{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T18:27:38Z","timestamp":1790620058755,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"American Animal Hospital Association","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Necrotizing fasciitis is a rapidly spreading, bacterial, soft-tissue infection reported in both humans and dogs. A review of the pathophysiology, clinical findings, diagnosis, and treatment of necrotizing fasciitis is presented, with the goal of familiarizing veterinarians with this uncommon but potentially fatal condition. A case report highlighting the fulminant course of this disease is also included.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.5326\/0410104","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,15]],"date-time":"2014-09-15T12:25:53Z","timestamp":1410783953000},"page":"104-109","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Necrotizing Fasciitis: A Review"],"prefix":"10.5326","volume":"41","author":[{"given":"Sarah L.","family":"Naidoo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Companion Animals, (Naidoo, Campbell, Nicastro) and Pathology and Microbiology (Miller), Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, C1A 4P3 Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Debbie L.","family":"Campbell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Companion Animals, (Naidoo, Campbell, Nicastro) and Pathology and Microbiology (Miller), Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, C1A 4P3 Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lisa M.","family":"Miller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Companion Animals, (Naidoo, Campbell, Nicastro) and Pathology and Microbiology (Miller), Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, C1A 4P3 Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Nicastro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Companion Animals, (Naidoo, Campbell, Nicastro) and Pathology and Microbiology (Miller), Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, C1A 4P3 Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"3280","reference":[{"key":"R1","series-title":"Mt Sinai J Med","first-page":"253","volume":"68","year":"2001","unstructured":"Cunningham JD, Silver L, Rudikoff D. Necrotizing fasciitis: a plea for early diagnosis and treatment.\n          Mt Sinai J Med\n          2001;68:253\u2013261."},{"key":"R2","series-title":"Am Surg","first-page":"109","volume":"68","year":"2002","unstructured":"Childers BJ, Potyondy LD, Nachreiner R, et al. Necrotizing fasciitis: a fourteen-year retrospective study of 163 consecutive patients.\n          Am Surg\n          2002;68:109\u2013116."},{"key":"R3","series-title":"J Vet Emerg Crit Care","first-page":"299","volume":"11","year":"2001","unstructured":"Jenkins CM, Winkler K, Rudloff E, et al. Necrotizing fasciitis in a doberman pinscher.\n          J Vet Emerg Crit Care\n          2001;11:299\u2013305."},{"key":"R4","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"1421","volume":"209","year":"1996","unstructured":"Miller CW, Prescott JF, Mathews KA, et al. Streptococcal toxic shock syndrome in dogs.\n          J Am Vet Med Assoc\n          1996;209:1421\u20131426."},{"key":"R5","series-title":"Can Vet J","first-page":"241","volume":"38","year":"1997","unstructured":"Prescott JF, Miller CW, Mathews KA, et al. Update on canine streptococcal toxic shock syndrome and necrotizing fasciitis.\n          Can Vet J\n          1997;38:241\u2013242."},{"key":"R6","series-title":"Vet Rec","first-page":"10","volume":"140","year":"1997","unstructured":"Prescott JF, DeWinter L. Canine streptococcal toxic shock syndrome and necrotising fasciitis.\n          Vet Rec\n          1997;140:10, 263."},{"key":"R7","series-title":"Lancet","first-page":"124","volume":"359","year":"2002","unstructured":"Humar D, Datta V, Bast DJ, et al. Streptolysin S and necrotising infections produced by group G streptococcus.\n          Lancet\n          2002;359:124\u2013129."},{"key":"R8","year":"1998","unstructured":"Greene CE, Prescott JF. Streptococcal and other gram-positive bacterial infections. In: Greene CE, ed. Infectious Diseases of the Dog and Cat. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: WB Saunders,\n          1998:205\u2013214."},{"key":"R9","series-title":"Am Fam Physician","first-page":"145","volume":"56","year":"1997","unstructured":"Meltzer DL. Necrotizing fasciitis: a diagnostic challenge.\n          Am Fam Physician\n          1997;56:145\u2013150."},{"key":"R10","series-title":"Ann Surg","first-page":"672","volume":"224","year":"1996","unstructured":"Elliott DV, Kufera JA, Myers R. Necrotizing soft tissue infections. Risk factors for mortality and strategies for management.\n          Ann Surg\n          1996;224:672\u2013683."},{"key":"R11","series-title":"Can Fam Physician","first-page":"1460","volume":"46","year":"2000","unstructured":"Leitch JA, Palepu A, Fernandes C. Necrotizing fasciitis secondary to group A streptococcus. Morbidity and mortality still high.\n          Can Fam Physician\n          2000;46:1460\u20131466."},{"key":"R12","series-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am","first-page":"1454","volume":"85-A","year":"2003","unstructured":"Wong CH, Chang HC, Pasupathy S, et al. Necrotizing fasciitis: clinical presentation, microbiology, and determinants of mortality.\n          J Bone Joint Surg Am\n          2003;85-A:1454\u20131460."},{"key":"R13","series-title":"Infection","first-page":"81","volume":"30","year":"2002","unstructured":"Ben-Abraham R, Keller N, Vered R, et al. Invasive group A streptococcal infections in a large tertiary center: epidemiology, characteristics and outcome.\n          Infection\n          2002;30:81\u201385."},{"key":"R14","series-title":"Dermatol Nurs","first-page":"324","volume":"14","year":"2002","unstructured":"Fink A, DeLuca G. Necrotizing fasciitis: pathophysiology and treatment.\n          Dermatol Nurs\n          2002;14:324\u2013327."},{"key":"R15","series-title":"Am J Med","first-page":"18","volume":"103","year":"1997","unstructured":"Kaul R, McGreer A, Low DE, et al. Population-based surveillance for group A streptococcal necrotizing fasciitis: clinical features, prognostic indicators, and microbiologic analysis of seventy-seven cases. Ontario group A streptococcal study.\n          Am J Med\n          1997;103:18\u201324."},{"key":"R16","series-title":"Infect Immun","first-page":"3028","volume":"71","year":"2003","unstructured":"Ingrey KT, Ren J, Prescott JF. A fluoroquinolone induces a novel mitogen-encoding bacteriophage in Streptococcus canis.\n          Infect Immun\n          2003;71:3028\u20133033."},{"key":"R17","series-title":"Intensive Care Med","first-page":"1831","volume":"27","year":"2001","unstructured":"Veenstra RP, Manson WE, van der Wef TS, et al. Fulminant necrotizing fasciitis and nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs.\n          Intensive Care Med\n          2001;27:1831."},{"key":"R18","series-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)","first-page":"225","volume":"82","year":"2003","unstructured":"Aronoff DM, Bloch KC. Assessing the relationship between the use of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs and necrotizing fasciitis caused by group A streptococcus.\n          Medicine (Baltimore)\n          2003;82:225\u2013235."},{"key":"R19","series-title":"Surgery","first-page":"847","volume":"108","year":"1990","unstructured":"Riseman JA, Zamboni WA, Curtis A, et al. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy for necrotizing fasciitis reduces mortality and the need for debridements.\n          Surgery\n          1990;108:847\u2013850."},{"key":"R20","series-title":"Am J Surg","first-page":"784","volume":"145","year":"1983","unstructured":"Majeski JA, Alexander JW. Early diagnosis, nutritional support and immediate extensive debridement improve survival in necrotizing fasciitis.\n          Am J Surg\n          1983;145:784\u2013787."},{"key":"R1","series-title":"Mt Sinai J Med","first-page":"253","volume":"68","year":"2001","unstructured":"Cunningham JD, Silver L, Rudikoff D. Necrotizing fasciitis: a plea for early diagnosis and treatment.\n          Mt Sinai J Med\n          2001;68:253\u2013261."},{"key":"R2","series-title":"Am Surg","first-page":"109","volume":"68","year":"2002","unstructured":"Childers BJ, Potyondy LD, Nachreiner R, et al. Necrotizing fasciitis: a fourteen-year retrospective study of 163 consecutive patients.\n          Am Surg\n          2002;68:109\u2013116."},{"key":"R3","series-title":"J Vet Emerg Crit Care","first-page":"299","volume":"11","year":"2001","unstructured":"Jenkins CM, Winkler K, Rudloff E, et al. Necrotizing fasciitis in a doberman pinscher.\n          J Vet Emerg Crit Care\n          2001;11:299\u2013305."},{"key":"R4","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"1421","volume":"209","year":"1996","unstructured":"Miller CW, Prescott JF, Mathews KA, et al. Streptococcal toxic shock syndrome in dogs.\n          J Am Vet Med Assoc\n          1996;209:1421\u20131426."},{"key":"R5","series-title":"Can Vet J","first-page":"241","volume":"38","year":"1997","unstructured":"Prescott JF, Miller CW, Mathews KA, et al. Update on canine streptococcal toxic shock syndrome and necrotizing fasciitis.\n          Can Vet J\n          1997;38:241\u2013242."},{"key":"R6","series-title":"Vet Rec","first-page":"10","volume":"140","year":"1997","unstructured":"Prescott JF, DeWinter L. Canine streptococcal toxic shock syndrome and necrotising fasciitis.\n          Vet Rec\n          1997;140:10, 263."},{"key":"R7","series-title":"Lancet","first-page":"124","volume":"359","year":"2002","unstructured":"Humar D, Datta V, Bast DJ, et al. Streptolysin S and necrotising infections produced by group G streptococcus.\n          Lancet\n          2002;359:124\u2013129."},{"key":"R8","year":"1998","unstructured":"Greene CE, Prescott JF. Streptococcal and other gram-positive bacterial infections. In: Greene CE, ed. Infectious Diseases of the Dog and Cat. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: WB Saunders,\n          1998:205\u2013214."},{"key":"R9","series-title":"Am Fam Physician","first-page":"145","volume":"56","year":"1997","unstructured":"Meltzer DL. Necrotizing fasciitis: a diagnostic challenge.\n          Am Fam Physician\n          1997;56:145\u2013150."},{"key":"R10","series-title":"Ann Surg","first-page":"672","volume":"224","year":"1996","unstructured":"Elliott DV, Kufera JA, Myers R. Necrotizing soft tissue infections. Risk factors for mortality and strategies for management.\n          Ann Surg\n          1996;224:672\u2013683."},{"key":"R11","series-title":"Can Fam Physician","first-page":"1460","volume":"46","year":"2000","unstructured":"Leitch JA, Palepu A, Fernandes C. Necrotizing fasciitis secondary to group A streptococcus. Morbidity and mortality still high.\n          Can Fam Physician\n          2000;46:1460\u20131466."},{"key":"R12","series-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am","first-page":"1454","volume":"85-A","year":"2003","unstructured":"Wong CH, Chang HC, Pasupathy S, et al. Necrotizing fasciitis: clinical presentation, microbiology, and determinants of mortality.\n          J Bone Joint Surg Am\n          2003;85-A:1454\u20131460."},{"key":"R13","series-title":"Infection","first-page":"81","volume":"30","year":"2002","unstructured":"Ben-Abraham R, Keller N, Vered R, et al. Invasive group A streptococcal infections in a large tertiary center: epidemiology, characteristics and outcome.\n          Infection\n          2002;30:81\u201385."},{"key":"R14","series-title":"Dermatol Nurs","first-page":"324","volume":"14","year":"2002","unstructured":"Fink A, DeLuca G. Necrotizing fasciitis: pathophysiology and treatment.\n          Dermatol Nurs\n          2002;14:324\u2013327."},{"key":"R15","series-title":"Am J Med","first-page":"18","volume":"103","year":"1997","unstructured":"Kaul R, McGreer A, Low DE, et al. Population-based surveillance for group A streptococcal necrotizing fasciitis: clinical features, prognostic indicators, and microbiologic analysis of seventy-seven cases. Ontario group A streptococcal study.\n          Am J Med\n          1997;103:18\u201324."},{"key":"R16","series-title":"Infect Immun","first-page":"3028","volume":"71","year":"2003","unstructured":"Ingrey KT, Ren J, Prescott JF. A fluoroquinolone induces a novel mitogen-encoding bacteriophage in Streptococcus canis.\n          Infect Immun\n          2003;71:3028\u20133033."},{"key":"R17","series-title":"Intensive Care Med","first-page":"1831","volume":"27","year":"2001","unstructured":"Veenstra RP, Manson WE, van der Wef TS, et al. Fulminant necrotizing fasciitis and nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs.\n          Intensive Care Med\n          2001;27:1831."},{"key":"R18","series-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)","first-page":"225","volume":"82","year":"2003","unstructured":"Aronoff DM, Bloch KC. Assessing the relationship between the use of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs and necrotizing fasciitis caused by group A streptococcus.\n          Medicine (Baltimore)\n          2003;82:225\u2013235."},{"key":"R19","series-title":"Surgery","first-page":"847","volume":"108","year":"1990","unstructured":"Riseman JA, Zamboni WA, Curtis A, et al. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy for necrotizing fasciitis reduces mortality and the need for debridements.\n          Surgery\n          1990;108:847\u2013850."},{"key":"R20","series-title":"Am J Surg","first-page":"784","volume":"145","year":"1983","unstructured":"Majeski JA, Alexander JW. Early diagnosis, nutritional support and immediate extensive debridement improve survival in necrotizing fasciitis.\n          Am J Surg\n          1983;145:784\u2013787."}],"container-title":["Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/jaaha.kglmeridian.com\/view\/journals\/aaha\/41\/2\/article-p104.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/meridian.allenpress.com\/jaaha\/article-pdf\/41\/2\/104\/1331978\/0410104.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/jaaha.kglmeridian.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/aaha\/41\/2\/article-p104.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/jaaha.kglmeridian.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/aaha\/41\/2\/article-p104.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]],"date-time":"2026-02-28T00:30:54Z","timestamp":1772238654000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/jaaha.kglmeridian.com\/view\/journals\/aaha\/41\/2\/article-p104.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2005]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5326\/0410104","relation":{},"ISSN":["0587-2871","1547-3317"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0587-2871","type":"print"},{"value":"1547-3317","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2005]]}}}