{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T20:21:55Z","timestamp":1777580515015,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,9]],"date-time":"2017-11-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1510185600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["European Journal of Ophthalmology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To assess the role of risk factors for amblyopia, such as family history and neonatal background, for the prediction of either strabismic amblyopia or refractive amblyopia.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this retrospective case-control model, the study population included all children born at the Hospital de Braga during 1997-2012 (3 to 18 years old) with ophthalmologic consultation in 2014. Data collection was performed from the clinical database and through telephone questionnaire surveys.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A total of 298 (50%) controls and 298 (50%) cases (120 [40.3%] strabismic amblyopia and 178 [59.7%] refractive amblyopia) were analyzed. A significantly lower birthweight was detected in patients with strabismic amblyopia (mean 2,961 g [95% confidence interval (CI) 2,827-3,096]) compared to controls (mean 3,198 g [95% CI 3,125-3,271]) (p = 0.002). Five-minute Apgar was significantly lower in patients with strabismic amblyopia (mean 9.57 [95% CI 9.37-9.77]) than in controls (mean 9.83 [95% CI 9.77-9.90]) (p = 0.004) or patients with refractive amblyopia (mean 9.79 [95% CI 9.69-9.89]) (p = 0.031). Family history of either amblyopia or strabismus was associated with amblyopia (\u03c7\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      [2, n = 562] = 12.66; p = 0.002; Cramer V = 0.150; \u03c7\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      [2, n = 561] = 11.0; p = 0.004; Cramer V = 0.140), but was significantly more associated with strabismic amblyopia (p = 0.0023 and p = 0.0032) than with refractive amblyopia (p = 0.48 and p = 0.015, respectively). Multinomial logistic regression model explained 50.8% of the variance in amblyopia development. Low 5-minute Apgar had a relevant odds ratio (OR) for either strabismic amblyopia (OR 3.44; p = 0.066) or refractive amblyopia (OR 3.30; p = 0.077).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This division in amblyopia subtypes gives a new perspective of the risk factors for amblyopia, with family history and some obstetrician\/neonatal outcomes appearing to be more relevant in strabismic amblyopia. Educating health care providers to recognize these risk factors can result in an early ophthalmologic referral.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.5301\/ejo.5001036","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,2]],"date-time":"2017-10-02T04:44:52Z","timestamp":1506919492000},"page":"229-233","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["New pediatric risk factors for amblyopia: strabismic versus refractive"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"Sandra","family":"Guimaraes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Hospital de Braga, Braga - Portugal"},{"name":"ICVS\/3Bs, PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga\/Guimar\u00e3es - Portugal"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Vieira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga - Portugal"}]},{"given":"Tatiana","family":"Queir\u00f3s","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Hospital de Braga, Braga - Portugal"}]},{"given":"Andreia","family":"Soares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Hospital de Braga, Braga - Portugal"}]},{"given":"Patr\u00edcio","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga - Portugal"},{"name":"ICVS\/3Bs, PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga\/Guimar\u00e3es - Portugal"},{"name":"Clinical Academic Center-Braga, Braga - Portugal"}]},{"given":"Eduardo","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Centro Cirurgico de Coimbra, Coimbra - Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, CHLN, Lisbon - Portugal"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-ejo.5001036","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2013.05.001"},{"issue":"11","key":"bibr2-ejo.5001036","first-page":"2262","volume":"118","author":"Tarczy-Hornoch K","year":"2011","journal-title":"Risk factors for decreased visual acuity in preschool children: the multi-ethnic pediatric eye disease and Baltimore pediatric eye disease studies"},{"key":"bibr3-ejo.5001036","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(06)68581-4"},{"key":"bibr4-ejo.5001036","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2014.2455"},{"key":"bibr5-ejo.5001036","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2013.08.040"},{"key":"bibr6-ejo.5001036","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(98)91862-0"},{"key":"bibr7-ejo.5001036","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.2006.113670"},{"key":"bibr8-ejo.5001036","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)60522-5"},{"key":"bibr9-ejo.5001036","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/09286586.2014.926557"},{"key":"bibr10-ejo.5001036","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3310\/hta12250"},{"key":"bibr11-ejo.5001036","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2214.2010.01109.x"},{"key":"bibr12-ejo.5001036","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/pch\/9.9.635"},{"key":"bibr13-ejo.5001036","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.icu.0000397180.37316.5d"},{"key":"bibr14-ejo.5001036","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.124.6.878"},{"key":"bibr15-ejo.5001036","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2011.06.024"},{"key":"bibr16-ejo.5001036","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5812\/ijp.2006"},{"key":"bibr17-ejo.5001036","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0420.1999.770609.x"},{"issue":"6","key":"bibr18-ejo.5001036","first-page":"1232","volume":"42","author":"Hammond CJ","year":"2001","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"bibr19-ejo.5001036","unstructured":"American Academy of Ophthalmology, AAO Pediatric Ophtalmology\/Strabismus Panel. 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