methylene blue injection for chronic discogenic low back pain: The IMBI study","volume":"160","author":"Jan Willem Kallewaard","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pain","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0304-3959","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0040-1721015","article-title":"Intradiskal Injection of Methylene Blue for Discogenic Back Pain: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials","volume":"82","author":"Ming Deng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Neurological Surgery Part A: Central European Neurosurgery","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/2193-6315","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"8","key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1945","DOI":"10.1097\/tp.0000000000001484","article-title":"Intervertebral Disc Repair by Allogeneic Mesenchymal Bone Marrow Cells: A Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"101","author":"David C. Noriega","year":"2017","journal-title":"Transplantation","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0041-1337","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2097","DOI":"10.1007\/s00264-017-3560-9","article-title":"Autologous bone marrow concentrate intradiscal injection for the treatment of degenerative disc disease with three-year follow-up","volume":"41","author":"Kenneth A. Pettine","year":"2017","journal-title":"International Orthopaedics","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0341-2695","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"7","key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3519","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22073519","article-title":"The application of mesenchymal stromal cells and their homing capabilities to regenerate the intervertebral disc","volume":"22","author":"Andreas S. Croft","year":"2021","journal-title":"International Journal of Molecular Sciences","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/1422-0067","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"apr01 1","key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"h1603","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.h1603","article-title":"Minimally invasive decompression versus open laminectomy for central stenosis of the lumbar spine: Pragmatic comparative effectiveness study","volume":"350","author":"U. S. Nerland","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMJ","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/1756-1833","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"21;1","key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E401","DOI":"10.36076\/ppj.2018.4.e401","article-title":"Percutaneous endoscopic lumbar discectomy for all types of lumbar disc herniations (LDH) including severely difficult and extremely difficult LDH cases","volume":"1","author":"Byapak MD Paudel","year":"2018","journal-title":"January 2018","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/2150-1149","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1587","DOI":"10.1111\/os.12909","article-title":"Comparison of Percutaneous Transforaminal Endoscopic Discectomy and Microscope-Assisted Tubular Discectomy for Lumbar Disc Herniation","volume":"13","author":"Lantao Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Orthopaedic Surgery","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/1757-7853","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1008","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2016-315306","article-title":"Tubular discectomy versus conventional microdiscectomy for the treatment of lumbar disc herniation: Long-term results of a randomised controlled trial","volume":"88","author":"Gijsbert M Overdevest","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery &amp; Psychiatry","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0022-3050","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.15171\/jlms.2019.04","article-title":"The effect of percutaneous laser disc decompression on reducing pain and disability in patients with lumbar disc herniation","volume":"10","author":"Sirous Momenzadeh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Lasers in Medical Sciences","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/2008-9783","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/s2255-4971(15)30211-1","article-title":"LUMBAR DISC HERNIATION","volume":"45","author":"Luis Roberto Vialle","year":"2010","journal-title":"Revista Brasileira de Ortopedia (English Edition)","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/2255-4971","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1177\/1591019917710297","article-title":"Percutaneous laser disc decompression versus microdiscectomy for sciatica: Cost utility analysis alongside a randomized controlled trial","volume":"23","author":"M Elske van den Akker-van Marle","year":"2017","journal-title":"Interventional Neuroradiology","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/1591-0199","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1080\/10790268.2018.1442285","article-title":"Trans-sacral epiduroscopic laser decompression versus the microscopic open interlaminar approach for L5-S1 disc herniation","volume":"43","author":"Seung-Kook Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"The Journal of Spinal Cord Medicine","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/1079-0268","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2015.01.020","article-title":"Percutaneous laser disc decompression versus conventional microdiscectomy in sciatica: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"15","author":"Patrick A. Brouwer","year":"2015","journal-title":"The Spine Journal","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/1529-9430","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/5286760","article-title":"The Frequency of Resurgery after Percutaneous Lumbar Surgery Using Dekompressor in a Ten-Year Period","volume":"2018","author":"Stephan Klessinger","year":"2018","journal-title":"Minimally Invasive Surgery","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/2090-1445","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-021-04548-3","article-title":"A novel vertebral trench technique (VTT) involving transforaminal endoscopic lumbar foraminotomy (TELF) for very highly up-migrated lumbar disc herniation above L5","volume":"22","author":"Yong Yu","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/1471-2474","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"S1","key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S120","DOI":"10.21037\/jss.2019.11.07","article-title":"Patient selection protocols for endoscopic transforaminal, interlaminar, and translaminar decompression of lumbar spinal stenosis","volume":"6","author":"\u00c1lvaro Dowling","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Spine Surgery","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/2414-469X","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"21","key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E453","DOI":"10.1097\/01.brs.0000090839.61893.be","article-title":"Single versus multiple dose antibiotic prophylaxis in lumbar disc surgery","volume":"28","author":"Matthew A. Dobzyniak","year":"2003","journal-title":"Spine","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0362-2436","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2019.04.017","article-title":"Antibiotic prophylaxis in spine surgery: a comparison of single-dose and 72-hour protocols","volume":"103","author":"A. Maciejczak","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Hospital Infection","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0195-6701","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1051\/sicotj\/2021029","article-title":"Perioperative antibiotic prophylaxis in spinal surgery","volume":"7","author":"Ahmed Shawky Abdelgawaad","year":"2021","journal-title":"SICOT-J","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/2426-8887","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E366","DOI":"10.1097\/brs.0000000000002839","article-title":"The Impact of Vancomycin and Cefazolin as Standard Preoperative Antibiotic Prophylaxis on Surgical Site Infections Following Instrumented Spinal Fusion","volume":"44","author":"Wylie Y. Lopez","year":"2019","journal-title":"Spine","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0362-2436","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"9","key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2020.05.172","article-title":"69. Ischemic spinal nerve root injury secondary to herniated lumbar intervertebral disc","volume":"20","author":"Paul B. Bishop","year":"2020","journal-title":"The Spine Journal","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/1529-9430","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100705","DOI":"10.1016\/j.inat.2020.100705","article-title":"The effect of intradiscal vancomycin powder in the prevention of postoperative discitis: RCT study","volume":"21","author":"Ghazwan A Hasan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Interdisciplinary Neurosurgery","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/2214-7519","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-200301000-00016","article-title":"Clinical outcomes after lumbar discectomy for sciatica: The effects of fragment type and anular competence","volume":"85","author":"EUGENE J. Carragee","year":"2003","journal-title":"The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery-American Volume","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0021-9355","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2378","DOI":"10.1097\/md.0000000000002378","article-title":"Risk factors for recurrent lumbar disc herniation: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"95","author":"Weimin Huang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Medicine","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0025-7974","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E265","DOI":"10.1097\/bsd.0b013e31828215b3","article-title":"Risk Factors of Recurrent Lumbar Disk Herniation","volume":"28","author":"Shinji Miwa","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Spinal Disord Tech","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/1536-0652","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1054\/jocn.2000.0682","article-title":"Lumbar discectomy and the diabetic patient: Incidence and outcome","volume":"8","author":"Ralph J. Mobbs","year":"2001","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Neuroscience","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0967-5868","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.35353\/ajp.2021.00003","article-title":"Risk Factors for Recurrence of Disc Herniation After Single-Level Lumbar Discectomy","volume":"7","author":"Yong Guk Kim","year":"2021","journal-title":"Asian Journal of Pain","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/2466-0167","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"24","key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2674","DOI":"10.1097\/brs.0b013e3181b4aaac","article-title":"Disc height and segmental motion as risk factors for recurrent lumbar disc herniation","volume":"34","author":"Kyoung-Tae Kim","year":"2009","journal-title":"Spine","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0362-2436","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2008.08.005","article-title":"An evidence-based review of the literature on the consequences of conservative versus aggressive discectomy for the treatment of primary disc herniation with radiculopathy","volume":"9","author":"William C. III Watters","year":"2009","journal-title":"The Spine Journal","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/1529-9430","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2136809","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2021.36809","article-title":"Effectiveness of an Annular Closure Device to Prevent Recurrent Lumbar Disc Herniation: A Secondary Analysis with 5 Years of Follow-up","volume":"4","author":"Claudius Thom\u00e9","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Network Open","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/2574-3805","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"7","key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e14410","DOI":"10.1097\/md.0000000000014410","article-title":"Comparison of treatments for lumbar disc herniation","volume":"98","author":"Mark P. Arts","year":"2019","journal-title":"Medicine","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0025-7974","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13075-018-1743-4","article-title":"The inflammatory response in the regression of lumbar disc herniation","volume":"20","author":"Carla Cunha","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arthritis Research &amp; Therapy","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/1478-6362","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.13004\/kjnt.2014.10.2.119","article-title":"Use of Annular Closure Device (Barricaid\u00ae) for Preventing Lumbar Disc Reherniation: One-Year Results of Three Cases","volume":"10","author":"Bang Sang Hahn","year":"2014","journal-title":"Korean Journal of Neurotrauma","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/2234-8999","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1097\/bsd.0b013e3182956ec5","article-title":"Effect of an annular closure device (Barricaid) on same-level recurrent disk herniation and disk height loss after primary lumbar discectomy","volume":"29","author":"Scott L. Parker","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Spine Surg","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/2380-0186","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1097\/corr.0000000000002001","article-title":"Microdiscectomy Is More Cost-effective Than a 6-Month Nonsurgical Care Regimen for Chronic Radiculopathy","volume":"480","author":"R. Andrew Glennie","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clinical Orthopaedics &amp; Related Research","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0009-921X","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"7","key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1162","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2019.02.003","article-title":"Cost-effectiveness of microdiscectomy versus endoscopic discectomy for lumbar disc herniation","volume":"19","author":"Kyung-Chul Choi","year":"2019","journal-title":"The Spine Journal","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/1529-9430","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"882","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2020.01.015","article-title":"Primary single-level lumbar microdisectomy\/decompression at a free-standing ambulatory surgical center vs a hospital-owned outpatient department\u2014an analysis of 90-day outcomes and costs","volume":"20","author":"Azeem Tariq Malik","year":"2020","journal-title":"The Spine Journal","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/1529-9430","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"ref61","article-title":"DePuy Synthes 2021 Spine Reimbursement Guide","year":"2021"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1097\/01.brs.0000048645.33118.02","article-title":"Pathomechanisms of nerve root injury caused by disc herniation: An experimental study of mechanical compression and chemical irritation","volume":"28","author":"Naoto Takahashi","year":"2003","journal-title":"Spine","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0362-2436","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2010.01.021","article-title":"A randomized placebo-controlled trial of intradiscal methylene blue injection for the treatment of chronic discogenic low back pain","volume":"149","author":"Baogan Peng","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pain","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0304-3959","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina56110627","article-title":"Chemonucleolysis with chondroitin sulfate abc endolyase for treating lumbar disc herniation: Exploration of prognostic factors for good or poor clinical outcomes","volume":"56","author":"Katsuhiko Ishibashi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Medicina","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/1648-9144","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/2376172","article-title":"Interaction between Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Intervertebral Disc Microenvironment: From Cell Therapy to Tissue Engineering","volume":"2019","author":"Gianluca Vadal\u00e0","year":"2019","journal-title":"Stem Cells International","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/1687-966X","issn-type":"print"}],"container-title":["Orthopedic Reviews"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/orthopedicreviews.openmedicalpublishing.org\/article\/88931-interventional-therapy-and-surgical-management-of-lumbar-disc-herniation-in-spine-surgery-a-narrative-review","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,16]],"date-time":"2025-06-16T16:45:04Z","timestamp":1750092304000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/orthopedicreviews.openmedicalpublishing.org\/article\/88931-interventional-therapy-and-surgical-management-of-lumbar-disc-herniation-in-spine-surgery-a-narrative-review"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,22]]},"references-count":65,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.52965\/001c.88931","relation":{},"ISSN":["2035-8164"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2035-8164","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,22]]}}}