{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,6]],"date-time":"2026-11-06T05:44:22Z","timestamp":1793943862842,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":114,"publisher":"Baishideng Publishing Group Inc.","issue":"8","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["World J Orthop"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) are transforming spine care by addressing diagnostics, treatment planning, and rehabilitation challenges. This study highlights advancements in precision medicine for spinal pathologies, leveraging AI and ML to enhance diagnostic accuracy through deep learning algorithms, enabling faster and more accurate detection of abnormalities. AI-powered robotics and surgical navigation systems improve implant placement precision and reduce complications in complex spine surgeries. Wearable devices and virtual platforms, designed with AI, offer personalized, adaptive therapies that improve treatment adherence and recovery outcomes. AI also enables preventive interventions by assessing spine condition risks early. Despite progress, challenges remain, including limited healthcare datasets, algorithmic biases, ethical concerns, and integration into existing systems. Interdisciplinary collaboration and explainable AI frameworks are essential to unlock AI\u2019s full potential in spine care. Future developments include multimodal AI systems integrating imaging, clinical, and genetic data for holistic treatment approaches. AI and ML promise significant improvements in diagnostic accuracy, treatment personalization, service accessibility, and cost efficiency, paving the way for more streamlined and effective spine care, ultimately enhancing patient outcomes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.5312\/wjo.v16.i8.107064","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,8]],"date-time":"2025-08-08T01:40:58Z","timestamp":1754617258000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Artificial intelligence and machine learning in spine care: Advancing precision diagnosis, treatment, and rehabilitation"],"prefix":"10.5312","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Aqil M","family":"Jawed","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lei","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qi","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Waqas","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2060","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ner.12018"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5704\/MOJ.1711.011"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3238\/arztebl.2013.0613"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2007.10.005"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4314\/ovj.v8i3.6"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics15050594"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphys.2015.11.004"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0000000000002682"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacr.2020.09.022"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14444\/8503"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/21925682211035363"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10912-020-09636-4"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12134188"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2021.110456"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/rg.2019180100"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cma.2020.113590"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/rg.2019190050"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0033-1347300"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/noab020"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2021.113608"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3171\/2013.12.SPINE13674"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/neuros\/nyaa363"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10916-023-01925-4"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Davids J, Lidstr\u00f6mer N, Ashrafian H.   Artificial Intelligence for Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation. In: Lidstr\u00f6mer N, Ashrafian H, editors. Artificial Intelligence in Medicine. Berlin: Springer, 2021: 1-19","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-58080-3_339-1"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/pm\/pnz279"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/ryai.210292"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jsp2.1006"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.202300123"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2021.01.006"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/SLA.0000000000005678"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mp.14456"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare11121704"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rcl.2018.10.003"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.recote.2021.02.005"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2025.3534099"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-16391-4_11"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2020.04.022"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinimag.2016.07.005"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-41821-y"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.210937"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics13030414"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3171\/2016.10.SPINE16197"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12882-023-03084-7"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2024.111967"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1117\/1.JMI.9.3.034502"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0000000000004001"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-023-07632-5"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/neuros\/nyab345"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0000000000003500"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2021.11.037"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14569\/IJACSA.2023.0140234"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2017.06.015"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-021-06799-z"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph191811708"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fsurg.2022.957085"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/app142210678"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-019-05969-4"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/21925682211049164"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/21925682211019361"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/7262841"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2019.05.241"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3171\/2015.8.FOCUS15338"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2018.04.064"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/neuros\/nyy166"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mp.13585"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-020-06613-2"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semss.2020.100789"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3791\/60924"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xops.2022.100164"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmp.2020.10.017"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ons\/opy200"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2192568220960406"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ons\/opaa398"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Malalla N, Sun P, Chen Y, Lipkin ME, Preminger GM, Qin J.   C-arm technique with distance driven for nephrolithiasis and kidney stones detection: Preliminary study. 2016 IEEE-EMBS International Conference on Biomedical and Health Informatics (BHI); 2016 Feb 24-27; Las Vegas, NV, USA. Piscataway: IEEE Xplore, 2016: 164-167","DOI":"10.1109\/BHI.2016.7455860"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nagy DA, Rudas IJ, Haidegger T.   Surgical data science, an emerging field of medicine. 2017 IEEE 30th Neumann Colloquium (NC); 2017 Nov 24-25; Budapest, Hungary. Piscataway: IEEE Xplore, 2017: 000059-000064","DOI":"10.1109\/NC.2017.8263251"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-79173-6"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00345-019-03037-6"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nec.2023.11.010"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu JY.   Artificial Intelligence and Data Analytics Applications in Healthcare General Review and Case Studies. Proceedings of the 2020 Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Healthcare; 2020 Oct 23-25; Taiyuan, China. NY: Association for Computing Machinery, 2020: 49-53","DOI":"10.1145\/3433996.3434006"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5772\/intechopen.76790"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-0003-1-10"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41746-020-00328-w"},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wnsx.2024.100275"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41746-019-0148-3"},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moturu ST, Moore JO, Moss FH.   Collaborative virtual rehabilitation system with home treatment integration. Proceedings of the 2nd Conference on Wireless Health; 2011 Oct 10; San Diego California. NY: Association for Computing Machinery, 2011: 1-2","DOI":"10.1145\/2077546.2077562"},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjqs-2020-012464"},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jksus.2017.09.014"},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.proeng.2013.07.034"},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12160-014-9634-7"},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tadayon A, Mcdaniel T, Panchanathan S.   Functional Case Study Evaluation of the SmartGym. Proceedings of the 3rd International Workshop on Multimedia for Personal Health and Health Care; 2018 Oct 22; Seoul Republic of Korea. NY: Association for Computing Machinery, 2018: 67-71","DOI":"10.1145\/3264996.3265004"},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/b978-0-12-818438-7.00009-5"},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-42579-y"},{"key":"B93","unstructured":"Kim K, Mullineaux D, Jeon K. Exercise Rehabilitative Approach to Functional Improvement in Adult Idiopathic Scoliosis: A Functional Movement Screen-based Program. Iran J Public Health 2018; 1041-1043"},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.13066\/kspm.2020.15.3.69"},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fsurg.2020.575318"},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3991\/ijoe.v16i01.11816"},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e26297"},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2021.04.019"},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-022-07238-3"},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semss.2021.100878"},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.38192\/12.1.17"},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-019-06054-6"},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2192568219899944"},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/4856146"},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jsp2.1044"},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41746-020-0254-2"},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cts.12884"},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.5023979"},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/tmj.2019.0158"},{"key":"B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s44174-023-00063-2"},{"key":"B111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s43441-023-00530-4"},{"key":"B112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbi.2020.103655"},{"key":"B113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcjq.2020.08.002"},{"key":"B114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1370\/afm.2518"}],"container-title":["World Journal of Orthopedics"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.wjgnet.com\/2218-5836\/full\/v16\/i8\/107064.htm","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.wjgnet.com\/2218-5836\/full\/v16\/i8\/107064.htm","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,8]],"date-time":"2025-08-08T01:41:08Z","timestamp":1754617268000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.wjgnet.com\/2218-5836\/full\/v16\/i8\/107064.htm"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,18]]},"references-count":114,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8"},"alternative-id":["107064"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5312\/wjo.v16.i8.107064","relation":{},"ISSN":["2218-5836"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2218-5836","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,18]]}}}