{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T04:24:02Z","timestamp":1784780642221,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":95,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,8]],"date-time":"2016-01-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1452211200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Vasc Access"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p> The most appropriate lock solution for central venous access devices is still to be defined. GAVeCeLT \u2013 the Italian group for venous access devices \u2013 has developed a consensus on the evidence-based criteria for the choice and the clinical use of the most appropriate lock solution for central venous catheters (excluding dialysis catheters). <\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Method<\/jats:title><jats:p> After the constitution of a panel of experts, a systematic collection and review of the literature has been performed, focusing on clinical studies dealing with lock solutions used for prevention of occlusion (heparin, citrate, urokinase, recombinant tissue plasminogen activator [r-TPA], normal saline) or for prevention of infection (citrate, ethanol, taurolidine, ethylene-diamine-tetra-acetic acid [EDTA], vancomycin, linezolid and other antibiotics), in both adults and in pediatric patients. Studies on central lines used for dialysis or pheresis, on peripheral venous lines and on arterial lines were excluded from this analysis. Studies on lock solutions used for treatment of obstruction or infection were not considered. The consensus has been carried out according to the Delphi method. <\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p> The panel has concluded that: (a) there is no evidence supporting the heparin lock; (b) the prevention of occlusion is based on the proper flushing and locking technique with normal saline; (c) the most appropriate lock solution for infection prevention should include citrate and\/or taurolidine, which have both anti-bacterial and anti-biofilm activity, with negligible undesired effects if compared to antibiotics; (d) the patient populations most likely to benefit from citrate\/taurolidine lock are yet to be defined. <\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p> The actual value of heparinization for non-dialysis catheters should be reconsidered. Also, the use of lock with substances with anti-bacterial and anti-biofilm activity (such as citrate or taurolidine) should be taken into consideration in selected populations of patients. <\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.5301\/jva.5000576","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,12]],"date-time":"2016-08-12T09:24:31Z","timestamp":1470993871000},"page":"453-464","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":74,"title":["Evidence-Based Criteria for the Choice and the Clinical use of the Most Appropriate Lock Solutions for Central Venous Catheters (Excluding Dialysis Catheters): A GAVeCeLT Consensus"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Mauro","family":"Pittiruti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Fondazione Policlinico Universitario \u201cA. Gemelli\u201d, Rome - Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sergio","family":"Bertoglio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgical Sciences, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi, Genova - Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giancarlo","family":"Scoppettuolo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fondazione Policlinico Universitario \u201cA. Gemelli\u201d, Rome - Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roberto","family":"Biffi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Europeo di Oncologia, Milan - Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Massimo","family":"Lamperti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cleveland Clinic Hospital, Abu Dhabi - United Arab Emirates"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alberto","family":"Dal Molin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e0 del Piemonte Orientale, Biella - Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicola","family":"Panocchia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fondazione Policlinico Universitario \u201cA. Gemelli\u201d, Rome - Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicola","family":"Petrosillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Nazionale Malattie Infettive \u201cL. Spallanzani\u201d, Rome - Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mario","family":"Venditti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e0 \u201cLa Sapienza\u201d, Rome - Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carla","family":"Rigo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria \u201cMaggiore della Carit\u00e0\u201d, Novara - Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Enrico","family":"DeLutio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vascular Access Specialist, Rome - Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-jva.5000576","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/NAN.0000000000000396"},{"key":"bibr2-jva.5000576","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2011.01.003"},{"key":"bibr3-jva.5000576","author":"Dougherty L","journal-title":"Royal College of Nursing (RCN)"},{"key":"bibr4-jva.5000576","unstructured":"FitchK BernsteinSJ AguilarMD et al. The RAND\/UCLA appropriateness method user\u2018s manual. Santa Monica, CA RAND Corporation 2001. Available from: https:\/\/www.rand.org\/content\/dam\/rand\/pubs\/monograph_reports\/2011\/MR1269.pdf. Accessed May 13, 2016."},{"key":"bibr5-jva.5000576","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0895-4356(01)00365-1"},{"key":"bibr6-jva.5000576","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0196-0644(99)70395-1"},{"issue":"1","key":"bibr7-jva.5000576","first-page":"62","volume":"14","author":"Seidel J","year":"1998","journal-title":"Committee on Pediatric Equipment and Supplies for Emergency Departments, National Emergency Medical Services for Children Resource Alliance. Pediatr Emerg Care"},{"key":"bibr8-jva.5000576","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000441-198807000-00014"},{"key":"bibr9-jva.5000576","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1542-4758.2007.00213.x"},{"key":"bibr10-jva.5000576","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hoc.2007.06.004"},{"key":"bibr11-jva.5000576","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0265021505001766"},{"key":"bibr12-jva.5000576","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1398-9995.2006.01227.x"},{"key":"bibr13-jva.5000576","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/qshc.2008.028324"},{"issue":"8","key":"bibr14-jva.5000576","first-page":"146S","volume":"24","author":"Niccolai CS","year":"2004","journal-title":"Unfractionated heparin: focus on a high-alert drug. Pharmacotherapy"},{"key":"bibr15-jva.5000576","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5301\/jva.5000071"},{"key":"bibr16-jva.5000576","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5301\/jva.5000280"},{"key":"bibr17-jva.5000576","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006199-199111000-00002"},{"issue":"6","key":"bibr18-jva.5000576","first-page":"631","volume":"20","author":"Peterson FY","year":"1991","journal-title":"Heart Lung"},{"issue":"4","key":"bibr19-jva.5000576","first-page":"306","volume":"19","author":"McAllister CC","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Emerg Nurs"},{"key":"bibr20-jva.5000576","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0099-1767(97)90216-6"},{"key":"bibr21-jva.5000576","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/NCC.0b013e31823312b1"},{"key":"bibr22-jva.5000576","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/annonc\/mdt114"},{"key":"bibr23-jva.5000576","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1592\/phco.26.9.1262"},{"key":"bibr24-jva.5000576","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2004.07.019"},{"issue":"5","key":"bibr25-jva.5000576","first-page":"490","volume":"21","author":"Moran JE","year":"2008","journal-title":"Locking solutions for hemodialysis catheters; heparin and citrate\u2014a position paper by ASDIN. Semin Dial"},{"key":"bibr26-jva.5000576","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2013.08.016"},{"issue":"3","key":"bibr27-jva.5000576","first-page":"234","volume":"3","author":"Vanholder R","year":"2010","journal-title":"NDT Plus"},{"key":"bibr28-jva.5000576","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfp651"},{"key":"bibr29-jva.5000576","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2004100870"},{"key":"bibr30-jva.5000576","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfg481"},{"key":"bibr31-jva.5000576","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1011376"},{"key":"bibr32-jva.5000576","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5414\/CNP74297"},{"key":"bibr33-jva.5000576","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/526440"},{"key":"bibr34-jva.5000576","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2010.10.003"},{"key":"bibr35-jva.5000576","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006199-199111000-00002"},{"key":"bibr36-jva.5000576","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/NAN.0000000000000050"},{"key":"bibr37-jva.5000576","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2012.45.5733"},{"key":"bibr38-jva.5000576","unstructured":"Queensland Clinical Guideline. Venous thromboembolism (VTE) prophylaxis in pregnancy and the puerperium 2014 Feb Guideline no: MN14.9-V5-R19. Available from: https:\/\/www.health.qld.gov.au\/qcg\/documents\/g-vte.pdf. Accessed May 13, 2016."},{"key":"bibr39-jva.5000576","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.22942"},{"issue":"1","key":"bibr40-jva.5000576","first-page":"S1","volume":"34","author":"Alexander M","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Infus Nurs"},{"key":"bibr41-jva.5000576","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5301\/JVA.2011.8487"},{"key":"bibr42-jva.5000576","first-page":"147","volume":"26","author":"Vigier JP","year":"2005","journal-title":"Revue Europ\u00e9enne de Technologie Biomedicale"},{"key":"bibr43-jva.5000576","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5301\/JVA.2011.8487"},{"key":"bibr44-jva.5000576","first-page":"379","volume":"7","author":"Ferroni A","year":"2014","journal-title":"Med Devices (Auckl)"},{"key":"bibr45-jva.5000576","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2013.02.008"},{"key":"bibr46-jva.5000576","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/NAN.0000000000000024"},{"key":"bibr47-jva.5000576","volume-title":"Prevention and control of nosocomial infections.","author":"Darouiche RO","edition":"4"},{"key":"bibr48-jva.5000576","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01780765"},{"key":"bibr49-jva.5000576","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(88)90579-7"},{"key":"bibr50-jva.5000576","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/167.2.487"},{"key":"bibr51-jva.5000576","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0899-9007(97)00217-7"},{"key":"bibr52-jva.5000576","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-695X.2012.00968.x"},{"key":"bibr53-jva.5000576","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2013.10.023"},{"key":"bibr54-jva.5000576","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens2020288"},{"key":"bibr55-jva.5000576","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd4000"},{"key":"bibr56-jva.5000576","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/599376"},{"key":"bibr57-jva.5000576","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cir551"},{"key":"bibr58-jva.5000576","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s15010-013-0525-9"},{"key":"bibr59-jva.5000576","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0148607188012002185"},{"key":"bibr60-jva.5000576","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000331262"},{"key":"bibr61-jva.5000576","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0148607190014006593"},{"key":"bibr62-jva.5000576","first-page":"14","volume":"72","author":"Simon VC","year":"1990","journal-title":"Scand J Infect Dis Suppl"},{"key":"bibr63-jva.5000576","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01961855"},{"key":"bibr64-jva.5000576","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/00222615-40-1-43"},{"key":"bibr65-jva.5000576","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01970962"},{"key":"bibr66-jva.5000576","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0195-6701(93)90050-A"},{"key":"bibr67-jva.5000576","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-148-8-200804150-00004"},{"key":"bibr68-jva.5000576","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/588667"},{"key":"bibr69-jva.5000576","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MNH.0b013e328365ba53"},{"key":"bibr70-jva.5000576","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncpneph0894"},{"key":"bibr71-jva.5000576","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneph.2011.28"},{"key":"bibr72-jva.5000576","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2012.45.5733"},{"key":"bibr73-jva.5000576","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/676533"},{"key":"bibr74-jva.5000576","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciu671"},{"key":"bibr75-jva.5000576","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.46.6.1674-1679.2002"},{"key":"bibr76-jva.5000576","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-8-102"},{"key":"bibr77-jva.5000576","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1755-6686.2008.00027.x"},{"key":"bibr78-jva.5000576","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2009.12.005"},{"key":"bibr79-jva.5000576","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2009.11.025"},{"key":"bibr80-jva.5000576","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000324685"},{"key":"bibr81-jva.5000576","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0b013e31825bb0ae"},{"key":"bibr82-jva.5000576","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2012.01.003"},{"key":"bibr83-jva.5000576","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1525-139X.2011.00951.x"},{"key":"bibr84-jva.5000576","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2012.01.001"},{"key":"bibr85-jva.5000576","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pbc.24482"},{"key":"bibr86-jva.5000576","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MJT.0b013e31828d4610"},{"key":"bibr87-jva.5000576","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5301\/jva.5000168"},{"key":"bibr88-jva.5000576","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0079417"},{"key":"bibr89-jva.5000576","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2012.11.014"},{"key":"bibr90-jva.5000576","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000360271"},{"key":"bibr91-jva.5000576","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1060028014524049"},{"issue":"6","key":"bibr92-jva.5000576","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0000000000000354","volume":"58","author":"Abu-El-Haija M","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr"},{"key":"bibr93-jva.5000576","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dku182"},{"key":"bibr94-jva.5000576","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s15010-015-0738-1"},{"key":"bibr95-jva.5000576","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2014.01.007"}],"container-title":["The Journal of Vascular Access"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.5301\/jva.5000576","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.5301\/jva.5000576","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.5301\/jva.5000576","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,2]],"date-time":"2025-03-02T14:47:24Z","timestamp":1740926844000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.5301\/jva.5000576"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,8]]},"references-count":95,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.5301\/jva.5000576"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5301\/jva.5000576","relation":{},"ISSN":["1129-7298","1724-6032"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1129-7298","type":"print"},{"value":"1724-6032","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,8]]}}}