{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T01:02:37Z","timestamp":1772326957959,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"American Animal Hospital Association","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Three dogs were examined several years following implantation of transvenous, single-lead, endocardial, right-ventricular permanent pacing systems for signs consistent with cranial vena caval syndrome. Angiograms performed in all dogs revealed filling defects within the cranial vena cava and, in some instances, intracardiac filling defects. Medical therapy was instituted in two dogs, with one surviving several weeks. One dog underwent surgery to address intra-cardiac thrombosis but did not survive the immediate postoperative period. Postmortem examinations were performed in two dogs and confirmed cranial vena caval and intracardiac thrombosis. Cranial vena caval thrombosis associated with transvenous pacing leads appears to carry significant morbidity and mortality.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.5326\/0460186","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,15]],"date-time":"2014-09-15T12:11:23Z","timestamp":1410783083000},"page":"186-192","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Cranial Vena Caval Thrombosis Associated With Endocardial Pacing Leads in Three Dogs"],"prefix":"10.5326","volume":"46","author":[{"given":"John D.","family":"Murray","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1 Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M. Lynne","family":"O\u2019Sullivan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1 Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kimberley C.E.","family":"Hawkes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1 Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"3280","reference":[{"key":"R1","series-title":"J Small Anim Pract","first-page":"4","volume":"48","year":"2007","unstructured":"Johnson MS, Martin MW, Henley W. Results of pacemaker implantation in 104 dogs.\n          J Small Anim Pract\n          2007;48:4\u201311."},{"key":"R2","series-title":"J Vet Intern Med","first-page":"229","volume":"15","year":"2001","unstructured":"Oyama MA, Sisson DD, Lehmkuhl LB. Practices and outcome of artificial cardiac pacing in 154 dogs.\n          J Vet Intern Med\n          2001;15: 229\u2013239."},{"key":"R3","series-title":"J Vet Intern Med","first-page":"877","volume":"20","year":"2006","unstructured":"Wess G, Thomas WP, Berger DM, et al. Applications, complications, and outcomes of transvenous pacemaker implantation in 105 dogs (1997\u20132002).\n          J Vet Intern Med\n          2006;20:877\u2013884."},{"key":"R4","series-title":"Pacing Clin Electrophysiol","first-page":"1192","volume":"21","year":"1998","unstructured":"Goto Y, Abe T, Sekine S, et al. Long-term thrombosis after transvenous permanent pacemaker implantation.\n          Pacing Clin Electrophysiol\n          1998;21:1192\u20131195."},{"key":"R5","series-title":"Pacing Clin Electrophysiol","first-page":"1605","volume":"25","year":"2002","unstructured":"Oginosawa Y, Abe H, Nakashima Y. The incidence and risk factors for venous obstruction after implantation of transvenous pacing leads.\n          Pacing Clin Electrophysiol\n          2002;25:1605\u20131611."},{"key":"R6","series-title":"Mayo Clin Proc","first-page":"258","volume":"67","year":"1992","unstructured":"Spittell PC, Hayes DL. Venous complications after insertion of a transvenous pacemaker.\n          Mayo Clin Proc\n          1992;67:258\u2013265."},{"key":"R7","series-title":"Cardiology","first-page":"142","volume":"93","year":"2000","unstructured":"Barakat K, Robinson NM, Spurrell RA. Transvenous pacing lead-induced thrombosis: a series of cases with a review of the literature.\n          Cardiology\n          2000;93:142\u2013148."},{"key":"R8","series-title":"J Vet Intern Med","first-page":"31","volume":"23","year":"2009","unstructured":"Hildebrandt N, Stertmann WA, Wehner M, et al. Dual chamber pacemaker implantation in dogs with atrioventricular block.\n          J Vet Intern Med\n          2009;23:31\u201338."},{"key":"R9","series-title":"J Vet Cardiol","first-page":"155","volume":"10","year":"2008","unstructured":"Van De Wiele CM, Hogan DF, Green HW, et al. Cranial vena caval syndrome secondary to transvenous pacemaker implantation in two dogs.\n          J Vet Cardiol\n          2008;10:155\u2013161."},{"key":"R10","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"220","volume":"213","year":"1998","unstructured":"Palmer KG, King LG, Van Winkle TJ. Clinical manifestations and associated disease syndromes in dogs with cranial vena cava thrombosis: 17 cases (1989\u20131996).\n          J Am Vet Med Assoc\n          1998;213: 220\u2013224."},{"key":"R11","series-title":"Compend Contin Educ Vet","first-page":"650","volume":"25","year":"2003","unstructured":"Good LI, Manning AM. Thromboembolic disease: physiology of hemostasis and pathophysiology of thrombosis.\n          Compend Contin Educ Vet\n          2003;25:650\u2013659."},{"key":"R12","series-title":"Am Heart J","first-page":"73","volume":"93","year":"1977","unstructured":"Fishbein MC, Tan KS, Beazell JW, et al. Cardiac pathology of transvenous pacemakers in dogs.\n          Am Heart J\n          1977;93:73\u201381."},{"key":"R13","series-title":"J Am Anim Hosp Assoc","first-page":"431","volume":"38","year":"2002","unstructured":"Bliss SP, Bliss SK, Harvey HJ. Use of recombinant tissue-plasminogen activator in a dog with chylothorax secondary to catheter-associated thrombosis of the cranial vena cava.\n          J Am Anim Hosp Assoc\n          2002;38:431\u2013435."},{"key":"R14","series-title":"Vet Pathol","first-page":"492","volume":"25","year":"1988","unstructured":"Mesfin GM, Higgins MJ, Brown WP, et al. Cardiovascular complications of chronic catheterization of the jugular vein in the dog.\n          Vet Pathol\n          1988;25:492\u2013502."},{"key":"R15","series-title":"J Interv Card Electrophysiol","first-page":"9","volume":"13","year":"2005","unstructured":"Rozmus G, Daubert JP, Huang DT, et al. Venous thrombosis and stenosis after implantation of pacemakers and defibrillators.\n          J Interv Card Electrophysiol\n          2005;13:9\u201319."},{"key":"R16","series-title":"Europace","first-page":"328","volume":"9","year":"2007","unstructured":"Haghjoo M, Nikoo MH, Fazelifar AF, et al. Predictors of venous obstruction following pacemaker or implantable cardioverter-defibrillator implantation: a contrast venographic study on 100 patients admitted for generator change, lead revision, or device upgrade.\n          Europace\n          2007;9:328\u2013332."},{"key":"R17","series-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol","first-page":"e1","volume":"51","year":"2008","unstructured":"Epstein AE, DiMarco JP, Ellenbogen KA, et al. ACC\/AHA\/HRS 2008 guidelines for device-based therapy of cardiac rhythm abnormalities: a report of the American College of Cardiology\/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Revise the ACC\/AHA\/NASPE 2002 Guideline Update for Implantation of Cardiac Pacemakers and Antiarrhythmia Devices) developed in collaboration with the American Association for Thoracic Surgery and Society of Thoracic Surgeons.\n          J Am Coll Cardiol\n          2008;51:e1\u2013e62."},{"key":"R18","series-title":"PACE","first-page":"1714","volume":"17","year":"1994","unstructured":"Bernstein AD, Irwin ME, Parsonnet V, et al. Report of the North American Society of Pacing and Electrophysiology (NASPE) policy conference on antibradycardia pacemaker follow-up: effectiveness, needs, and resources.\n          PACE\n          1994;17(Pt. I):1714\u20131729."},{"key":"R19","series-title":"Can J Cardiol","first-page":"355","volume":"16","year":"2000","unstructured":"Fraser JD, Gillis AM, Irwin ME, et al. Guidelines for pacemaker follow-up in Canada: a consensus statement of the Canadian Working Group on Cardiac Pacing.\n          Can J Cardiol\n          2000;16:355\u2013363."},{"key":"R20","series-title":"Catheter Cardiovasc Interv","first-page":"54","volume":"65","year":"2005","unstructured":"Bolad I, Karanam S, Mathew D, et al. Percutaneous treatment of superior vena cava obstruction following transvenous device implantation.\n          Catheter Cardiovasc Interv\n          2005;65:54\u201359."},{"key":"R21","series-title":"Pacing Clin Electrophysiol","first-page":"1628","volume":"25","year":"2002","unstructured":"Chan AW, Bhatt DL, Wilkoff BL, et al. Percutaneous treatment for pacemaker-associated superior vena cava syndrome.\n          Pacing Clin Electrophysiol\n          2002;25:1628\u20131633."},{"key":"R22","series-title":"Pacing Clin Electrophysiol","first-page":"1780","volume":"25","year":"2002","unstructured":"Newall N, Stables R, Palmer N, et al. Treatment of superior vena caval obstruction following permanent pacemaker extraction.\n          Pacing Clin Electrophysiol\n          2002;25:1780\u20131783."},{"key":"R23","series-title":"Ann Thorac Surg","first-page":"41","volume":"82","year":"2006","unstructured":"Ruge H, Wildhirt SM, Poerner M, et al. Severe superior vena cava syndrome after transvenous pacemaker implantation.\n          Ann Thorac Surg\n          2006;82:41\u201342."},{"key":"R24","series-title":"Compend Contin Educ Vet","first-page":"476","volume":"29","year":"2007","unstructured":"Whelan MF, O\u2019Toole TE. The use of thrombolytic agents.\n          Compend Contin Educ Vet\n          2007;29:476\u2013482."},{"key":"R1","series-title":"J Small Anim Pract","first-page":"4","volume":"48","year":"2007","unstructured":"Johnson MS, Martin MW, Henley W. Results of pacemaker implantation in 104 dogs.\n          J Small Anim Pract\n          2007;48:4\u201311."},{"key":"R2","series-title":"J Vet Intern Med","first-page":"229","volume":"15","year":"2001","unstructured":"Oyama MA, Sisson DD, Lehmkuhl LB. Practices and outcome of artificial cardiac pacing in 154 dogs.\n          J Vet Intern Med\n          2001;15: 229\u2013239."},{"key":"R3","series-title":"J Vet Intern Med","first-page":"877","volume":"20","year":"2006","unstructured":"Wess G, Thomas WP, Berger DM, et al. Applications, complications, and outcomes of transvenous pacemaker implantation in 105 dogs (1997\u20132002).\n          J Vet Intern Med\n          2006;20:877\u2013884."},{"key":"R4","series-title":"Pacing Clin Electrophysiol","first-page":"1192","volume":"21","year":"1998","unstructured":"Goto Y, Abe T, Sekine S, et al. Long-term thrombosis after transvenous permanent pacemaker implantation.\n          Pacing Clin Electrophysiol\n          1998;21:1192\u20131195."},{"key":"R5","series-title":"Pacing Clin Electrophysiol","first-page":"1605","volume":"25","year":"2002","unstructured":"Oginosawa Y, Abe H, Nakashima Y. The incidence and risk factors for venous obstruction after implantation of transvenous pacing leads.\n          Pacing Clin Electrophysiol\n          2002;25:1605\u20131611."},{"key":"R6","series-title":"Mayo Clin Proc","first-page":"258","volume":"67","year":"1992","unstructured":"Spittell PC, Hayes DL. Venous complications after insertion of a transvenous pacemaker.\n          Mayo Clin Proc\n          1992;67:258\u2013265."},{"key":"R7","series-title":"Cardiology","first-page":"142","volume":"93","year":"2000","unstructured":"Barakat K, Robinson NM, Spurrell RA. Transvenous pacing lead-induced thrombosis: a series of cases with a review of the literature.\n          Cardiology\n          2000;93:142\u2013148."},{"key":"R8","series-title":"J Vet Intern Med","first-page":"31","volume":"23","year":"2009","unstructured":"Hildebrandt N, Stertmann WA, Wehner M, et al. Dual chamber pacemaker implantation in dogs with atrioventricular block.\n          J Vet Intern Med\n          2009;23:31\u201338."},{"key":"R9","series-title":"J Vet Cardiol","first-page":"155","volume":"10","year":"2008","unstructured":"Van De Wiele CM, Hogan DF, Green HW, et al. Cranial vena caval syndrome secondary to transvenous pacemaker implantation in two dogs.\n          J Vet Cardiol\n          2008;10:155\u2013161."},{"key":"R10","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"220","volume":"213","year":"1998","unstructured":"Palmer KG, King LG, Van Winkle TJ. Clinical manifestations and associated disease syndromes in dogs with cranial vena cava thrombosis: 17 cases (1989\u20131996).\n          J Am Vet Med Assoc\n          1998;213: 220\u2013224."},{"key":"R11","series-title":"Compend Contin Educ Vet","first-page":"650","volume":"25","year":"2003","unstructured":"Good LI, Manning AM. Thromboembolic disease: physiology of hemostasis and pathophysiology of thrombosis.\n          Compend Contin Educ Vet\n          2003;25:650\u2013659."},{"key":"R12","series-title":"Am Heart J","first-page":"73","volume":"93","year":"1977","unstructured":"Fishbein MC, Tan KS, Beazell JW, et al. Cardiac pathology of transvenous pacemakers in dogs.\n          Am Heart J\n          1977;93:73\u201381."},{"key":"R13","series-title":"J Am Anim Hosp Assoc","first-page":"431","volume":"38","year":"2002","unstructured":"Bliss SP, Bliss SK, Harvey HJ. Use of recombinant tissue-plasminogen activator in a dog with chylothorax secondary to catheter-associated thrombosis of the cranial vena cava.\n          J Am Anim Hosp Assoc\n          2002;38:431\u2013435."},{"key":"R14","series-title":"Vet Pathol","first-page":"492","volume":"25","year":"1988","unstructured":"Mesfin GM, Higgins MJ, Brown WP, et al. Cardiovascular complications of chronic catheterization of the jugular vein in the dog.\n          Vet Pathol\n          1988;25:492\u2013502."},{"key":"R15","series-title":"J Interv Card Electrophysiol","first-page":"9","volume":"13","year":"2005","unstructured":"Rozmus G, Daubert JP, Huang DT, et al. Venous thrombosis and stenosis after implantation of pacemakers and defibrillators.\n          J Interv Card Electrophysiol\n          2005;13:9\u201319."},{"key":"R16","series-title":"Europace","first-page":"328","volume":"9","year":"2007","unstructured":"Haghjoo M, Nikoo MH, Fazelifar AF, et al. Predictors of venous obstruction following pacemaker or implantable cardioverter-defibrillator implantation: a contrast venographic study on 100 patients admitted for generator change, lead revision, or device upgrade.\n          Europace\n          2007;9:328\u2013332."},{"key":"R17","series-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol","first-page":"e1","volume":"51","year":"2008","unstructured":"Epstein AE, DiMarco JP, Ellenbogen KA, et al. ACC\/AHA\/HRS 2008 guidelines for device-based therapy of cardiac rhythm abnormalities: a report of the American College of Cardiology\/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Revise the ACC\/AHA\/NASPE 2002 Guideline Update for Implantation of Cardiac Pacemakers and Antiarrhythmia Devices) developed in collaboration with the American Association for Thoracic Surgery and Society of Thoracic Surgeons.\n          J Am Coll Cardiol\n          2008;51:e1\u2013e62."},{"key":"R18","series-title":"PACE","first-page":"1714","volume":"17","year":"1994","unstructured":"Bernstein AD, Irwin ME, Parsonnet V, et al. Report of the North American Society of Pacing and Electrophysiology (NASPE) policy conference on antibradycardia pacemaker follow-up: effectiveness, needs, and resources.\n          PACE\n          1994;17(Pt. I):1714\u20131729."},{"key":"R19","series-title":"Can J Cardiol","first-page":"355","volume":"16","year":"2000","unstructured":"Fraser JD, Gillis AM, Irwin ME, et al. Guidelines for pacemaker follow-up in Canada: a consensus statement of the Canadian Working Group on Cardiac Pacing.\n          Can J Cardiol\n          2000;16:355\u2013363."},{"key":"R20","series-title":"Catheter Cardiovasc Interv","first-page":"54","volume":"65","year":"2005","unstructured":"Bolad I, Karanam S, Mathew D, et al. Percutaneous treatment of superior vena cava obstruction following transvenous device implantation.\n          Catheter Cardiovasc Interv\n          2005;65:54\u201359."},{"key":"R21","series-title":"Pacing Clin Electrophysiol","first-page":"1628","volume":"25","year":"2002","unstructured":"Chan AW, Bhatt DL, Wilkoff BL, et al. Percutaneous treatment for pacemaker-associated superior vena cava syndrome.\n          Pacing Clin Electrophysiol\n          2002;25:1628\u20131633."},{"key":"R22","series-title":"Pacing Clin Electrophysiol","first-page":"1780","volume":"25","year":"2002","unstructured":"Newall N, Stables R, Palmer N, et al. Treatment of superior vena caval obstruction following permanent pacemaker extraction.\n          Pacing Clin Electrophysiol\n          2002;25:1780\u20131783."},{"key":"R23","series-title":"Ann Thorac Surg","first-page":"41","volume":"82","year":"2006","unstructured":"Ruge H, Wildhirt SM, Poerner M, et al. Severe superior vena cava syndrome after transvenous pacemaker implantation.\n          Ann Thorac Surg\n          2006;82:41\u201342."},{"key":"R24","series-title":"Compend Contin Educ Vet","first-page":"476","volume":"29","year":"2007","unstructured":"Whelan MF, O\u2019Toole TE. The use of thrombolytic agents.\n          Compend Contin Educ Vet\n          2007;29:476\u2013482."}],"container-title":["Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/jaaha.kglmeridian.com\/view\/journals\/aaha\/46\/3\/article-p186.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/meridian.allenpress.com\/jaaha\/article-pdf\/46\/3\/186\/1334534\/0460186.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/jaaha.kglmeridian.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/aaha\/46\/3\/article-p186.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/jaaha.kglmeridian.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/aaha\/46\/3\/article-p186.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:30:49Z","timestamp":1772325049000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/jaaha.kglmeridian.com\/view\/journals\/aaha\/46\/3\/article-p186.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2010]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5326\/0460186","relation":{},"ISSN":["0587-2871","1547-3317"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0587-2871","type":"print"},{"value":"1547-3317","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2010]]}}}