{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,9]],"date-time":"2026-03-09T04:24:52Z","timestamp":1773030292903,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":84,"publisher":"American Animal Hospital Association","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Antiseptic flushing of the canine prepuce and its exclusion from the surgical field are recommended before abdominal surgery to reduce the risk of bacterial contamination. The authors cultured the preputial cavity of 60 dogs prior to and following flushing with 0.05% chlorhexidine diacetate, 1% povidone-iodine, or 0.9% saline control. Bacterial growth was evaluated using a semiquantitative method, and bacterial organisms were subsequently identified. There were no significant differences between povidone-iodine and the saline control in any of the variables assessed. Chlorhexidine resulted in a significant decrease in the proportion of positive postflush cultures compared with povidone-iodine. Although not significant, the difference in adverse reactions between povidone-iodine (25%) and chlorhexidine diacetate (5%) suggests clinical relevance. Based on the results of this study, a 2 min flush with 0.05% chlorhexidine diacetate is recommended for presurgical preparation of the preputial cavity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.5326\/jaaha-ms-5681","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,11,4]],"date-time":"2011-11-04T12:29:53Z","timestamp":1320409793000},"page":"406-412","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Presurgical Antiseptic Efficacy of Chlorhexidine Diacetate and Providone-Iodine in the Canine Preputial Cavity"],"prefix":"10.5326","volume":"47","author":[{"given":"Steven A.","family":"Neihaus","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Terri L.","family":"Hathcock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dawn M.","family":"Boothe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Robert L.","family":"Goring","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"3280","reference":[{"key":"bib1","series-title":"Small animal surgery","first-page":"32","article-title":"Preparation of the operative site","author":"Fossum","year":"2007","unstructured":"Fossum\n              TW\n            \n          . 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Vet Surg1996;25(6):487\u201394."},{"issue":"11","key":"bib6","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"1941","article-title":"Evaluation of surgical scrub and antiseptic solutions for surgical preparation of canine paws","volume":"198","author":"Swaim","year":"1991","unstructured":"Swaim\n              SF\n            , RiddellKP, GeigerDL. Evaluation of surgical scrub and antiseptic solutions for surgical preparation of canine paws. J Am Vet Med Assoc1991;198(11):1941\u20135."},{"issue":"6","key":"bib7","series-title":"Vet Surg","first-page":"636","article-title":"A prospective comparison between stabilized glutaraldehyde and chlorhexidine gluconate for preoperative skin antisepsis in dogs","volume":"33","author":"Lambrechts","year":"2004","unstructured":"Lambrechts\n              NE\n            , HurterK, PicardJA. A prospective comparison between stabilized glutaraldehyde and chlorhexidine gluconate for preoperative skin antisepsis in dogs. Vet Surg2004;33(6):636\u201343."},{"issue":"2","key":"bib8","series-title":"Can J Vet Res","first-page":"154","article-title":"Comparison of two pre-surgical skin preparation techniques","volume":"61","author":"Gibson","year":"1997","unstructured":"Gibson\n              KL\n            , DonaldAW, HariharanH. Comparison of two pre-surgical skin preparation techniques. Can J Vet Res1997;61(2):154\u20136."},{"issue":"9","key":"bib9","series-title":"Int J Clin Pract","first-page":"752","article-title":"Efficacy of povidone-iodine in preputial antisepsis","volume":"57","author":"Cakmak","year":"2003","unstructured":"Cakmak\n              M\n            , CaglayanF, Kili\u00e7D. Efficacy of povidone-iodine in preputial antisepsis. Int J Clin Pract2003;57(9):752\u20134."},{"issue":"5","key":"bib10","series-title":"Am J Vet Res","first-page":"670","article-title":"Long-term study of aerobic bacteria of the genital tract in stud dogs","volume":"53","author":"Bjurstr\u00f6m","year":"1992","unstructured":"Bjurstr\u00f6m\n              L\n            , Linde-ForsbergC. Long-term study of aerobic bacteria of the genital tract in stud dogs. Am J Vet Res1992;53(5):670\u20133."},{"key":"bib11","series-title":"J Small Anim Pract","first-page":"325","article-title":"Some observations on the aerobic bacterial flora of the genital tract of the dog and bitch","volume":"23","author":"Allen","year":"1982","unstructured":"Allen\n              WE\n            , DagnallGJR. Some observations on the aerobic bacterial flora of the genital tract of the dog and bitch. 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Vet Surg1988;17(6):291\u20135."},{"key":"bib36","series-title":"Vet Dermatol","first-page":"75","article-title":"The distribution of Staphylococcus intermedius and coagulase-negative staphylococci on the hair, skin surface, within the hair follicles and on the mucous membranes of dogs","volume":"5","author":"Harvey","year":"1994","unstructured":"Harvey\n              RG\n            , LloydDH. The distribution of Staphylococcus intermedius and coagulase-negative staphylococci on the hair, skin surface, within the hair follicles and on the mucous membranes of dogs. Vet Dermatol1994;5:75\u201381."},{"issue":"6","key":"bib37","series-title":"Vet Surg","first-page":"732","article-title":"Efficacy of adhesive incise drapes in preventing bacterial contamination of clean canine surgical wounds","volume":"38","author":"Owen","year":"2009","unstructured":"Owen\n              LJ\n            , GinesJA, KnowlesTG. 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Identification of central venous hemodialysis catheter-related infection by a semiquantitative culture method. J Nephrol2007;20(4):462\u20137."},{"issue":"9","key":"bib41","series-title":"Vet Rec","first-page":"280","article-title":"Comparison of two techniques for intravenous catheter site preparation in dogs","volume":"162","author":"Dorey-Phillips","year":"2008","unstructured":"Dorey-Phillips\n              CL\n            , MurisonPJ. Comparison of two techniques for intravenous catheter site preparation in dogs. Vet Rec2008;162(9):280\u20131."},{"key":"bib42","series-title":"Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob","first-page":"20","article-title":"Pitfalls in efficacy testing\u2014how important is the validation of neutralization of chlorhexidine digluconate?","volume":"7","author":"Reichel","year":"2008","unstructured":"Reichel\n              M\n            , HeisigP, KampfG. Pitfalls in efficacy testing\u2014how important is the validation of neutralization of chlorhexidine digluconate?Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob2008;7:20."},{"key":"bib1","series-title":"Small animal surgery","first-page":"32","article-title":"Preparation of the operative site","author":"Fossum","year":"2007","unstructured":"Fossum\n              TW\n            \n          . Preparation of the operative site. In: FossumTW, ed. Small animal surgery. 3rd ed. St. Louis (MO): Mosby; 2007:32\u20137."},{"key":"bib2","series-title":"Canine and feline endocrinology and reproduction","first-page":"953","article-title":"Disorders of the penis and prepuce","author":"Feldman","year":"2004","unstructured":"Feldman\n              EC\n            , NelsonRW. Disorders of the penis and prepuce. In: FeldmanEC, NelsonRW, eds. Canine and feline endocrinology and reproduction. 3rd ed. St. Louis (MO): Saunders; 2004:953\u201360."},{"issue":"1","key":"bib3","series-title":"Vet Surg","first-page":"14","article-title":"Comparison of three skin preparation techniques in the dog. Part 1: Experimental trial","volume":"19","author":"Osuna","year":"1990","unstructured":"Osuna\n              DJ\n            , DeYoungDJ, WalkerRL. Comparison of three skin preparation techniques in the dog. Part 1: Experimental trial. Vet Surg1990;19(1):14\u20139."},{"issue":"1","key":"bib4","series-title":"Vet Surg","first-page":"20","article-title":"Comparison of three skin preparation techniques. Part 2: Clinical trial in 100 dogs","volume":"19","author":"Osuna","year":"1990","unstructured":"Osuna\n              DJ\n            , DeYoungDJ, WalkerRL. Comparison of three skin preparation techniques. Part 2: Clinical trial in 100 dogs. 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J Am Vet Med Assoc1991;198(11):1941\u20135."},{"issue":"6","key":"bib7","series-title":"Vet Surg","first-page":"636","article-title":"A prospective comparison between stabilized glutaraldehyde and chlorhexidine gluconate for preoperative skin antisepsis in dogs","volume":"33","author":"Lambrechts","year":"2004","unstructured":"Lambrechts\n              NE\n            , HurterK, PicardJA. A prospective comparison between stabilized glutaraldehyde and chlorhexidine gluconate for preoperative skin antisepsis in dogs. Vet Surg2004;33(6):636\u201343."},{"issue":"2","key":"bib8","series-title":"Can J Vet Res","first-page":"154","article-title":"Comparison of two pre-surgical skin preparation techniques","volume":"61","author":"Gibson","year":"1997","unstructured":"Gibson\n              KL\n            , DonaldAW, HariharanH. Comparison of two pre-surgical skin preparation techniques. Can J Vet Res1997;61(2):154\u20136."},{"issue":"9","key":"bib9","series-title":"Int J Clin Pract","first-page":"752","article-title":"Efficacy of povidone-iodine in preputial antisepsis","volume":"57","author":"Cakmak","year":"2003","unstructured":"Cakmak\n              M\n            , CaglayanF, Kili\u00e7D. Efficacy of povidone-iodine in preputial antisepsis. Int J Clin Pract2003;57(9):752\u20134."},{"issue":"5","key":"bib10","series-title":"Am J Vet Res","first-page":"670","article-title":"Long-term study of aerobic bacteria of the genital tract in stud dogs","volume":"53","author":"Bjurstr\u00f6m","year":"1992","unstructured":"Bjurstr\u00f6m\n              L\n            , Linde-ForsbergC. Long-term study of aerobic bacteria of the genital tract in stud dogs. Am J Vet Res1992;53(5):670\u20133."},{"key":"bib11","series-title":"J Small Anim Pract","first-page":"325","article-title":"Some observations on the aerobic bacterial flora of the genital tract of the dog and bitch","volume":"23","author":"Allen","year":"1982","unstructured":"Allen\n              WE\n            , DagnallGJR. Some observations on the aerobic bacterial flora of the genital tract of the dog and bitch. J Small Anim Pract1982;23:325\u201335."},{"issue":"4","key":"bib12","series-title":"Am J Vet Res","first-page":"695","article-title":"Aerobic bacterial flora of the prepuce, urethra, and vagina of normal adult dogs","volume":"39","author":"Ling","year":"1978","unstructured":"Ling\n              GV\n            , RubyAL. Aerobic bacterial flora of the prepuce, urethra, and vagina of normal adult dogs. 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J Am Vet Med Assoc1997;210(9):1302\u20136."},{"issue":"3B","key":"bib19","series-title":"Am J Med","first-page":"158S","article-title":"Risk factors for postoperative infection","volume":"91","author":"Garibaldi","year":"1991","unstructured":"Garibaldi\n              RA\n            , CushingD, LererT. Risk factors for postoperative infection. Am J Med1991;91(3B):158S\u201363S."},{"issue":"3B","key":"bib20","series-title":"Am J Med","first-page":"152S","article-title":"Surgical wound infection rates by wound class, operative procedure, and patient risk index. National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance System","volume":"91","author":"Culver","year":"1991","unstructured":"Culver\n              DH\n            , HoranTC, GaynesRP. Surgical wound infection rates by wound class, operative procedure, and patient risk index. National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance System. 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