{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T19:58:42Z","timestamp":1777579122585,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":7,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,2,4]],"date-time":"2012-02-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1328313600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["European Journal of Ophthalmology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose.<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To investigate visual function and ocular features in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods.<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Fifty-one children underwent a detailed ophthalmologic evaluation. Thirty-two were diagnosed with ADHD, and 19 children with attention deficit disorder (ADD). The mean age was 9.9\u00b13.1 years.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results.<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The average best-corrected visual acuity of the better-seeing eye was 1 (range 0.9-1.25) and 0.96 (range 0.5-1.25) for the fellow eye. Eighteen percent (10) had amblyopia in one or both eyes (3 had strabismic and 7 had ametropic amblyopia). Heterotropia was found in 5 (10%), and absent stereoacuity was found in 3 (6%). Subnormal convergence amplitude was noted in 2 patients (4%). The mean spherical equivalent (SE) of the eyes in this study was 0.17\u00b11.73 (range \u22125.5 to +7). Twenty-two subjects (43%) had a myopia of \u22120.50 D or higher. Hyperopia higher than 3.5 D was seen in 10 cases (20%), and astigmatism larger or equal to 1.0 D was observed in 10 patients (20%). With-the-rule astigmatism was by far most common type in the 29 eyes with an astigmatic refractive error (59%). Significant ametropia was detected in 42 (83%) of the patients. In contrast to other studies, we did not find a higher rate of convergence insufficiency or heterotropia.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions.<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Children diagnosed with either ADHD or ADD can present with significant ametropia but infrequent heterotropia.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.5301\/ejo.5000145","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,4,2]],"date-time":"2012-04-02T10:21:09Z","timestamp":1333362069000},"page":"931-935","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Do Children and Adolescents with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder have Ocular Abnormalities?"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Eedy","family":"Mezer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Alberto Moscona Department of Ophthalmology, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa - Israel"},{"name":"Ruth and Baruch Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion\u2013Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa - Israel"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tamara","family":"Wygnanski-Jaffe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Goldschlager Eye Institute, Haim Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Ramat-Gan - Israel"},{"name":"Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv - Israel"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,2,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-ejo.5000145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)14842-8"},{"key":"bibr2-ejo.5000145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.20067"},{"key":"bibr3-ejo.5000145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2007.11.016"},{"key":"bibr4-ejo.5000145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2004.06.019"},{"key":"bibr5-ejo.5000145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.eye.6702240"},{"key":"bibr6-ejo.5000145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09273970500455436"},{"key":"bibr7-ejo.5000145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1755-3768.2009.01520.x"}],"container-title":["European Journal of Ophthalmology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.5301\/ejo.5000145","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.5301\/ejo.5000145","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.5301\/ejo.5000145","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T19:36:47Z","timestamp":1777405007000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.5301\/ejo.5000145"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,2,4]]},"references-count":7,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.5301\/ejo.5000145"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5301\/ejo.5000145","relation":{},"ISSN":["1120-6721","1724-6016"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1120-6721","type":"print"},{"value":"1724-6016","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,2,4]]}}}