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However, these conditions remain underdiagnosed and understudied, often due to overlapping symptoms with VOC-related bone infarctions. Imaging, particularly magnetic resonance imaging, is crucial for early diagnosis and accurate differentiation. Management strategies range from conservative pain control to surgical interventions, including core decompression for early-stage AVN and arthroplasty for advanced joint destruction. Surgical outcomes in SCD, however, remain inconsistent due to higher complication rates and a lack of standardized guidelines. Despite advancements in diagnosis and treatment, shoulder pathology in SCD remains an area of limited research. This review highlights the need for larger, long-term studies with a homogeneous etiology to support and refine current treatment strategies and improve patient outcomes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.5312\/wjo.v16.i11.112198","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,14]],"date-time":"2025-11-14T02:04:51Z","timestamp":1763085891000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Shoulder complications in sickle cell disease: Challenges, management strategies, and future directions"],"prefix":"10.5312","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Emad","family":"Anam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"2060","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-pathmechdis-012418-012838"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2141.2005.05476.x"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijns5020020"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.berh.2025.102033"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5435\/JAAOSGlobal-D-20-00002"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.75B4.8331106"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2016.01.022"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)61029-X"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3026(23)00118-7"},{"key":"B10","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.   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