{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T01:03:24Z","timestamp":1772327004044,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"American Animal Hospital Association","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>This is a retrospective case series consisting of five dogs diagnosed with schistosomiasis. The purpose of this article is to report the presence of naturally occurring canine schistosomiasis in Kansas and to provide clinical details regarding schistosomiasis. Medical records of dogs diagnosed with schistosomiasis from 2000 to 2009 were reviewed, and information extracted included signalment, history, clinical signs, diagnostic test results, treatment, and outcome. Affected dogs were primarily medium to large breed and young to middle aged. All dogs were considered outdoor dogs, with three having known access to surface water. Common clinical signs included gastrointestinal disease and signs associated with hypercalcemia. Fecal flotation was negative in all dogs in contrast to fecal saline sedimentation and fecal polymerase chain reaction, which were both positive in all dogs in which it was performed. All dogs treated specifically for schistosomiasis fully recovered. This article describes the first reported cases of canine schistosomiasis in the Midwest and the first reported case of intestinal intussusception secondary to schistosomiasis. Recognizing that canine schistosomiasis is present in Kansas and possibly other Midwestern states should prompt veterinarians to perform appropriate diagnostic investigation in suspect animals as the diagnosis is straight forward and relatively inexpensive.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.5326\/jaaha-ms-5580","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,11,4]],"date-time":"2011-11-04T12:29:53Z","timestamp":1320409793000},"page":"e95-e102","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Canine Schistosomiasis in Kansas: Five Cases (2000\u20132009)"],"prefix":"10.5326","volume":"47","author":[{"given":"Andrew S.","family":"Hanzlicek","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kenneth R.","family":"Harkin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael W.","family":"Dryden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ruthanne","family":"Chun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Patricia A.","family":"Payne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jerome C.","family":"Nietfeld","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Brad M.","family":"Debey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"3280","reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"bib1","series-title":"J Am Anim Hosp Assoc","first-page":"349","article-title":"Elevated parathyroid hormone-related protein and hypercalcemia in two dogs with schistosomiasis","volume":"37","author":"Fradkin","year":"2001","unstructured":"Fradkin\n              JM\n            , BranieckiAM, CraigTM. Elevated parathyroid hormone-related protein and hypercalcemia in two dogs with schistosomiasis. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc2001;37(4):349\u201355."},{"issue":"1","key":"bib2","series-title":"J Am Anim Hosp Assoc","first-page":"20","article-title":"Hypercalcemia in a dog: a challenging case","volume":"36","author":"Rohrer","year":"2000","unstructured":"Rohrer\n              CR\n            , PhillipsLA, FordSL. Hypercalcemia in a dog: a challenging case. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc2000;36(1):20\u20135."},{"issue":"2","key":"bib3","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"183","article-title":"Heterobilharzia americana infection in a dog","volume":"220","author":"Flowers","year":"2002","unstructured":"Flowers\n              JR\n            , HammerbergB, WoodSL. Heterobilharzia americana infection in a dog. J Am Vet Med Assoc2002;220(2):183, 193\u20136."},{"key":"bib4","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"496","article-title":"Heterobilharzia americana infection in a dog","volume":"143","author":"Pierce","year":"1963","unstructured":"Pierce\n              KR\n            \n          . Heterobilharzia americana infection in a dog. J Am Vet Med Assoc1963;143:496\u20139."},{"key":"bib5","series-title":"J Parasitol","first-page":"619","article-title":"Heterobilharzia infection in the dog and other mammals in Louisiana","volume":"47","author":"Malek","year":"1961","unstructured":"Malek\n              EA\n            , AshLR, LeeHF. Heterobilharzia infection in the dog and other mammals in Louisiana. J Parasitol1961;47:619\u201323."},{"key":"bib6","series-title":"J Am Anim Hosp Assoc","first-page":"35","article-title":"Heterobilharzia americana infection and hypercalcemia in a dog: a case report","volume":"23","author":"Troy","year":"1987","unstructured":"Troy\n              GC\n            , ForresterD, CockburnC. Heterobilharzia americana infection and hypercalcemia in a dog: a case report. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc1987;23:35\u201340."},{"key":"bib7","series-title":"Comp Cont Ed Pract Vet","first-page":"606","article-title":"Canine Heterobilharziasis","volume":"10","author":"Slaughter","year":"1988","unstructured":"Slaughter\n              JB\n            , BillupsLH, AcorGK. Canine Heterobilharziasis. Comp Cont Ed Pract Vet1988;10:606\u201312."},{"issue":"10","key":"bib8","series-title":"Am J Vet Res","first-page":"1775","article-title":"Certain aspects of the biology and life cycle of Heterobilharzia americana in east central Texas","volume":"42","author":"Goff","year":"1981","unstructured":"Goff\n              WL\n            , RonaldNC. Certain aspects of the biology and life cycle of Heterobilharzia americana in east central Texas. Am J Vet Res1981;42(10):1775\u20137."},{"key":"bib9","series-title":"J Parasitol","first-page":"728","article-title":"Life history of Heterobilharzia americana Price 1929, a schistosome of the raccoon and other mammals in southeastern United States","volume":"48","author":"Lee","year":"1962","unstructured":"Lee\n              HF\n            \n          . Life history of Heterobilharzia americana Price 1929, a schistosome of the raccoon and other mammals in southeastern United States. J Parasitol1962;48:728\u201339."},{"issue":"4","key":"bib10","series-title":"J Parasitol","first-page":"872","article-title":"Differential susceptibility of snail hosts to Heterobilharzia americana from Texas and Louisiana","volume":"73","author":"Malek","year":"1987","unstructured":"Malek\n              EA\n            , ShortRB, TeehanWH. Differential susceptibility of snail hosts to Heterobilharzia americana from Texas and Louisiana. J Parasitol1987;73(4):872\u20133."},{"issue":"1","key":"bib11","series-title":"J Wildl Dis","first-page":"156","article-title":"New locality record for Heterobilharzia americana","volume":"27","author":"McKown","year":"1991","unstructured":"McKown\n              RD\n            , VeatchJK, FoxLB. New locality record for Heterobilharzia americana. J Wildl Dis1991;27(1):156\u201360."},{"key":"bib12","series-title":"J Parasitol","first-page":"289","article-title":"Ecological analyses of helminth populations of wild canids from the Gulf Coastal prairies of Texas and Louisiana","volume":"67","author":"Custer","year":"1981","unstructured":"Custer\n              JW\n            , PenceDB. Ecological analyses of helminth populations of wild canids from the Gulf Coastal prairies of Texas and Louisiana. J Parasitol1981;67:289\u2013307."},{"key":"bib13","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"1119","article-title":"Canine schistosomiasis","volume":"144","author":"Thrasher","year":"1964","unstructured":"Thrasher\n              JP\n            \n          . Canine schistosomiasis. J Am Vet Med Assoc1964;144:1119\u201326."},{"key":"bib14","series-title":"Veterinary pathology","first-page":"664","year":"1997","unstructured":"Jones\n              TC\n            , HuntRD, KingNW, eds. Veterinary pathology. 6th ed. Batlimore: Williams & Wilkins, 1997:664\u2013667."},{"issue":"5664","key":"bib15","series-title":"Nature","first-page":"609","article-title":"The pathology, pathobiology and pathogenesis of schistosomiasis","volume":"273","author":"Warren","year":"1978","unstructured":"Warren\n              KS\n            \n          . The pathology, pathobiology and pathogenesis of schistosomiasis. Nature1978;273(5664):609\u201312."},{"issue":"8","key":"bib16","series-title":"J Vet Med A Physiol Pathol Clin Med","first-page":"507","article-title":"Acute enteritis or gastroenteritis in young dogs as a predisposing factor for intestinal intussusception: a retrospective study","volume":"47","author":"Rallis","year":"2000","unstructured":"Rallis\n              TS\n            , PapazoglouLG, Adamama-MoraitouKK. Acute enteritis or gastroenteritis in young dogs as a predisposing factor for intestinal intussusception: a retrospective study. 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Kidney Int Suppl1990;29:S36\u201340."},{"issue":"7","key":"bib19","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"706","article-title":"Hypercalcemia associated with blastomycosis in dogs","volume":"188","author":"Dow","year":"1986","unstructured":"Dow\n              SW\n            , LegendreAM, StiffM. Hypercalcemia associated with blastomycosis in dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc1986;188(7):706\u20139."},{"issue":"15","key":"bib20","series-title":"N Engl J Med","first-page":"980","article-title":"The role of the vitamin D endocrine system in health and disease","volume":"320","author":"Reichel","year":"1989","unstructured":"Reichel\n              H\n            , KoefflerHP, NormanAW. The role of the vitamin D endocrine system in health and disease. N Engl J Med1989;320(15):980\u201391."},{"issue":"5","key":"bib21","series-title":"Curr Opin Pulm Med","first-page":"442","article-title":"Hypercalcemia in granulomatous disorders: a clinical review","volume":"6","author":"Sharma","year":"2000","unstructured":"Sharma\n              OP\n            \n          . Hypercalcemia in granulomatous disorders: a clinical review. Curr Opin Pulm Med2000;6(5):442\u20137."},{"issue":"6","key":"bib22","series-title":"Endocrinology","first-page":"2267","article-title":"The effects of chronic prednisone administration on intestinal receptors for 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in the dog","volume":"117","author":"Korkor","year":"1985","unstructured":"Korkor\n              AB\n            , KuchibotlaJ, ArriehM. The effects of chronic prednisone administration on intestinal receptors for 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in the dog. Endocrinology1985;117(6):2267\u201373."},{"issue":"8","key":"bib23","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"699","article-title":"Miracidia hatching technique for diagnosis of canine schistosomiasis","volume":"177","author":"Goff","year":"1980","unstructured":"Goff\n              WL\n            , RonaldNC. Miracidia hatching technique for diagnosis of canine schistosomiasis. J Am Vet Med Assoc1980;177(8):699\u2013700."},{"issue":"2","key":"bib24","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"172","article-title":"Fenbendazole for the treatment of Heterobilharzia americana infection in dogs","volume":"182","author":"Ronald","year":"1983","unstructured":"Ronald\n              NC\n            , CraigTM. Fenbendazole for the treatment of Heterobilharzia americana infection in dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc1983;182(2):172."},{"key":"bib25","series-title":"J Vet Int Med","first-page":"804","article-title":"Development of a PCR test for the detection of Heterobilharzia americana DNA in dog feces (abstract)","volume":"22","author":"Bishop","year":"2008","unstructured":"Bishop\n              MA\n            , SuchodolskiJS, SteinerJM. Development of a PCR test for the detection of Heterobilharzia americana DNA in dog feces (abstract). J Vet Int Med2008;22:804."},{"issue":"4","key":"bib1","series-title":"J Am Anim Hosp Assoc","first-page":"349","article-title":"Elevated parathyroid hormone-related protein and hypercalcemia in two dogs with schistosomiasis","volume":"37","author":"Fradkin","year":"2001","unstructured":"Fradkin\n              JM\n            , BranieckiAM, CraigTM. Elevated parathyroid hormone-related protein and hypercalcemia in two dogs with schistosomiasis. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc2001;37(4):349\u201355."},{"issue":"1","key":"bib2","series-title":"J Am Anim Hosp Assoc","first-page":"20","article-title":"Hypercalcemia in a dog: a challenging case","volume":"36","author":"Rohrer","year":"2000","unstructured":"Rohrer\n              CR\n            , PhillipsLA, FordSL. Hypercalcemia in a dog: a challenging case. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc2000;36(1):20\u20135."},{"issue":"2","key":"bib3","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"183","article-title":"Heterobilharzia americana infection in a dog","volume":"220","author":"Flowers","year":"2002","unstructured":"Flowers\n              JR\n            , HammerbergB, WoodSL. Heterobilharzia americana infection in a dog. J Am Vet Med Assoc2002;220(2):183, 193\u20136."},{"key":"bib4","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"496","article-title":"Heterobilharzia americana infection in a dog","volume":"143","author":"Pierce","year":"1963","unstructured":"Pierce\n              KR\n            \n          . Heterobilharzia americana infection in a dog. J Am Vet Med Assoc1963;143:496\u20139."},{"key":"bib5","series-title":"J Parasitol","first-page":"619","article-title":"Heterobilharzia infection in the dog and other mammals in Louisiana","volume":"47","author":"Malek","year":"1961","unstructured":"Malek\n              EA\n            , AshLR, LeeHF. Heterobilharzia infection in the dog and other mammals in Louisiana. J Parasitol1961;47:619\u201323."},{"key":"bib6","series-title":"J Am Anim Hosp Assoc","first-page":"35","article-title":"Heterobilharzia americana infection and hypercalcemia in a dog: a case report","volume":"23","author":"Troy","year":"1987","unstructured":"Troy\n              GC\n            , ForresterD, CockburnC. Heterobilharzia americana infection and hypercalcemia in a dog: a case report. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc1987;23:35\u201340."},{"key":"bib7","series-title":"Comp Cont Ed Pract Vet","first-page":"606","article-title":"Canine Heterobilharziasis","volume":"10","author":"Slaughter","year":"1988","unstructured":"Slaughter\n              JB\n            , BillupsLH, AcorGK. Canine Heterobilharziasis. Comp Cont Ed Pract Vet1988;10:606\u201312."},{"issue":"10","key":"bib8","series-title":"Am J Vet Res","first-page":"1775","article-title":"Certain aspects of the biology and life cycle of Heterobilharzia americana in east central Texas","volume":"42","author":"Goff","year":"1981","unstructured":"Goff\n              WL\n            , RonaldNC. Certain aspects of the biology and life cycle of Heterobilharzia americana in east central Texas. Am J Vet Res1981;42(10):1775\u20137."},{"key":"bib9","series-title":"J Parasitol","first-page":"728","article-title":"Life history of Heterobilharzia americana Price 1929, a schistosome of the raccoon and other mammals in southeastern United States","volume":"48","author":"Lee","year":"1962","unstructured":"Lee\n              HF\n            \n          . Life history of Heterobilharzia americana Price 1929, a schistosome of the raccoon and other mammals in southeastern United States. J Parasitol1962;48:728\u201339."},{"issue":"4","key":"bib10","series-title":"J Parasitol","first-page":"872","article-title":"Differential susceptibility of snail hosts to Heterobilharzia americana from Texas and Louisiana","volume":"73","author":"Malek","year":"1987","unstructured":"Malek\n              EA\n            , ShortRB, TeehanWH. Differential susceptibility of snail hosts to Heterobilharzia americana from Texas and Louisiana. J Parasitol1987;73(4):872\u20133."},{"issue":"1","key":"bib11","series-title":"J Wildl Dis","first-page":"156","article-title":"New locality record for Heterobilharzia americana","volume":"27","author":"McKown","year":"1991","unstructured":"McKown\n              RD\n            , VeatchJK, FoxLB. New locality record for Heterobilharzia americana. J Wildl Dis1991;27(1):156\u201360."},{"key":"bib12","series-title":"J Parasitol","first-page":"289","article-title":"Ecological analyses of helminth populations of wild canids from the Gulf Coastal prairies of Texas and Louisiana","volume":"67","author":"Custer","year":"1981","unstructured":"Custer\n              JW\n            , PenceDB. Ecological analyses of helminth populations of wild canids from the Gulf Coastal prairies of Texas and Louisiana. J Parasitol1981;67:289\u2013307."},{"key":"bib13","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"1119","article-title":"Canine schistosomiasis","volume":"144","author":"Thrasher","year":"1964","unstructured":"Thrasher\n              JP\n            \n          . Canine schistosomiasis. J Am Vet Med Assoc1964;144:1119\u201326."},{"key":"bib14","series-title":"Veterinary pathology","first-page":"664","year":"1997","unstructured":"Jones\n              TC\n            , HuntRD, KingNW, eds. Veterinary pathology. 6th ed. Batlimore: Williams & Wilkins, 1997:664\u2013667."},{"issue":"5664","key":"bib15","series-title":"Nature","first-page":"609","article-title":"The pathology, pathobiology and pathogenesis of schistosomiasis","volume":"273","author":"Warren","year":"1978","unstructured":"Warren\n              KS\n            \n          . The pathology, pathobiology and pathogenesis of schistosomiasis. Nature1978;273(5664):609\u201312."},{"issue":"8","key":"bib16","series-title":"J Vet Med A Physiol Pathol Clin Med","first-page":"507","article-title":"Acute enteritis or gastroenteritis in young dogs as a predisposing factor for intestinal intussusception: a retrospective study","volume":"47","author":"Rallis","year":"2000","unstructured":"Rallis\n              TS\n            , PapazoglouLG, Adamama-MoraitouKK. Acute enteritis or gastroenteritis in young dogs as a predisposing factor for intestinal intussusception: a retrospective study. J Vet Med A Physiol Pathol Clin Med2000;47(8):507\u201311."},{"issue":"4","key":"bib17","series-title":"Vet Pathol","first-page":"241","article-title":"Visceral lesions in racoons naturally infected with Heterobilharzia americana","volume":"13","author":"Bartsch","year":"1976","unstructured":"Bartsch\n              RC\n            , WardBC. Visceral lesions in racoons naturally infected with Heterobilharzia americana. Vet Pathol1976;13(4):241\u20139."},{"key":"bib18","series-title":"Kidney Int Suppl","first-page":"S36","article-title":"Extrarenal production of calcitriol","volume":"29","author":"Dusso","year":"1990","unstructured":"Dusso\n              A\n            , FinchJ, DelmezJ. Extrarenal production of calcitriol. Kidney Int Suppl1990;29:S36\u201340."},{"issue":"7","key":"bib19","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"706","article-title":"Hypercalcemia associated with blastomycosis in dogs","volume":"188","author":"Dow","year":"1986","unstructured":"Dow\n              SW\n            , LegendreAM, StiffM. Hypercalcemia associated with blastomycosis in dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc1986;188(7):706\u20139."},{"issue":"15","key":"bib20","series-title":"N Engl J Med","first-page":"980","article-title":"The role of the vitamin D endocrine system in health and disease","volume":"320","author":"Reichel","year":"1989","unstructured":"Reichel\n              H\n            , KoefflerHP, NormanAW. The role of the vitamin D endocrine system in health and disease. 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Endocrinology1985;117(6):2267\u201373."},{"issue":"8","key":"bib23","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"699","article-title":"Miracidia hatching technique for diagnosis of canine schistosomiasis","volume":"177","author":"Goff","year":"1980","unstructured":"Goff\n              WL\n            , RonaldNC. Miracidia hatching technique for diagnosis of canine schistosomiasis. J Am Vet Med Assoc1980;177(8):699\u2013700."},{"issue":"2","key":"bib24","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"172","article-title":"Fenbendazole for the treatment of Heterobilharzia americana infection in dogs","volume":"182","author":"Ronald","year":"1983","unstructured":"Ronald\n              NC\n            , CraigTM. Fenbendazole for the treatment of Heterobilharzia americana infection in dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc1983;182(2):172."},{"key":"bib25","series-title":"J Vet Int Med","first-page":"804","article-title":"Development of a PCR test for the detection of Heterobilharzia americana DNA in dog feces (abstract)","volume":"22","author":"Bishop","year":"2008","unstructured":"Bishop\n              MA\n            , SuchodolskiJS, SteinerJM. Development of a PCR test for the detection of Heterobilharzia americana DNA in dog feces (abstract). 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