{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T01:02:59Z","timestamp":1772326979791,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"American Animal Hospital Association","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    A 4 yr old male castrated Labrador retriever was evaluated for a short history of inappetance, lethargy, small-bowel diarrhea, polyuria, and polydipsia. Clinicopathologic abnormalities were consistent with protein-losing nephropathy and renal azotemia. Expansive infectious disease testing implicated\n                    <jats:italic>Babesia gibsoni<\/jats:italic>\n                    via whole blood polymerase chain reaction. Renal histopathology results were consistent with membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis and immune complex deposition. The dog was treated with azithromycin, atovaquone, and one dose of corticosteroids\/cyclophosphamide. Three months after therapy was completed, the dog was clinically healthy, and all clinicopathologic abnormalities (including\n                    <jats:italic>Babesia<\/jats:italic>\n                    species polymerase chain reaction) had resolved. Atypical presentations of\n                    <jats:italic>Babesia gibsoni<\/jats:italic>\n                    should be considered with proteinuric nephropathy.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.5326\/jaaha-ms-5576","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,11,4]],"date-time":"2011-11-04T12:29:53Z","timestamp":1320409793000},"page":"e138-e144","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Resolution of a Proteinuric Nephropathy Associated with Babesia gibsoni Infection in a Dog"],"prefix":"10.5326","volume":"47","author":[{"given":"Dennis J.","family":"Slade","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"George E.","family":"Lees","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Brian R.","family":"Berridge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fred J.","family":"Clubb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Leslie A.","family":"Kuczynski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Meryl P.","family":"Littman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"3280","reference":[{"key":"bib1","series-title":"Textbook of veterinary internal medicine","first-page":"1786","article-title":"Glomerular diseases","author":"Vaden","year":"2005","unstructured":"Vaden\n              SL\n            \n          . Glomerular diseases. In: EttingerSJ, ed. Textbook of veterinary internal medicine. 6th ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders; 2005:1786\u2013800."},{"key":"bib2","series-title":"Canine nephrology","first-page":"439","year":"1984","unstructured":"Bovee\n              KC\n            \n          , ed. Canine nephrology. USA: Harwal Publishing Company; 1984:439\u201358."},{"issue":"9","key":"bib3","series-title":"Pediatr Nephrol","first-page":"1273","article-title":"Clinicopathologic features, outcome, and therapeutic interventions in four children with isolated C3 mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis","volume":"20","author":"Yagi","year":"2005","unstructured":"Yagi\n              K\n            , YanagidaH, SugimotoK. Clinicopathologic features, outcome, and therapeutic interventions in four children with isolated C3 mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis. Pediatr Nephrol2005;20(9):1273\u20138."},{"issue":"3","key":"bib4","series-title":"Clin Exp Nephrol","first-page":"183","article-title":"Mechanisms of immune-deposit formation and the mediation of immune renal injury","volume":"9","author":"Nangaku","year":"2005","unstructured":"Nangaku\n              M\n            , CouserWG. Mechanisms of immune-deposit formation and the mediation of immune renal injury. Clin Exp Nephrol2005;9(3):183\u201391."},{"key":"bib5","series-title":"G Ital Nefrol","first-page":"S3","article-title":"Guidelines for the therapy of glomerular nephropathies","volume":"24","author":"Cagnoli","year":"2003","unstructured":"Cagnoli\n              L\n            \n          . Guidelines for the therapy of glomerular nephropathies. G Ital Nefrol2003;24:S3\u201347."},{"key":"bib6","series-title":"Infectious diseases of the dog and cat","first-page":"722","article-title":"Babesiosis","author":"Taboada","year":"2006","unstructured":"Taboada\n              J\n            , LobettiR. Babesiosis. In: GreeneCE, ed. Infectious diseases of the dog and cat. 3rd ed. St. Louis, MO: Saunders; 2006:722\u201336."},{"issue":"4","key":"bib7","series-title":"J Vet Intern Med","first-page":"494","article-title":"Efficacy of combined atovaquone and azithromycin for therapy of chronic Babesia gibsoni (Asian genotype) infections in dogs","volume":"18","author":"Birkenheuer","year":"2004","unstructured":"Birkenheuer\n              AJ\n            , LevyMG, BreitschwerdtEB. Efficacy of combined atovaquone and azithromycin for therapy of chronic Babesia gibsoni (Asian genotype) infections in dogs. J Vet Intern Med2004;18(4):494\u20138."},{"issue":"2-3","key":"bib8","series-title":"J Comp Pathol","first-page":"169","article-title":"Characterization of renal damage in canine leptospirosis by sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and Western blotting of the urinary proteins","volume":"129","author":"Zaragoza","year":"2003","unstructured":"Zaragoza\n              C\n            , BarreraR, CentenoF. Characterization of renal damage in canine leptospirosis by sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and Western blotting of the urinary proteins. J Comp Pathol2003;129(2-3):169\u201378."},{"issue":"9","key":"bib9","series-title":"J Small Anim Pract","first-page":"528","article-title":"Guidelines for the vaccination of dogs and cats. Compiled by the Vaccination Guidelines Group (VGG) of the World Small Animal Veterinary Association (WSAVA)","volume":"48","author":"Day","year":"2007","unstructured":"Day\n              MJ\n            , HorzinekMC, SchultzRD. Guidelines for the vaccination of dogs and cats. Compiled by the Vaccination Guidelines Group (VGG) of the World Small Animal Veterinary Association (WSAVA). J Small Anim Pract2007;48(9):528\u201341."},{"issue":"2","key":"bib10","series-title":"J Am Anim Hosp Assoc","first-page":"80","article-title":"American Animal Hospital Association (AAHA) Canine Vaccine Task Force. 2006 AAHA canine vaccine guidelines","volume":"42","author":"Paul","year":"2006","unstructured":"Paul\n              MA\n            , CarmichaelLE, ChildersH; American Animal Hospital Association (AAHA) Canine Vaccine Task Force. 2006 AAHA canine vaccine guidelines. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc2006;42(2):80\u20139."},{"issue":"7","key":"bib11","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"1102","article-title":"Adverse events diagnosed within three days of vaccine administration in dogs","volume":"227","author":"Moore","year":"2005","unstructured":"Moore\n              GE\n            , GuptillLF, WardMP. Adverse events diagnosed within three days of vaccine administration in dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc2005;227(7):1102\u20138."},{"issue":"1","key":"bib12","series-title":"Babesia gibsoni. Korean J Vet Res","first-page":"77","article-title":"A case of protein losing nephropathy in a dog infected with canine","volume":"46","author":"Kim","year":"2006","unstructured":"Kim\n              HJ\n            , ParkC, JungDI. A case of protein losing nephropathy in a dog infected with canineBabesia gibsoni. Korean J Vet Res2006;46(1):77\u201381."},{"issue":"2","key":"bib13","series-title":"J Vet Intern Med","first-page":"141","article-title":"Azotemia and mortality among Babesia microti-like infected dogs","volume":"18","author":"Camacho","year":"2004","unstructured":"Camacho\n              AT\n            , GuitianEJ, PallasE. Azotemia and mortality among Babesia microti-like infected dogs. J Vet Intern Med2004;18(2):141\u20136."},{"issue":"3","key":"bib14","series-title":"J Vet Intern Med","first-page":"493","article-title":"Possible emergence of drug-resistant variants of Babesia gibsoni in clinical cases treated with atovaquone and azithromycin","volume":"23","author":"Sakuma","year":"2009","unstructured":"Sakuma\n              M\n            , SetoguchiA, EndoY. Possible emergence of drug-resistant variants of Babesia gibsoni in clinical cases treated with atovaquone and azithromycin. J Vet Intern Med2009;23(3):493\u20138."},{"issue":"2","key":"bib15","series-title":"Vet Pathol","first-page":"85","article-title":"Morphologic, immunohistochemical, and ultrastructural characterization of a distinctive renal lesion in dogs putatively associated with Borrelia burgdorferi infection: 49 cases (1987-1992)","volume":"34","author":"Dambach","year":"1997","unstructured":"Dambach\n              DM\n            , SmithCA, LewisRM. Morphologic, immunohistochemical, and ultrastructural characterization of a distinctive renal lesion in dogs putatively associated with Borrelia burgdorferi infection: 49 cases (1987-1992). Vet Pathol1997;34(2):85\u201396."},{"key":"bib16","series-title":"Proceedings of 18th American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine Forum","first-page":"627","article-title":"Lyme nephritis","author":"Sanders","year":"May 25-8, 2000","unstructured":"Sanders\n              NA\n            \n          . Lyme nephritis. In Proceedings of 18th American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine Forum. Seattle, WA, May 25-8, 2000:627\u20138."},{"key":"bib1","series-title":"Textbook of veterinary internal medicine","first-page":"1786","article-title":"Glomerular diseases","author":"Vaden","year":"2005","unstructured":"Vaden\n              SL\n            \n          . Glomerular diseases. In: EttingerSJ, ed. Textbook of veterinary internal medicine. 6th ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders; 2005:1786\u2013800."},{"key":"bib2","series-title":"Canine nephrology","first-page":"439","year":"1984","unstructured":"Bovee\n              KC\n            \n          , ed. Canine nephrology. USA: Harwal Publishing Company; 1984:439\u201358."},{"issue":"9","key":"bib3","series-title":"Pediatr Nephrol","first-page":"1273","article-title":"Clinicopathologic features, outcome, and therapeutic interventions in four children with isolated C3 mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis","volume":"20","author":"Yagi","year":"2005","unstructured":"Yagi\n              K\n            , YanagidaH, SugimotoK. Clinicopathologic features, outcome, and therapeutic interventions in four children with isolated C3 mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis. Pediatr Nephrol2005;20(9):1273\u20138."},{"issue":"3","key":"bib4","series-title":"Clin Exp Nephrol","first-page":"183","article-title":"Mechanisms of immune-deposit formation and the mediation of immune renal injury","volume":"9","author":"Nangaku","year":"2005","unstructured":"Nangaku\n              M\n            , CouserWG. Mechanisms of immune-deposit formation and the mediation of immune renal injury. Clin Exp Nephrol2005;9(3):183\u201391."},{"key":"bib5","series-title":"G Ital Nefrol","first-page":"S3","article-title":"Guidelines for the therapy of glomerular nephropathies","volume":"24","author":"Cagnoli","year":"2003","unstructured":"Cagnoli\n              L\n            \n          . Guidelines for the therapy of glomerular nephropathies. G Ital Nefrol2003;24:S3\u201347."},{"key":"bib6","series-title":"Infectious diseases of the dog and cat","first-page":"722","article-title":"Babesiosis","author":"Taboada","year":"2006","unstructured":"Taboada\n              J\n            , LobettiR. Babesiosis. In: GreeneCE, ed. Infectious diseases of the dog and cat. 3rd ed. St. Louis, MO: Saunders; 2006:722\u201336."},{"issue":"4","key":"bib7","series-title":"J Vet Intern Med","first-page":"494","article-title":"Efficacy of combined atovaquone and azithromycin for therapy of chronic Babesia gibsoni (Asian genotype) infections in dogs","volume":"18","author":"Birkenheuer","year":"2004","unstructured":"Birkenheuer\n              AJ\n            , LevyMG, BreitschwerdtEB. Efficacy of combined atovaquone and azithromycin for therapy of chronic Babesia gibsoni (Asian genotype) infections in dogs. J Vet Intern Med2004;18(4):494\u20138."},{"issue":"2-3","key":"bib8","series-title":"J Comp Pathol","first-page":"169","article-title":"Characterization of renal damage in canine leptospirosis by sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and Western blotting of the urinary proteins","volume":"129","author":"Zaragoza","year":"2003","unstructured":"Zaragoza\n              C\n            , BarreraR, CentenoF. Characterization of renal damage in canine leptospirosis by sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and Western blotting of the urinary proteins. J Comp Pathol2003;129(2-3):169\u201378."},{"issue":"9","key":"bib9","series-title":"J Small Anim Pract","first-page":"528","article-title":"Guidelines for the vaccination of dogs and cats. Compiled by the Vaccination Guidelines Group (VGG) of the World Small Animal Veterinary Association (WSAVA)","volume":"48","author":"Day","year":"2007","unstructured":"Day\n              MJ\n            , HorzinekMC, SchultzRD. Guidelines for the vaccination of dogs and cats. Compiled by the Vaccination Guidelines Group (VGG) of the World Small Animal Veterinary Association (WSAVA). J Small Anim Pract2007;48(9):528\u201341."},{"issue":"2","key":"bib10","series-title":"J Am Anim Hosp Assoc","first-page":"80","article-title":"American Animal Hospital Association (AAHA) Canine Vaccine Task Force. 2006 AAHA canine vaccine guidelines","volume":"42","author":"Paul","year":"2006","unstructured":"Paul\n              MA\n            , CarmichaelLE, ChildersH; American Animal Hospital Association (AAHA) Canine Vaccine Task Force. 2006 AAHA canine vaccine guidelines. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc2006;42(2):80\u20139."},{"issue":"7","key":"bib11","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"1102","article-title":"Adverse events diagnosed within three days of vaccine administration in dogs","volume":"227","author":"Moore","year":"2005","unstructured":"Moore\n              GE\n            , GuptillLF, WardMP. Adverse events diagnosed within three days of vaccine administration in dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc2005;227(7):1102\u20138."},{"issue":"1","key":"bib12","series-title":"Babesia gibsoni. Korean J Vet Res","first-page":"77","article-title":"A case of protein losing nephropathy in a dog infected with canine","volume":"46","author":"Kim","year":"2006","unstructured":"Kim\n              HJ\n            , ParkC, JungDI. A case of protein losing nephropathy in a dog infected with canineBabesia gibsoni. Korean J Vet Res2006;46(1):77\u201381."},{"issue":"2","key":"bib13","series-title":"J Vet Intern Med","first-page":"141","article-title":"Azotemia and mortality among Babesia microti-like infected dogs","volume":"18","author":"Camacho","year":"2004","unstructured":"Camacho\n              AT\n            , GuitianEJ, PallasE. Azotemia and mortality among Babesia microti-like infected dogs. J Vet Intern Med2004;18(2):141\u20136."},{"issue":"3","key":"bib14","series-title":"J Vet Intern Med","first-page":"493","article-title":"Possible emergence of drug-resistant variants of Babesia gibsoni in clinical cases treated with atovaquone and azithromycin","volume":"23","author":"Sakuma","year":"2009","unstructured":"Sakuma\n              M\n            , SetoguchiA, EndoY. Possible emergence of drug-resistant variants of Babesia gibsoni in clinical cases treated with atovaquone and azithromycin. J Vet Intern Med2009;23(3):493\u20138."},{"issue":"2","key":"bib15","series-title":"Vet Pathol","first-page":"85","article-title":"Morphologic, immunohistochemical, and ultrastructural characterization of a distinctive renal lesion in dogs putatively associated with Borrelia burgdorferi infection: 49 cases (1987-1992)","volume":"34","author":"Dambach","year":"1997","unstructured":"Dambach\n              DM\n            , SmithCA, LewisRM. Morphologic, immunohistochemical, and ultrastructural characterization of a distinctive renal lesion in dogs putatively associated with Borrelia burgdorferi infection: 49 cases (1987-1992). Vet Pathol1997;34(2):85\u201396."},{"key":"bib16","series-title":"Proceedings of 18th American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine Forum","first-page":"627","article-title":"Lyme nephritis","author":"Sanders","year":"May 25-8, 2000","unstructured":"Sanders\n              NA\n            \n          . Lyme nephritis. In Proceedings of 18th American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine Forum. 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