{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T23:24:49Z","timestamp":1789514689379,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":89,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,12,1]],"date-time":"2011-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1322697600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Int J Artif Organs"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Neurodegenerative disorders are expected to strike social and health care systems of developed countries heavily in the coming decades. Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases (AD\/PD) are the most prevalent neurodegenerative pathologies, and currently their available therapy is only symptomatic. However, innovative potential drugs are actively under development, though their efficacy is sometimes limited by poor brain bioavailability and\/or sustained peripheral degradation. To partly overcome these constraints, the development of drug delivery devices made by biocompatible and easily administrable materials might be a great adjuvant. In particular, materials science can provide a powerful tool to design hydrogels and nanoparticles as basic components of more complex nanocomposites that might ameliorate drug or cell delivery in AD\/PD. This kind of approach is particularly promising for intranasal delivery, which might increase brain targeting of neuroprotective molecules or proteins. Here we review these issues, with a focus on nanoparticles as nanocomponents able to carry and tune drug release in the central nervous system, without ignoring warnings concerning their potential toxicity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.5301\/ijao.2011.8915","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,12,23]],"date-time":"2011-12-23T11:45:59Z","timestamp":1324640759000},"page":"1115-1127","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":56,"title":["Nanocomposites for Neurodegenerative Diseases: Hydrogel-Nanoparticle Combinations for a Challenging Drug Delivery"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"34","author":[{"given":"Carmen","family":"Giordano","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering, \u201cG. Natta\u201d, Politecnico di Milano, Milan - Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diego","family":"Albani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, \u201cMario Negri\u201d Institute for Pharmacological Research, Milan - Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"Gloria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Composite and Biomedical Materials, National Research Council, Naples - Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marta","family":"Tunesi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering, \u201cG. Natta\u201d, Politecnico di Milano, Milan - Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Serena","family":"Rodilossi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, \u201cMario Negri\u201d Institute for Pharmacological Research, Milan - Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Teresa","family":"Russo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Composite and Biomedical Materials, National Research Council, Naples - Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gianluigi","family":"Forloni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, \u201cMario Negri\u201d Institute for Pharmacological Research, Milan - Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luigi","family":"Ambrosio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Composite and Biomedical Materials, National Research Council, Naples - Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alberto","family":"Cigada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering, \u201cG. Natta\u201d, Politecnico di Milano, Milan - Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,12,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_2","unstructured":"Cutting Edge Info Reports. Neurodegenerative market forecast to 2013 (Report TA222). 2009. Available at: http:\/\/www.cuttingedgeinfo.com\/research\/market-intelligence\/neurodegenerative-forecast\/. Accessed December 5 2011."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1462399409001148"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.10305"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-008-8053-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature02621"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/039139880903201202"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000321548"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/138920110790909669"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2005.09.040"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/228080001000800201"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.progpolymsci.2011.05.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/228080000900700301"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_2","volume-title":"Composite materials handbook.","author":"Schwartz M.M.","year":"1992","unstructured":"SchwartzM.M. Composite materials handbook. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill, 1992."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1201\/9781482277739"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_2","volume-title":"Mechanics of composite materials.","author":"Jones R.M.","year":"1999","unstructured":"JonesR.M. Mechanics of composite materials. London: Taylor & Francis, 1999."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1533\/9781845697372.3.411"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5301\/JABB.2011.8569"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mame.200400010"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/002199836800200308"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pen.760150305"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pen.760110305"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5301\/JABB.2010.6094"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/228080001000800103"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/228080001000800107"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/228080000900700204"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/228080000900700102"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5301\/JABB.2011.6450"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adem.201080140"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/S1516-14392009000100002"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1533\/9781845691127.2.329"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/228080000900700201"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nnano.2010.246"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ja046747x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature04165"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/b517790c"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/B613887J"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TNB.2007.908989"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymer.2008.04.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5301\/JABB.2010.6093"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/app.34771"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/228080000900700101"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/b925218p"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2003.09.148"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0885328209360933"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2005.07.024"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1615\/CritRevTherDrugCarrierSyst.v23.i4.10"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2008.0071"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2010.11.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/10611861003639796"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2010.01.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2011.05.062"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10611860903112842"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-8977-7-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nano.2011.03.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2011.01.023"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.2009.07038.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2009.01.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2133\/dmpk.DMPK-10-RG-049"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2478\/v10007-008-0014-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_61_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1211\/jpp.59.9.0003"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_62_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2006.11.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_63_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejps.2009.09.019"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_64_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejps.2011.10.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_65_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2011.07.025"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_66_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2011.02.022"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_67_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2011.09.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_68_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bdd.621"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_69_2","first-page":"765","article-title":"Recent advances of chitosan nanoparticles as drug carriers","volume":"6","author":"Wang J.J.","year":"2011","unstructured":"WangJ.J., ZengZ.W., XiaoR.Z.. Recent advances of chitosan nanoparticles as drug carriers. Int J Nanomedicine. 2011; 6: 765\u2013774.","journal-title":"Int J Nanomedicine."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_70_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2005.11.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_71_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/bm9001377"},{"issue":"9","key":"e_1_2_1_72_2","first-page":"566","article-title":"Anti-amyloid antibody drugs in clinical testing for Alzheimer's disease","volume":"12","author":"Bednar M.M.","year":"2009","unstructured":"BednarM.M. Anti-amyloid antibody drugs in clinical testing for Alzheimer's disease. Drugs. 2009; 12(9): 566\u2013575.","journal-title":"Drugs."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_73_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12272-011-0407-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_74_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1116\/1.2815690"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_75_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2008.09.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_76_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/228080001000800101"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_77_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbagen.2010.04.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_78_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpb.2007.08.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_79_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2010.0158.focus"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_80_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nano.2009.11.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_81_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/17435390.2010.502978"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_82_2","article-title":"Assessing toxicity of polyamidoamine dendrimers by neuronal signaling functions","author":"Nyitrai G.","year":"2011","unstructured":"NyitraiG., K\u00e9kesiO., P\u00e1lI.. Assessing toxicity of polyamidoamine dendrimers by neuronal signaling functions. Nanotoxicology 2011. [Epub ahead of print].","journal-title":"Nanotoxicology"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_83_2","article-title":"The dose-dependent toxicological effects and potential perturbation on the neurotransmitter secretion in brain following intranasal instillation of copper nanoparticles","author":"Zhang L.","year":"2011","unstructured":"ZhangL., BaiR., LiuY.. The dose-dependent toxicological effects and potential perturbation on the neurotransmitter secretion in brain following intranasal instillation of copper nanoparticles. Nanotoxicology 2011. [Epub ahead of print].","journal-title":"Nanotoxicology"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_84_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/10408440903453074"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_85_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0001884"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_86_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.2009.06228.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_87_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0883911508091905"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_88_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10856-007-3003-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_89_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/228080000800600306"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_90_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/228080000900700208"}],"container-title":["The International Journal of Artificial Organs"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.5301\/ijao.2011.8915","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.5301\/ijao.2011.8915","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T19:41:32Z","timestamp":1777491692000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.5301\/ijao.2011.8915"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,12]]},"references-count":89,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.5301\/ijao.2011.8915"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5301\/ijao.2011.8915","relation":{},"ISSN":["0391-3988","1724-6040"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0391-3988","type":"print"},{"value":"1724-6040","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,12]]}}}