{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T01:02:50Z","timestamp":1772326970925,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"American Animal Hospital Association","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>A 4 yr old pregnant female shih tzu was presented with abdominal discomfort and bloody vulvar discharge. The nongravid uterine horn was reflected caudally over the trigone, obstructing urine outflow. A cesarian section and ovariohysterectomy were performed. Postoperatively, the hematuria and pollakiuria resolved. Seventeen days later, the pelvic urethra was completely obstructed by a soft tissue mass that was identified by rectal palpation, blocked catheterization attempts, contrast radiography, ultrasonography, and surgery. Management included temporary cystostomy tube and definitive prepubic urethrostomy. Histologic diagnosis was severe, multifocal, necrosuppurative urethritis with fibroplasia, fibrosis, and cellulitis, apparently secondary to ischemia. Delayed urethral obstruction is a potential complication of canine uterine torsion.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.5326\/jaaha-ms-5316","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,8,19]],"date-time":"2011-08-19T00:31:55Z","timestamp":1313713915000},"page":"e71-e76","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Delayed Urethral Obstruction After Uterine Torsion in a Pregnant Dog"],"prefix":"10.5326","volume":"47","author":[{"given":"Debbie","family":"Reynolds","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bonnie G.","family":"Campbell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"3280","reference":[{"key":"bib1","series-title":"Textbook of small animal surgery","first-page":"1487","article-title":"Ovary and uterus","author":"Stone","year":"2003","unstructured":"Stone\n              EA\n            \n          . Ovary and uterus. In: SlatterD, ed. Textbook of small animal surgery. 2nd ed. Philadelphia (PA): W.B. Saunders; 2003:1487\u2013501."},{"issue":"2","key":"bib2","series-title":"Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract","first-page":"359","article-title":"Urinary tract emergencies","volume":"35","author":"Rieser","year":"2005","unstructured":"Rieser\n              TM\n            \n          . Urinary tract emergencies. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract2005;35(2):359\u201373, vi."},{"key":"bib3","series-title":"J Am Anim Hosp Assoc","first-page":"290","article-title":"Antepubic urethrostomy in the dog","volume":"18","author":"Yoshioka","year":"1982","unstructured":"Yoshioka\n              MM\n            , CarbA. Antepubic urethrostomy in the dog. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc1982;18:290\u20134."},{"issue":"2","key":"bib4","series-title":"Clin Tech Small Anim Pract","first-page":"88","article-title":"Obstetrical emergencies","volume":"15","author":"Biddle","year":"2000","unstructured":"Biddle\n              D\n            , MacintireDK. Obstetrical emergencies. Clin Tech Small Anim Pract2000;15(2):88\u201393."},{"issue":"10","key":"bib5","series-title":"J Small Anim Pract","first-page":"468","article-title":"Uterine horn torsion in two non-gravid bitches","volume":"41","author":"Misumi","year":"2000","unstructured":"Misumi\n              K\n            , FujikiM, MiuraN. Uterine horn torsion in two non-gravid bitches. J Small Anim Pract2000;41(10):468\u201371."},{"issue":"6","key":"bib6","series-title":"J Am Anim Hosp Assoc","first-page":"537","article-title":"Successful treatment of uterine torsion and fetal retention in a postparturient Great Pyrenees bitch with septic peritonitis and prothrombotic complications","volume":"33","author":"Ritt","year":"1997","unstructured":"Ritt\n              MG\n            , FossumTW. Successful treatment of uterine torsion and fetal retention in a postparturient Great Pyrenees bitch with septic peritonitis and prothrombotic complications. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc1997;33(6):537\u20139."},{"key":"bib7","series-title":"Textbook of veterinary internal medicine","first-page":"1850","article-title":"Canine lower urinary tract diseases","author":"Adams","year":"2005","unstructured":"Adams\n              LG\n            , SymeHM. Canine lower urinary tract diseases. In: EttingerSJ, FeldmanEC, eds. Textbook of veterinary internal medicine. 6th ed. St. Louis (MO): Elsevier Saunders; 2005:1850\u201374."},{"key":"bib8","series-title":"Handbook of veterinary neurology","author":"Lorenz","year":"2004","unstructured":"Lorenz\n              MD\n            , KornegayJN. Handbook of veterinary neurology. 4th ed.St. Louis (MO): W.B. Saunders; 2004:75\u201390."},{"issue":"7","key":"bib9","series-title":"Vet Med Small Anim Clin","first-page":"898","article-title":"Obstructive urethritis in the femal dog. (A report of three cases)","volume":"71","author":"Burk","year":"1976","unstructured":"Burk\n              RL\n            , SchaubhutCWJr. Obstructive urethritis in the femal dog. (A report of three cases). Vet Med Small Anim Clin1976;71(7):898\u2013902."},{"issue":"2","key":"bib10","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"247","article-title":"Infiltrative urethral disease in female dogs: 41 cases (1980\u20131987)","volume":"199","author":"Moroff","year":"1991","unstructured":"Moroff\n              SD\n            , BrownBA, MatthiesenDT. Infiltrative urethral disease in female dogs: 41 cases (1980\u20131987). J Am Vet Med Assoc1991;199(2):247\u201351."},{"issue":"1","key":"bib11","series-title":"J Vet Intern Med","first-page":"113","article-title":"Cystoscopic appearance of proliferative urethritis in 2 dogs before and after treatment","volume":"18","author":"Hostutler","year":"2004","unstructured":"Hostutler\n              RA\n            , ChewDJ, EatonKA. Cystoscopic appearance of proliferative urethritis in 2 dogs before and after treatment. J Vet Intern Med2004;18(1):113\u20136."},{"issue":"1","key":"bib12","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"47","article-title":"Nonsurgical removal of uroliths from the urethra of female dogs","volume":"182","author":"Osborne","year":"1983","unstructured":"Osborne\n              CA\n            , AbdullahiS, KlausnerJS. Nonsurgical removal of uroliths from the urethra of female dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc1983;182(1):47\u201350."},{"key":"bib13","article-title":"Miller's anatomy of the dog","author":"Evans","year":"1993","unstructured":"Evans\n              HE\n            \n          . Miller's anatomy of the dog. 3rd ed.Philadelphia (PA): W. B. Saunders; 1993."},{"key":"bib14","article-title":"Wound repair","author":"Peacock","year":"1984","unstructured":"Peacock\n              EE\n            \n          . Wound repair. Philadelphia (PA): W. B. Saunders; 1984."},{"issue":"2","key":"bib15","series-title":"Vet Surg","first-page":"175","article-title":"Intrapelvic urethral anastomosis. A comparison of three techniques","volume":"16","author":"Layton","year":"1987","unstructured":"Layton\n              CE\n            , FergusonHR, CookJE. Intrapelvic urethral anastomosis. A comparison of three techniques. Vet Surg1987;16(2):175\u201382."},{"issue":"4","key":"bib16","series-title":"J Am Anim Hosp Assoc","first-page":"403","article-title":"The use of a low-profile cystostomy tube to relieve urethral obstruction in a dog","volume":"39","author":"Salinardi","year":"2003","unstructured":"Salinardi\n              BJ\n            , MarksSL, DavidsonJR. The use of a low-profile cystostomy tube to relieve urethral obstruction in a dog. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc2003;39(4):403\u20135."},{"issue":"9","key":"bib17","series-title":"Aust Vet J","first-page":"552","article-title":"Balloon dilation of a urethral stricture in a dog","volume":"83","author":"Bennett","year":"2005","unstructured":"Bennett\n              SL\n            , EdwardsGE, TyrrellD. Balloon dilation of a urethral stricture in a dog. Aust Vet J2005;83(9):552\u20134."},{"issue":"2","key":"bib18","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"226","article-title":"Evaluation of palliative stenting for management of malignant urethral obstructions in dogs","volume":"229","author":"Weisse","year":"2006","unstructured":"Weisse\n              C\n            , BerentA, ToddK. Evaluation of palliative stenting for management of malignant urethral obstructions in dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc2006;229(2):226\u201334."},{"issue":"5","key":"bib19","series-title":"J Am Anim Hosp Assoc","first-page":"358","article-title":"Porcine small intestinal submucosa augmentation urethroplasty and balloon dilatation of a urethral stricture secondary to inadvertent prostatectomy in a dog","volume":"46","author":"Powers","year":"2010","unstructured":"Powers\n              MY\n            , CampbellBG, WeisseC. Porcine small intestinal submucosa augmentation urethroplasty and balloon dilatation of a urethral stricture secondary to inadvertent prostatectomy in a dog. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc2010;46(5):358\u201365."},{"issue":"6","key":"bib20","series-title":"Vet Surg","first-page":"503","article-title":"Vaginourethroplasty for treatment of urethral obstruction in the bitch","volume":"25","author":"White","year":"1996","unstructured":"White\n              RN\n            , DaviesJV, GregorySP. Vaginourethroplasty for treatment of urethral obstruction in the bitch. Vet Surg1996;25(6):503\u201310."},{"issue":"5","key":"bib21","series-title":"J Urol","first-page":"724","article-title":"The severed canine posterior urethra: a study of two distinct methods of repair","volume":"104","author":"McRoberts","year":"1970","unstructured":"McRoberts\n              JW\n            , RagdeH. The severed canine posterior urethra: a study of two distinct methods of repair. J Urol1970;104(5):724\u20139."},{"issue":"4 Pt 2","key":"bib22","series-title":"J Urol","first-page":"1789","article-title":"Urethral replacement using cell seeded tubularized collagen matrices","volume":"168","author":"De Filippo","year":"2002","unstructured":"De Filippo\n              RE\n            , YooJJ, AtalaA. Urethral replacement using cell seeded tubularized collagen matrices. J Urol2002;168(4 Pt 2):1789\u201392; discussion 1792\u20133."},{"issue":"4","key":"bib23","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"496","article-title":"Placement of a permanent cystostomy catheter to relieve urine outflow obstruction in dogs with transitional cell carcinoma","volume":"206","author":"Smith","year":"1995","unstructured":"Smith\n              JD\n            , StoneEA, GilsonSD. Placement of a permanent cystostomy catheter to relieve urine outflow obstruction in dogs with transitional cell carcinoma. J Am Vet Med Assoc1995;206(4):496\u20139."},{"issue":"3","key":"bib24","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"325","article-title":"Clinical use of low-profile cystostomy tubes in four dogs and a cat","volume":"223","author":"Stiffler","year":"2003","unstructured":"Stiffler\n              KS\n            , McCrackin StevensonMA, CornellKK. Clinical use of low-profile cystostomy tubes in four dogs and a cat. J Am Vet Med Assoc2003;223(3):325\u20139, 309\u201310."},{"issue":"1","key":"bib25","series-title":"J Am Anim Hosp Assoc","first-page":"29","article-title":"Management and complications following trigonal-colonic anastomosis in a dog: five-year evaluation","volume":"32","author":"Smith","year":"1996","unstructured":"Smith\n              JD\n            , VadenSL, StoneEA. Management and complications following trigonal-colonic anastomosis in a dog: five-year evaluation. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc1996;32(1):29\u201335."},{"issue":"1","key":"bib26","series-title":"Probl Vet Med","first-page":"120","article-title":"Prepubic urethrostomy. An acceptable urinary diversion technique","volume":"1","author":"Bradley","year":"1989","unstructured":"Bradley\n              RL\n            \n          . Prepubic urethrostomy. An acceptable urinary diversion technique. Probl Vet Med1989;1(1):120\u20137."},{"key":"bib1","series-title":"Textbook of small animal surgery","first-page":"1487","article-title":"Ovary and uterus","author":"Stone","year":"2003","unstructured":"Stone\n              EA\n            \n          . Ovary and uterus. In: SlatterD, ed. Textbook of small animal surgery. 2nd ed. Philadelphia (PA): W.B. Saunders; 2003:1487\u2013501."},{"issue":"2","key":"bib2","series-title":"Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract","first-page":"359","article-title":"Urinary tract emergencies","volume":"35","author":"Rieser","year":"2005","unstructured":"Rieser\n              TM\n            \n          . Urinary tract emergencies. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract2005;35(2):359\u201373, vi."},{"key":"bib3","series-title":"J Am Anim Hosp Assoc","first-page":"290","article-title":"Antepubic urethrostomy in the dog","volume":"18","author":"Yoshioka","year":"1982","unstructured":"Yoshioka\n              MM\n            , CarbA. Antepubic urethrostomy in the dog. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc1982;18:290\u20134."},{"issue":"2","key":"bib4","series-title":"Clin Tech Small Anim Pract","first-page":"88","article-title":"Obstetrical emergencies","volume":"15","author":"Biddle","year":"2000","unstructured":"Biddle\n              D\n            , MacintireDK. Obstetrical emergencies. Clin Tech Small Anim Pract2000;15(2):88\u201393."},{"issue":"10","key":"bib5","series-title":"J Small Anim Pract","first-page":"468","article-title":"Uterine horn torsion in two non-gravid bitches","volume":"41","author":"Misumi","year":"2000","unstructured":"Misumi\n              K\n            , FujikiM, MiuraN. Uterine horn torsion in two non-gravid bitches. J Small Anim Pract2000;41(10):468\u201371."},{"issue":"6","key":"bib6","series-title":"J Am Anim Hosp Assoc","first-page":"537","article-title":"Successful treatment of uterine torsion and fetal retention in a postparturient Great Pyrenees bitch with septic peritonitis and prothrombotic complications","volume":"33","author":"Ritt","year":"1997","unstructured":"Ritt\n              MG\n            , FossumTW. Successful treatment of uterine torsion and fetal retention in a postparturient Great Pyrenees bitch with septic peritonitis and prothrombotic complications. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc1997;33(6):537\u20139."},{"key":"bib7","series-title":"Textbook of veterinary internal medicine","first-page":"1850","article-title":"Canine lower urinary tract diseases","author":"Adams","year":"2005","unstructured":"Adams\n              LG\n            , SymeHM. Canine lower urinary tract diseases. In: EttingerSJ, FeldmanEC, eds. Textbook of veterinary internal medicine. 6th ed. St. Louis (MO): Elsevier Saunders; 2005:1850\u201374."},{"key":"bib8","series-title":"Handbook of veterinary neurology","author":"Lorenz","year":"2004","unstructured":"Lorenz\n              MD\n            , KornegayJN. Handbook of veterinary neurology. 4th ed.St. Louis (MO): W.B. Saunders; 2004:75\u201390."},{"issue":"7","key":"bib9","series-title":"Vet Med Small Anim Clin","first-page":"898","article-title":"Obstructive urethritis in the femal dog. (A report of three cases)","volume":"71","author":"Burk","year":"1976","unstructured":"Burk\n              RL\n            , SchaubhutCWJr. Obstructive urethritis in the femal dog. (A report of three cases). Vet Med Small Anim Clin1976;71(7):898\u2013902."},{"issue":"2","key":"bib10","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"247","article-title":"Infiltrative urethral disease in female dogs: 41 cases (1980\u20131987)","volume":"199","author":"Moroff","year":"1991","unstructured":"Moroff\n              SD\n            , BrownBA, MatthiesenDT. Infiltrative urethral disease in female dogs: 41 cases (1980\u20131987). J Am Vet Med Assoc1991;199(2):247\u201351."},{"issue":"1","key":"bib11","series-title":"J Vet Intern Med","first-page":"113","article-title":"Cystoscopic appearance of proliferative urethritis in 2 dogs before and after treatment","volume":"18","author":"Hostutler","year":"2004","unstructured":"Hostutler\n              RA\n            , ChewDJ, EatonKA. Cystoscopic appearance of proliferative urethritis in 2 dogs before and after treatment. J Vet Intern Med2004;18(1):113\u20136."},{"issue":"1","key":"bib12","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"47","article-title":"Nonsurgical removal of uroliths from the urethra of female dogs","volume":"182","author":"Osborne","year":"1983","unstructured":"Osborne\n              CA\n            , AbdullahiS, KlausnerJS. Nonsurgical removal of uroliths from the urethra of female dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc1983;182(1):47\u201350."},{"key":"bib13","article-title":"Miller's anatomy of the dog","author":"Evans","year":"1993","unstructured":"Evans\n              HE\n            \n          . Miller's anatomy of the dog. 3rd ed.Philadelphia (PA): W. B. Saunders; 1993."},{"key":"bib14","article-title":"Wound repair","author":"Peacock","year":"1984","unstructured":"Peacock\n              EE\n            \n          . Wound repair. Philadelphia (PA): W. B. Saunders; 1984."},{"issue":"2","key":"bib15","series-title":"Vet Surg","first-page":"175","article-title":"Intrapelvic urethral anastomosis. A comparison of three techniques","volume":"16","author":"Layton","year":"1987","unstructured":"Layton\n              CE\n            , FergusonHR, CookJE. Intrapelvic urethral anastomosis. A comparison of three techniques. Vet Surg1987;16(2):175\u201382."},{"issue":"4","key":"bib16","series-title":"J Am Anim Hosp Assoc","first-page":"403","article-title":"The use of a low-profile cystostomy tube to relieve urethral obstruction in a dog","volume":"39","author":"Salinardi","year":"2003","unstructured":"Salinardi\n              BJ\n            , MarksSL, DavidsonJR. The use of a low-profile cystostomy tube to relieve urethral obstruction in a dog. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc2003;39(4):403\u20135."},{"issue":"9","key":"bib17","series-title":"Aust Vet J","first-page":"552","article-title":"Balloon dilation of a urethral stricture in a dog","volume":"83","author":"Bennett","year":"2005","unstructured":"Bennett\n              SL\n            , EdwardsGE, TyrrellD. Balloon dilation of a urethral stricture in a dog. Aust Vet J2005;83(9):552\u20134."},{"issue":"2","key":"bib18","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"226","article-title":"Evaluation of palliative stenting for management of malignant urethral obstructions in dogs","volume":"229","author":"Weisse","year":"2006","unstructured":"Weisse\n              C\n            , BerentA, ToddK. Evaluation of palliative stenting for management of malignant urethral obstructions in dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc2006;229(2):226\u201334."},{"issue":"5","key":"bib19","series-title":"J Am Anim Hosp Assoc","first-page":"358","article-title":"Porcine small intestinal submucosa augmentation urethroplasty and balloon dilatation of a urethral stricture secondary to inadvertent prostatectomy in a dog","volume":"46","author":"Powers","year":"2010","unstructured":"Powers\n              MY\n            , CampbellBG, WeisseC. Porcine small intestinal submucosa augmentation urethroplasty and balloon dilatation of a urethral stricture secondary to inadvertent prostatectomy in a dog. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc2010;46(5):358\u201365."},{"issue":"6","key":"bib20","series-title":"Vet Surg","first-page":"503","article-title":"Vaginourethroplasty for treatment of urethral obstruction in the bitch","volume":"25","author":"White","year":"1996","unstructured":"White\n              RN\n            , DaviesJV, GregorySP. Vaginourethroplasty for treatment of urethral obstruction in the bitch. Vet Surg1996;25(6):503\u201310."},{"issue":"5","key":"bib21","series-title":"J Urol","first-page":"724","article-title":"The severed canine posterior urethra: a study of two distinct methods of repair","volume":"104","author":"McRoberts","year":"1970","unstructured":"McRoberts\n              JW\n            , RagdeH. The severed canine posterior urethra: a study of two distinct methods of repair. J Urol1970;104(5):724\u20139."},{"issue":"4 Pt 2","key":"bib22","series-title":"J Urol","first-page":"1789","article-title":"Urethral replacement using cell seeded tubularized collagen matrices","volume":"168","author":"De Filippo","year":"2002","unstructured":"De Filippo\n              RE\n            , YooJJ, AtalaA. Urethral replacement using cell seeded tubularized collagen matrices. J Urol2002;168(4 Pt 2):1789\u201392; discussion 1792\u20133."},{"issue":"4","key":"bib23","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"496","article-title":"Placement of a permanent cystostomy catheter to relieve urine outflow obstruction in dogs with transitional cell carcinoma","volume":"206","author":"Smith","year":"1995","unstructured":"Smith\n              JD\n            , StoneEA, GilsonSD. Placement of a permanent cystostomy catheter to relieve urine outflow obstruction in dogs with transitional cell carcinoma. J Am Vet Med Assoc1995;206(4):496\u20139."},{"issue":"3","key":"bib24","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"325","article-title":"Clinical use of low-profile cystostomy tubes in four dogs and a cat","volume":"223","author":"Stiffler","year":"2003","unstructured":"Stiffler\n              KS\n            , McCrackin StevensonMA, CornellKK. Clinical use of low-profile cystostomy tubes in four dogs and a cat. J Am Vet Med Assoc2003;223(3):325\u20139, 309\u201310."},{"issue":"1","key":"bib25","series-title":"J Am Anim Hosp Assoc","first-page":"29","article-title":"Management and complications following trigonal-colonic anastomosis in a dog: five-year evaluation","volume":"32","author":"Smith","year":"1996","unstructured":"Smith\n              JD\n            , VadenSL, StoneEA. Management and complications following trigonal-colonic anastomosis in a dog: five-year evaluation. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc1996;32(1):29\u201335."},{"issue":"1","key":"bib26","series-title":"Probl Vet Med","first-page":"120","article-title":"Prepubic urethrostomy. An acceptable urinary diversion technique","volume":"1","author":"Bradley","year":"1989","unstructured":"Bradley\n              RL\n            \n          . Prepubic urethrostomy. An acceptable urinary diversion technique. 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