{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T05:44:11Z","timestamp":1787031851778,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"American Animal Hospital Association","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>This report describes a primary clitoral adenocarcinoma in a dog with secondary hypercalcemia of malignancy. A 10-year-old, spayed female basset hound was evaluated for a mass protruding from the vulva. The mass was excised, and a histological diagnosis of clitoral adenocarcinoma was made. No evidence of metastasis on thoracic radiographs or abdominal ultrasound was seen. Preoperative hypercalcemia resolved following excision of the mass. Cellular features were similar to an apocrine gland anal sac adenocarcinoma, and immunohistochemistry exhibited features noted with apocrine gland anal sac adenocarcinoma. No further treatment was elected by the owner. Internal iliac lymph-node metastasis was identified 4 weeks postoperatively, and hypercalcemia recurred 8 weeks postoperatively. The dog was euthanized 22 weeks postoperatively for signs related to hypercalcemia, including polyuria\/polydipsia, lethargy, and weakness. A necropsy was performed and confirmed the presence of internal iliac lymph-node metastasis. The colon, rectum, and anal sacs were grossly and histologically normal. To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of clitoral neoplasia in the dog.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.5326\/0460193","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,15]],"date-time":"2014-09-15T12:11:23Z","timestamp":1410783083000},"page":"193-196","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Primary Clitoral Adenocarcinoma With Secondary Hypercalcemia of Malignancy in a Dog"],"prefix":"10.5326","volume":"46","author":[{"given":"Steven A.","family":"Neihaus","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Affiliated Veterinary Specialists\u2013Orange Park, P.A. (Neihaus, Goring), 275 Corporate Way, Suite 100, Orange Park, Florida 32073"},{"name":"Southeast Veterinary Oncology (Winter), 304 Corporate Way, Orange Park, Florida 32073"},{"name":"Veterinary Pathology Service (Kennedy), 390 Waterfall Lane, Winter Park, Florida 32789;"},{"name":"Diagnostic Center for Population and Animal Health (Kiupel), Michigan State University, 4125 Beaumont Road, 152A, Lansing, Michigan 48910"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer E.","family":"Winter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Affiliated Veterinary Specialists\u2013Orange Park, P.A. (Neihaus, Goring), 275 Corporate Way, Suite 100, Orange Park, Florida 32073"},{"name":"Southeast Veterinary Oncology (Winter), 304 Corporate Way, Orange Park, Florida 32073"},{"name":"Veterinary Pathology Service (Kennedy), 390 Waterfall Lane, Winter Park, Florida 32789;"},{"name":"Diagnostic Center for Population and Animal Health (Kiupel), Michigan State University, 4125 Beaumont Road, 152A, Lansing, Michigan 48910"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert L.","family":"Goring","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Affiliated Veterinary Specialists\u2013Orange Park, P.A. (Neihaus, Goring), 275 Corporate Way, Suite 100, Orange Park, Florida 32073"},{"name":"Southeast Veterinary Oncology (Winter), 304 Corporate Way, Orange Park, Florida 32073"},{"name":"Veterinary Pathology Service (Kennedy), 390 Waterfall Lane, Winter Park, Florida 32789;"},{"name":"Diagnostic Center for Population and Animal Health (Kiupel), Michigan State University, 4125 Beaumont Road, 152A, Lansing, Michigan 48910"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"F. A.","family":"Kennedy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Affiliated Veterinary Specialists\u2013Orange Park, P.A. (Neihaus, Goring), 275 Corporate Way, Suite 100, Orange Park, Florida 32073"},{"name":"Southeast Veterinary Oncology (Winter), 304 Corporate Way, Orange Park, Florida 32073"},{"name":"Veterinary Pathology Service (Kennedy), 390 Waterfall Lane, Winter Park, Florida 32789;"},{"name":"Diagnostic Center for Population and Animal Health (Kiupel), Michigan State University, 4125 Beaumont Road, 152A, Lansing, Michigan 48910"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matti","family":"Kiupel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Affiliated Veterinary Specialists\u2013Orange Park, P.A. (Neihaus, Goring), 275 Corporate Way, Suite 100, Orange Park, Florida 32073"},{"name":"Southeast Veterinary Oncology (Winter), 304 Corporate Way, Orange Park, Florida 32073"},{"name":"Veterinary Pathology Service (Kennedy), 390 Waterfall Lane, Winter Park, Florida 32789;"},{"name":"Diagnostic Center for Population and Animal Health (Kiupel), Michigan State University, 4125 Beaumont Road, 152A, Lansing, Michigan 48910"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"3280","reference":[{"key":"R1","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"1294","volume":"151","year":"1967","unstructured":"Brodey RS, Roszel JF. Neoplasms of the canine uterus, vagina and vulva: a clinicopathologic survey of 90 cases.\n          J Am Vet Med Assoc\n          1967;151:1294\u20131307."},{"key":"R2","series-title":"J Small Anim Pract","first-page":"255","volume":"27","year":"1986","unstructured":"Kydd DM, Burnie AG. 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Carcinoma of the apocrine glands of the anal sac in dogs: 113 cases (1985\u20131995).\n          J Am Vet Med Assoc\n          2003;223:825\u2013831."},{"key":"R22","series-title":"J Vet Intern Med","first-page":"274","volume":"21","year":"2007","unstructured":"Polton GA, Brearley MJ. Clinical stage, therapy, and prognosis in canine anal sac gland carcinoma.\n          J Vet Intern Med\n          2007;21:274\u2013280."},{"key":"R1","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"1294","volume":"151","year":"1967","unstructured":"Brodey RS, Roszel JF. Neoplasms of the canine uterus, vagina and vulva: a clinicopathologic survey of 90 cases.\n          J Am Vet Med Assoc\n          1967;151:1294\u20131307."},{"key":"R2","series-title":"J Small Anim Pract","first-page":"255","volume":"27","year":"1986","unstructured":"Kydd DM, Burnie AG. 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