{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T01:02:54Z","timestamp":1772326974264,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"American Animal Hospital Association","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011]]},"abstract":"Two healthy cats underwent elective surgical procedures under general anesthesia. One developed severe esophagitis leading to esophageal rupture, mediastinitis, and pyothorax. The other cat developed esophageal stricture, diverticulum formation, and suspected iatrogenic perforation. Both cats had signs of dysphagia and regurgitation beginning a few days after anesthesia. The first cat also had severe dyspnea due to septic pleural effusion and pneumomediastinum. In the second cat, endoscopy revealed diffuse esophagitis, an esophageal stricture, and a large esophageal diverticulum. Rupture of the esophageal wall occurred while inflating the esophagus for inspection. Due to the poor prognosis, both cats were euthanized. Necropsy revealed severe esophageal changes. Postanesthetic esophagitis has been previously described in dogs and cats; however, severe life-threatening esophageal injuries rarely occur as a sequel to general anesthesia. To the authors\u2019 knowledge, esophageal rupture secondary to perianesthetic reflux has never been reported in cats.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.5326\/jaaha-ms-5690","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,11,4]],"date-time":"2011-11-04T12:29:53Z","timestamp":1320409793000},"page":"436-442","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Severe Esophageal Injuries Occurring After General Anesthesia in Two Cats: Case Report and Literature Review"],"prefix":"10.5326","volume":"47","author":[{"given":"Chiara","family":"Adami","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stefano Di","family":"Palma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Karine","family":"Gendron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nadja","family":"Sigrist","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"3280","reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"bib1","series-title":"Can J Vet Res","first-page":"55","article-title":"Benign esophageal stricture in the dog and cat: a retrospective study of 20 cases","volume":"66","author":"Adamama-Moraitou","year":"2002","unstructured":"Adamama-Moraitou\n KK\n , RallisTS, PrassinosNN. Benign esophageal stricture in the dog and cat: a retrospective study of 20 cases. Can J Vet Res2002;66(1):55\u20139."},{"issue":"1","key":"bib2","series-title":"Vet Anaesth Analg","first-page":"6","article-title":"Post anaesthetic reflux oesophagitis in dogs and cats","volume":"22","author":"Raptopoulos","year":"1995","unstructured":"Raptopoulos\n D\n , GalatosAD. Post anaesthetic reflux oesophagitis in dogs and cats. Vet Anaesth Analg1995;22(1):6\u20138."},{"issue":"7","key":"bib3","series-title":"Vet Rec","first-page":"137","article-title":"Effects of thiopentone, propofol, alphaxalone-alphadolone, ketamine and xylazine-ketamine on lower oesophageal sphincter pressure and barrier pressure in cats","volume":"129","author":"Hashim","year":"1991","unstructured":"Hashim\n MA\n , WatermanAE. Effects of thiopentone, propofol, alphaxalone-alphadolone, ketamine and xylazine-ketamine on lower oesophageal sphincter pressure and barrier pressure in cats. Vet Rec1991;129(7):137\u20139."},{"issue":"7","key":"bib4","series-title":"Vet Rec","first-page":"158","article-title":"Effects of acepromazine, pethidine and atropine premedication on lower oesophageal sphincter pressure and barrier pressure in anaesthetised cats","volume":"133","author":"Hashim","year":"1993","unstructured":"Hashim\n MA\n , WatermanAE. Effects of acepromazine, pethidine and atropine premedication on lower oesophageal sphincter pressure and barrier pressure in anaesthetised cats. Vet Rec1993;133(7):158\u201360."},{"issue":"5","key":"bib5","series-title":"J Vet Med A","first-page":"287","article-title":"Gastro-oesophageal reflux during thiopentone or propofol anaesthesia in the cat","volume":"48","author":"Galatos","year":"2001","unstructured":"Galatos\n AD\n , SavasI, PrassinosNN. Gastro-oesophageal reflux during thiopentone or propofol anaesthesia in the cat. J Vet Med A2001;48(5):287\u201394."},{"issue":"20","key":"bib6","series-title":"Vet Rec","first-page":"513","article-title":"Gastro-oesophageal reflux during anaesthesia in the dog: the effect of age, positioning and type of surgical procedure","volume":"137","author":"Galatos","year":"1995","unstructured":"Galatos\n AD\n , RaptopoulosD. Gastro-oesophageal reflux during anaesthesia in the dog: the effect of age, positioning and type of surgical procedure. Vet Rec1995;137(20):513\u20136."},{"issue":"19","key":"bib7","series-title":"Vet Rec","first-page":"479","article-title":"Gastro-oesophageal reflux during anaesthesia in the dog: the effect of preoperative fasting and premedication","volume":"137","author":"Galatos","year":"1995","unstructured":"Galatos\n AD\n , RaptopoulosD. Gastro-oesophageal reflux during anaesthesia in the dog: the effect of preoperative fasting and premedication. Vet Rec1995;137(19):479\u201383."},{"issue":"1","key":"bib8","series-title":"Vet Anaesth Analg","first-page":"54","article-title":"Incidence of gastro-oesophageal reflux during anaesthesia, following two different fasting times in dogs","volume":"27","author":"Savas","year":"2000","unstructured":"Savas\n I\n , RaptopoulosD. Incidence of gastro-oesophageal reflux during anaesthesia, following two different fasting times in dogs. Vet Anaesth Analg2000;27(1):54\u201362."},{"key":"bib9","series-title":"Proceedings of the World Small Animal Veterinary Association (WSAVA) World Congress 2004","first-page":"14","article-title":"Pre-operative fasting: \u201cnil per os after midnight\u201d-time to change?","author":"Raptopoulos","unstructured":"Raptopoulos\n D\n , SavasI. Pre-operative fasting: \u201cnil per os after midnight\u201d-time to change?Proceedings of the World Small Animal Veterinary Association (WSAVA) World Congress 2004;14\u201317."},{"issue":"4","key":"bib10","series-title":"Am J Vet Res","first-page":"963","article-title":"Effects of atropine, acepromazine, meperidine, and xylazine on gastroesophageal sphincter pressure in the dog","volume":"46","author":"Strombeck","year":"1985","unstructured":"Strombeck\n DR\n , HarroldD. Effects of atropine, acepromazine, meperidine, and xylazine on gastroesophageal sphincter pressure in the dog. Am J Vet Res1985;46(4):963\u20135."},{"issue":"6 Pt 1","key":"bib11","series-title":"Am J Physiol","first-page":"G666","article-title":"Lower esophageal sphincter function in the cat: role of central innervation assessed by transient vagal blockade","volume":"246","author":"Reynolds","year":"1984","unstructured":"Reynolds\n RPE\n , El-SharkawyTY, DiamantNE. Lower esophageal sphincter function in the cat: role of central innervation assessed by transient vagal blockade. Am J Physiol1984;246(6 Pt 1):G666\u201374."},{"key":"bib12","series-title":"Lumb & Jones' Veterinary Anesthesia and Analgesia","first-page":"241","article-title":"Anticholinergics and sedatives","author":"Lamont","year":"2007","unstructured":"Lamont\n LA\n , MathewsKA. Anticholinergics and sedatives. In: TranquilliWJ, ThurmonJC, GrimmKA, eds. Lumb & Jones' Veterinary Anesthesia and Analgesia. 4th ed. Ames (IA): Wiley-Blackwell; 2007:241\u201371."},{"key":"bib13","series-title":"Lumb & Jones' Veterinary Anesthesia and Analgesia","first-page":"203","article-title":"Opioids, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatories, and analgesics adjuvants","author":"Lemke","year":"2007","unstructured":"Lemke\n KA\n \n . Opioids, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatories, and analgesics adjuvants. In: TranquilliWJ, ThurmonJC, GrimmKA, eds. Lumb & Jones' Veterinary Anesthesia and Analgesia. 4th ed. Ames (IA): Wiley-Blackwell; 2007:203\u201339."},{"issue":"1","key":"bib14","series-title":"Am Surg","first-page":"92","article-title":"Esophageal perforation after some attempts of tracheal intubation for respiratory arrest","volume":"75","author":"Moriwaki","year":"2009","unstructured":"Moriwaki\n Y\n , SugiyamaM, ToyodaH. Esophageal perforation after some attempts of tracheal intubation for respiratory arrest. Am Surg2009;75(1):92\u20133."},{"key":"bib15","series-title":"Scand J Gastroenterol","first-page":"9","article-title":"Mechanism of gastrointestinal toxicity of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs","volume":"163","author":"Rainsford","year":"1989","unstructured":"Rainsford\n KD\n \n . Mechanism of gastrointestinal toxicity of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. 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Esophageal strictures secondary to doxycycline administration in 4 cats. Feline Pract2000;28:10\u20132."},{"issue":"5","key":"bib23","series-title":"J Vet Intern Med","first-page":"467","article-title":"Evaluation of esophageal transit of tablets and capsules in 30 cats","volume":"15","author":"Westfall","year":"2001","unstructured":"Westfall\n DS\n , TwedtDC, SteynPF. Evaluation of esophageal transit of tablets and capsules in 30 cats. J Vet Intern Med2001;15(5):467\u201370."},{"issue":"5","key":"bib24","series-title":"J Vet Intern Med","first-page":"633","article-title":"The coxib NSAIDs: potential clinical and pharmacologic importance in veterinary medicine","volume":"19","author":"Bergh","year":"2005","unstructured":"Bergh\n MS\n , BudsbergSC. The coxib NSAIDs: potential clinical and pharmacologic importance in veterinary medicine. J Vet Intern Med2005;19(5):633\u201343."},{"issue":"2","key":"bib25","series-title":"J Am Anim Hosp Assoc","first-page":"161","article-title":"Feline esophagitis secondary to gastroesophageal reflux disease: clinical signs and radiographic, endoscopic, and histopathological findings","volume":"39","author":"Han","year":"2003","unstructured":"Han\n E\n , BroussardJ, BaerKE. Feline esophagitis secondary to gastroesophageal reflux disease: clinical signs and radiographic, endoscopic, and histopathological findings. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc2003;39(2):161\u20137."},{"issue":"6","key":"bib26","series-title":"J Am Anim Hosp Assoc","first-page":"455","article-title":"Postanesthetic esophageal dysfunction in 13 dogs","volume":"40","author":"Wilson","year":"2004","unstructured":"Wilson\n DV\n , WalshawR. Postanesthetic esophageal dysfunction in 13 dogs. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc2004;40(6):455\u201360."},{"issue":"1","key":"bib1","series-title":"Can J Vet Res","first-page":"55","article-title":"Benign esophageal stricture in the dog and cat: a retrospective study of 20 cases","volume":"66","author":"Adamama-Moraitou","year":"2002","unstructured":"Adamama-Moraitou\n KK\n , RallisTS, PrassinosNN. Benign esophageal stricture in the dog and cat: a retrospective study of 20 cases. Can J Vet Res2002;66(1):55\u20139."},{"issue":"1","key":"bib2","series-title":"Vet Anaesth Analg","first-page":"6","article-title":"Post anaesthetic reflux oesophagitis in dogs and cats","volume":"22","author":"Raptopoulos","year":"1995","unstructured":"Raptopoulos\n D\n , GalatosAD. Post anaesthetic reflux oesophagitis in dogs and cats. Vet Anaesth Analg1995;22(1):6\u20138."},{"issue":"7","key":"bib3","series-title":"Vet Rec","first-page":"137","article-title":"Effects of thiopentone, propofol, alphaxalone-alphadolone, ketamine and xylazine-ketamine on lower oesophageal sphincter pressure and barrier pressure in cats","volume":"129","author":"Hashim","year":"1991","unstructured":"Hashim\n MA\n , WatermanAE. Effects of thiopentone, propofol, alphaxalone-alphadolone, ketamine and xylazine-ketamine on lower oesophageal sphincter pressure and barrier pressure in cats. Vet Rec1991;129(7):137\u20139."},{"issue":"7","key":"bib4","series-title":"Vet Rec","first-page":"158","article-title":"Effects of acepromazine, pethidine and atropine premedication on lower oesophageal sphincter pressure and barrier pressure in anaesthetised cats","volume":"133","author":"Hashim","year":"1993","unstructured":"Hashim\n MA\n , WatermanAE. Effects of acepromazine, pethidine and atropine premedication on lower oesophageal sphincter pressure and barrier pressure in anaesthetised cats. Vet Rec1993;133(7):158\u201360."},{"issue":"5","key":"bib5","series-title":"J Vet Med A","first-page":"287","article-title":"Gastro-oesophageal reflux during thiopentone or propofol anaesthesia in the cat","volume":"48","author":"Galatos","year":"2001","unstructured":"Galatos\n AD\n , SavasI, PrassinosNN. Gastro-oesophageal reflux during thiopentone or propofol anaesthesia in the cat. J Vet Med A2001;48(5):287\u201394."},{"issue":"20","key":"bib6","series-title":"Vet Rec","first-page":"513","article-title":"Gastro-oesophageal reflux during anaesthesia in the dog: the effect of age, positioning and type of surgical procedure","volume":"137","author":"Galatos","year":"1995","unstructured":"Galatos\n AD\n , RaptopoulosD. Gastro-oesophageal reflux during anaesthesia in the dog: the effect of age, positioning and type of surgical procedure. Vet Rec1995;137(20):513\u20136."},{"issue":"19","key":"bib7","series-title":"Vet Rec","first-page":"479","article-title":"Gastro-oesophageal reflux during anaesthesia in the dog: the effect of preoperative fasting and premedication","volume":"137","author":"Galatos","year":"1995","unstructured":"Galatos\n AD\n , RaptopoulosD. Gastro-oesophageal reflux during anaesthesia in the dog: the effect of preoperative fasting and premedication. Vet Rec1995;137(19):479\u201383."},{"issue":"1","key":"bib8","series-title":"Vet Anaesth Analg","first-page":"54","article-title":"Incidence of gastro-oesophageal reflux during anaesthesia, following two different fasting times in dogs","volume":"27","author":"Savas","year":"2000","unstructured":"Savas\n I\n , RaptopoulosD. Incidence of gastro-oesophageal reflux during anaesthesia, following two different fasting times in dogs. Vet Anaesth Analg2000;27(1):54\u201362."},{"key":"bib9","series-title":"Proceedings of the World Small Animal Veterinary Association (WSAVA) World Congress 2004","first-page":"14","article-title":"Pre-operative fasting: \u201cnil per os after midnight\u201d-time to change?","author":"Raptopoulos","unstructured":"Raptopoulos\n D\n , SavasI. Pre-operative fasting: \u201cnil per os after midnight\u201d-time to change?Proceedings of the World Small Animal Veterinary Association (WSAVA) World Congress 2004;14\u201317."},{"issue":"4","key":"bib10","series-title":"Am J Vet Res","first-page":"963","article-title":"Effects of atropine, acepromazine, meperidine, and xylazine on gastroesophageal sphincter pressure in the dog","volume":"46","author":"Strombeck","year":"1985","unstructured":"Strombeck\n DR\n , HarroldD. Effects of atropine, acepromazine, meperidine, and xylazine on gastroesophageal sphincter pressure in the dog. Am J Vet Res1985;46(4):963\u20135."},{"issue":"6 Pt 1","key":"bib11","series-title":"Am J Physiol","first-page":"G666","article-title":"Lower esophageal sphincter function in the cat: role of central innervation assessed by transient vagal blockade","volume":"246","author":"Reynolds","year":"1984","unstructured":"Reynolds\n RPE\n , El-SharkawyTY, DiamantNE. Lower esophageal sphincter function in the cat: role of central innervation assessed by transient vagal blockade. Am J Physiol1984;246(6 Pt 1):G666\u201374."},{"key":"bib12","series-title":"Lumb & Jones' Veterinary Anesthesia and Analgesia","first-page":"241","article-title":"Anticholinergics and sedatives","author":"Lamont","year":"2007","unstructured":"Lamont\n LA\n , MathewsKA. Anticholinergics and sedatives. In: TranquilliWJ, ThurmonJC, GrimmKA, eds. Lumb & Jones' Veterinary Anesthesia and Analgesia. 4th ed. Ames (IA): Wiley-Blackwell; 2007:241\u201371."},{"key":"bib13","series-title":"Lumb & Jones' Veterinary Anesthesia and Analgesia","first-page":"203","article-title":"Opioids, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatories, and analgesics adjuvants","author":"Lemke","year":"2007","unstructured":"Lemke\n KA\n \n . Opioids, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatories, and analgesics adjuvants. In: TranquilliWJ, ThurmonJC, GrimmKA, eds. Lumb & Jones' Veterinary Anesthesia and Analgesia. 4th ed. Ames (IA): Wiley-Blackwell; 2007:203\u201339."},{"issue":"1","key":"bib14","series-title":"Am Surg","first-page":"92","article-title":"Esophageal perforation after some attempts of tracheal intubation for respiratory arrest","volume":"75","author":"Moriwaki","year":"2009","unstructured":"Moriwaki\n Y\n , SugiyamaM, ToyodaH. Esophageal perforation after some attempts of tracheal intubation for respiratory arrest. Am Surg2009;75(1):92\u20133."},{"key":"bib15","series-title":"Scand J Gastroenterol","first-page":"9","article-title":"Mechanism of gastrointestinal toxicity of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs","volume":"163","author":"Rainsford","year":"1989","unstructured":"Rainsford\n KD\n \n . Mechanism of gastrointestinal toxicity of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Scand J Gastroenterol1989;163:9\u201316."},{"issue":"3","key":"bib16","series-title":"J Vet Intern Med","first-page":"259","article-title":"NSAID-induced gastrointestinal adverse effects in dogs\u2013can we avoid them?","volume":"17","author":"Neiger","year":"2003","unstructured":"Neiger\n R\n \n . NSAID-induced gastrointestinal adverse effects in dogs\u2013can we avoid them?J Vet Intern Med2003;17(3):259\u201361."},{"issue":"6","key":"bib17","series-title":"Vet Clin N Am Small Anim Pract","first-page":"1243","article-title":"An update on nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) in small animals","volume":"38","author":"Papich","year":"2008","unstructured":"Papich\n MG\n \n . An update on nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) in small animals. Vet Clin N Am Small Anim Pract2008;38(6):1243\u201366, vi."},{"issue":"3","key":"bib18","series-title":"Am J Pathol","first-page":"963","article-title":"Selective cyclooxygenase-2 blocker delays healing of esophageal ulcers in rats and inhibits ulceration-triggered c-Met\/hepatocyte growth factor receptor induction and extracellular signal-regulated kinase 2 activation","volume":"160","author":"Baatar","year":"2002","unstructured":"Baatar\n D\n , JonesMK, PaiR. Selective cyclooxygenase-2 blocker delays healing of esophageal ulcers in rats and inhibits ulceration-triggered c-Met\/hepatocyte growth factor receptor induction and extracellular signal-regulated kinase 2 activation. Am J Pathol2002;160(3):963\u201372."},{"key":"bib19","series-title":"Surg Endosc","first-page":"143","article-title":"Bleeding esophageal ulcers caused by NSAID","volume":"11","author":"Sugawa","year":"1997","unstructured":"Sugawa\n C\n , TakekumaY, LucasCE. Bleeding esophageal ulcers caused by NSAID. Surg Endosc1997;11:143\u20136."},{"key":"bib20","series-title":"AJR","first-page":"955","article-title":"Giant esophageal ulcer due to clinoril","volume":"156","author":"Levine","year":"1991","unstructured":"Levine\n MS\n , RothsteinRD, LauferI. Giant esophageal ulcer due to clinoril. AJR1991;156:955\u20136."},{"issue":"2","key":"bib21","series-title":"Dig Dis Sci","first-page":"174","article-title":"Pill-induced esophageal injury. Case reports and review of the medical literature","volume":"28","author":"Kikendall","year":"1983","unstructured":"Kikendall\n JW\n , FriedmanAC, OyewoleMA. Pill-induced esophageal injury. Case reports and review of the medical literature. Dig Dis Sci1983;28(2):174\u201382."},{"key":"bib22","series-title":"Feline Pract","first-page":"10","article-title":"Esophageal strictures secondary to doxycycline administration in 4 cats","volume":"28","author":"Melendez","year":"2000","unstructured":"Melendez\n LD\n , TwedtDC. Esophageal strictures secondary to doxycycline administration in 4 cats. Feline Pract2000;28:10\u20132."},{"issue":"5","key":"bib23","series-title":"J Vet Intern Med","first-page":"467","article-title":"Evaluation of esophageal transit of tablets and capsules in 30 cats","volume":"15","author":"Westfall","year":"2001","unstructured":"Westfall\n DS\n , TwedtDC, SteynPF. Evaluation of esophageal transit of tablets and capsules in 30 cats. 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