{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T01:02:57Z","timestamp":1772326977333,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"American Animal Hospital Association","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>A 13 mo old spayed female mixed-breed dog presented in a nonambulatory state that was attributed to severe myoclonus secondary to distemper. The authors hypothesized that mitigating the myoclonus would help the dog become ambulatory and expedite convalescence. They injected the severely affected muscles with botulinum toxin on two separate occasions over a period of 18 days. Those injections reduced the myoclonus, helping the dog become ambulatory and attaining a comfortable, functional state.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.5326\/jaaha-ms-5786","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,17]],"date-time":"2013-01-17T02:28:31Z","timestamp":1358389711000},"page":"122-127","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["The Use of Botulinum Toxin for the Treatment of Generalized Myoclonus in a DogS"],"prefix":"10.5326","volume":"49","author":[{"given":"Tom","family":"Schubert","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Roger","family":"Clemmons","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sarita","family":"Miles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"William","family":"Draper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"3280","reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"bib1","series-title":"Electromyogr Clin Neurophysiol","first-page":"323","article-title":"Electromyographic analysis of canine distemper myoclonus","volume":"29","author":"Inada","year":"1989","unstructured":"Inada\n              S\n            \n          . Electromyographic analysis of canine distemper myoclonus. Electromyogr Clin Neurophysiol1989;29(6):323\u201331."},{"key":"bib2","series-title":"Am J Vet Res","first-page":"1375","article-title":"Experimental study of canine distemper myoclonus","volume":"27","author":"Breazile","year":"1966","unstructured":"Breazile\n              JF\n            , BlaughBS, NailN. Experimental study of canine distemper myoclonus. Am J Vet Res1966;27:1375\u20139."},{"key":"bib3","series-title":"Veterinary neuropathology","first-page":"102","article-title":"Inflammatory diseases of the central nervous system","author":"Summers","year":"1995","unstructured":"Summers\n              BA\n            , CummingsJF, de LahuntaA. Inflammatory diseases of the central nervous system. In: SummersBA, CummingsJF, deLahuntaA, eds. Veterinary neuropathology. St. Louis (MO): Mosby; 1995:102\u201310."},{"issue":"1","key":"bib4","series-title":"J Comp Pathol","first-page":"47","article-title":"Relation of clinical signs to pathological changes in 19 cases of canine distemper encephalomyelitis","volume":"126","author":"Koutinas","year":"2002","unstructured":"Koutinas\n              AF\n            , PolizopoulouZS, BaumgaertnerW. Relation of clinical signs to pathological changes in 19 cases of canine distemper encephalomyelitis. J Comp Pathol2002;126(1):47\u201356."},{"issue":"5","key":"bib5","series-title":"J Vet Intern Med","first-page":"304","article-title":"Diagnosis of inflammatory and infectious diseases of the central nervous system in dogs: a retrospective study","volume":"9","author":"Tipold","year":"1995","unstructured":"Tipold\n              A\n            \n          . Diagnosis of inflammatory and infectious diseases of the central nervous system in dogs: a retrospective study. J Vet Intern Med1995;9(5):304\u201314."},{"key":"bib6","series-title":"J. Am Anim Hosp","first-page":"845","article-title":"Lead toxicity in a dog","volume":"17","author":"O\u2019Brien","year":"1981","unstructured":"O\u2019Brien\n              DP\n            \n          . Lead toxicity in a dog. J. Am Anim Hosp1981;17:845\u201350."},{"issue":"9","key":"bib7","series-title":"Can Vet J","first-page":"963","article-title":"Lafora disease as a cause of visually exacerbated myoclonic attacks in a dog","volume":"50","author":"Webb","year":"2009","unstructured":"Webb\n              AA\n            , McMillanC, CullenCL. Lafora disease as a cause of visually exacerbated myoclonic attacks in a dog. Can Vet J2009;50(9):963\u20137."},{"issue":"11","key":"bib8","series-title":"J Small Anim Pract","first-page":"511","article-title":"Progressive myoclonus epilepsy in a beagle","volume":"44","author":"Gredal","year":"2003","unstructured":"Gredal\n              H\n            , BerendtM, LeifssonPS. Progressive myoclonus epilepsy in a beagle. J Small Anim Pract2003;44(11):511\u20134."},{"issue":"6","key":"bib9","series-title":"Vet Res Commun","first-page":"679","article-title":"Antemortem diagnosis of CDV infection by RT-PCR in distemper dogs with neurological deficits without the typical clinical presentation","volume":"30","author":"Amude","year":"2006","unstructured":"Amude\n              AM\n            , AlfieriAA, AlfieriAF. Antemortem diagnosis of CDV infection by RT-PCR in distemper dogs with neurological deficits without the typical clinical presentation. Vet Res Commun2006;30(6):679\u201387."},{"key":"bib10","series-title":"Infectious diseases of the dog and cat","first-page":"25","article-title":"Canine distemper","author":"Greene","year":"2006","unstructured":"Greene\n              GE\n            , AppelMJ. Canine distemper. In: GreeneGE, ed. Infectious diseases of the dog and cat. 3rd ed. Philadelphia (PA): WB Saunders; 2006:25\u201341."},{"issue":"2","key":"bib11","series-title":"Vet Radiol Ultrasound","first-page":"182","article-title":"Imaging diagnosis\u2014chronic canine distemper meningoencephalitis","volume":"50","author":"Griffin","year":"2009","unstructured":"Griffin\n              JF IV\n            , YoungBD, LevineJM. Imaging diagnosis\u2014chronic canine distemper meningoencephalitis. Vet Radiol Ultrasound2009;50(2):182\u20134."},{"issue":"9","key":"bib12","series-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry","first-page":"773","article-title":"Spinal internuncial neurones in progressive encephalomyelitis with rigidity","volume":"42","author":"Howell","year":"1979","unstructured":"Howell\n              DA\n            , LeesAJ, ToghillPJ. Spinal internuncial neurones in progressive encephalomyelitis with rigidity. 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Arq Neuropsiquiatr2003;61(1):112\u20134."},{"issue":"12","key":"bib15","series-title":"J Child Neurol","first-page":"781","article-title":"Treatment of childhood myoclonus with botulinum toxin type A","volume":"14","author":"Awaad","year":"1999","unstructured":"Awaad\n              Y\n            , TayemH, ElgamalA. Treatment of childhood myoclonus with botulinum toxin type A. J Child Neurol1999;14(12):781\u20136."},{"issue":"7","key":"bib16","series-title":"J Neurol","first-page":"857","article-title":"Botulinum toxin is effective and safe for palatal tremor: a report of five cases and a review of the literature","volume":"253","author":"Penney","year":"2006","unstructured":"Penney\n              SE\n            , BruceIA, SaeedSR. Botulinum toxin is effective and safe for palatal tremor: a report of five cases and a review of the literature. J Neurol2006;253(7):857\u201360."},{"issue":"11","key":"bib17","series-title":"Isr J Med Sci","first-page":"816","article-title":"Interventional neurology: botulinum toxin as a potent symptomatic treatment in neurology","volume":"30","author":"Giladi","year":"1994","unstructured":"Giladi\n              N\n            , MeerJ, KidanC. Interventional neurology: botulinum toxin as a potent symptomatic treatment in neurology. Isr J Med Sci1994;30(11):816\u20139."},{"issue":"2","key":"bib18","series-title":"Mov Disord","first-page":"233","article-title":"Effectiveness of botulinum toxin type A against painful limb myoclonus of spinal cord origin","volume":"9","author":"Polo","year":"1994","unstructured":"Polo\n              KB\n            , JabbariB. Effectiveness of botulinum toxin type A against painful limb myoclonus of spinal cord origin. Mov Disord1994;9(2):233\u20135."},{"issue":"9","key":"bib19","series-title":"Mov Disord","first-page":"1500","article-title":"Botulinum toxin treatment of facial myoclonus in suspected Rasmussen encephalitis","volume":"21","author":"Browner","year":"2006","unstructured":"Browner\n              N\n            , AzherSN, JankovicJ. Botulinum toxin treatment of facial myoclonus in suspected Rasmussen encephalitis. Mov Disord2006;21(9):1500\u20132."},{"issue":"2","key":"bib20","series-title":"Am J Otolaryngol","first-page":"91","article-title":"Difference in outcome of botulinum toxin treatment of essential palatal tremor in children and adults","volume":"31","author":"Krause","year":"2010","unstructured":"Krause\n              E\n            , HeinenF, G\u00fcrkovR. Difference in outcome of botulinum toxin treatment of essential palatal tremor in children and adults. Am J Otolaryngol2010;31(2):91\u20135."},{"issue":"10","key":"bib21","series-title":"Aust Vet J","first-page":"612","article-title":"The use of botulinum toxin A for treatment of possible essential blepharospasm in a dog","volume":"81","author":"Meyer-Lindenberg","year":"2003","unstructured":"Meyer-Lindenberg\n              A\n            , WohlfarthKM, SwitzerEN. The use of botulinum toxin A for treatment of possible essential blepharospasm in a dog. Aust Vet J2003;81(10):612\u20134."},{"issue":"5","key":"bib22","series-title":"Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg","first-page":"657","article-title":"Bilateral thyroarytenoid denervation: a new treatment for laryngeal hyperadduction disorders studied in the canine","volume":"107","author":"Sercarz","year":"1992","unstructured":"Sercarz\n              JA\n            , BerkeGS, MingY. Bilateral thyroarytenoid denervation: a new treatment for laryngeal hyperadduction disorders studied in the canine. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg1992;107(5):657\u201368."},{"issue":"1","key":"bib23","series-title":"J Small Anim Pract","first-page":"39","article-title":"Partial tarsal arthrodesis and botulinum toxin A injection for correction of tarsal arthrogryposis in a cat","volume":"48","author":"Bright","year":"2007","unstructured":"Bright\n              SR\n            , GirlingSL, O\u2019NeillT. Partial tarsal arthrodesis and botulinum toxin A injection for correction of tarsal arthrogryposis in a cat. J Small Anim Pract2007;48(1):39\u201342."},{"key":"bib24","series-title":"Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmakol","first-page":"335","article-title":"Botulinum A toxins: units versus units","volume":"355","author":"Wohlfarth","year":"1997","unstructured":"Wohlfarth\n              K\n            , G\u00f6schelH, FrevertJ. Botulinum A toxins: units versus units. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmakol1997;355:335\u201340."},{"key":"bib25","series-title":"J Amer Vet Assoc","first-page":"809","article-title":"Type C botulism in American Foxhounds","volume":"17","author":"Barsanti","year":"1978","unstructured":"Barsanti\n              J\n            , WalserM, HathewayC. Type C botulism in American FoxhoundsJ Amer Vet Assoc1978;17:809\u201313"},{"key":"bib26","series-title":"J Infect Dis","first-page":"402","article-title":"Experimental botulism in dogs","volume":"31","author":"Graham","year":"1922","unstructured":"Graham\n              R\n            , EriksenS. Experimental botulism in dogs. J Infect Dis1922;31:402\u20136."},{"key":"bib27","series-title":"Infectious diseases of the dog and cat","first-page":"515","author":"Barsanti","year":"1990","unstructured":"Barsanti\n              J\n            \n          . Botulism. In: GreeneGE, ed. Infectious diseases of the dog and cat. Philadelphia (PA): WB Saunders; 1990:515\u201320."},{"key":"bib28","series-title":"The Merck veterinary manual","first-page":"442","year":"1998","unstructured":"Botulism. In:\n          \n            \n              Aiello\n              SE\n            , MaysA, eds. The Merck veterinary manual. 8th ed. Whitehouse Station (NJ): Merck and Co.; 1998:442\u20134."},{"issue":"5","key":"bib29","series-title":"Muscle Nerve","first-page":"653","article-title":"Evaluating motor end-plate-targeted injections of botulinum toxin type A in a canine model","volume":"21","author":"Childers","year":"1998","unstructured":"Childers\n              MK\n            , KornegayJN, AokiR. Evaluating motor end-plate-targeted injections of botulinum toxin type A in a canine model. Muscle Nerve1998;21(5):653\u20135."},{"issue":"7","key":"bib30","series-title":"J Laryngol Otol","first-page":"714","article-title":"The point-touch technique for botulinum toxin injection in adductor spasmodic dysphonia: quality of life assessment","volume":"125","author":"Morzaria","year":"2011","unstructured":"Morzaria\n              S\n            , DamroseEJ. The point-touch technique for botulinum toxin injection in adductor spasmodic dysphonia: quality of life assessment. J Laryngol Otol2011;125(7):714\u20138."},{"key":"bib31","series-title":"Harrison\u2019s principles of internal medicine","first-page":"842","author":"Abrutyn","year":"2005","unstructured":"Abrutyn\n              E\n            \n          . Botulism. In: KaspDL, BarunwaldE, HauserS. eds. Harrison\u2019s principles of internal medicine. 16th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill; 2005:842\u20135."},{"issue":"6","key":"bib1","series-title":"Electromyogr Clin Neurophysiol","first-page":"323","article-title":"Electromyographic analysis of canine distemper myoclonus","volume":"29","author":"Inada","year":"1989","unstructured":"Inada\n              S\n            \n          . Electromyographic analysis of canine distemper myoclonus. Electromyogr Clin Neurophysiol1989;29(6):323\u201331."},{"key":"bib2","series-title":"Am J Vet Res","first-page":"1375","article-title":"Experimental study of canine distemper myoclonus","volume":"27","author":"Breazile","year":"1966","unstructured":"Breazile\n              JF\n            , BlaughBS, NailN. Experimental study of canine distemper myoclonus. Am J Vet Res1966;27:1375\u20139."},{"key":"bib3","series-title":"Veterinary neuropathology","first-page":"102","article-title":"Inflammatory diseases of the central nervous system","author":"Summers","year":"1995","unstructured":"Summers\n              BA\n            , CummingsJF, de LahuntaA. Inflammatory diseases of the central nervous system. In: SummersBA, CummingsJF, deLahuntaA, eds. Veterinary neuropathology. St. Louis (MO): Mosby; 1995:102\u201310."},{"issue":"1","key":"bib4","series-title":"J Comp Pathol","first-page":"47","article-title":"Relation of clinical signs to pathological changes in 19 cases of canine distemper encephalomyelitis","volume":"126","author":"Koutinas","year":"2002","unstructured":"Koutinas\n              AF\n            , PolizopoulouZS, BaumgaertnerW. Relation of clinical signs to pathological changes in 19 cases of canine distemper encephalomyelitis. J Comp Pathol2002;126(1):47\u201356."},{"issue":"5","key":"bib5","series-title":"J Vet Intern Med","first-page":"304","article-title":"Diagnosis of inflammatory and infectious diseases of the central nervous system in dogs: a retrospective study","volume":"9","author":"Tipold","year":"1995","unstructured":"Tipold\n              A\n            \n          . Diagnosis of inflammatory and infectious diseases of the central nervous system in dogs: a retrospective study. J Vet Intern Med1995;9(5):304\u201314."},{"key":"bib6","series-title":"J. Am Anim Hosp","first-page":"845","article-title":"Lead toxicity in a dog","volume":"17","author":"O\u2019Brien","year":"1981","unstructured":"O\u2019Brien\n              DP\n            \n          . Lead toxicity in a dog. J. Am Anim Hosp1981;17:845\u201350."},{"issue":"9","key":"bib7","series-title":"Can Vet J","first-page":"963","article-title":"Lafora disease as a cause of visually exacerbated myoclonic attacks in a dog","volume":"50","author":"Webb","year":"2009","unstructured":"Webb\n              AA\n            , McMillanC, CullenCL. Lafora disease as a cause of visually exacerbated myoclonic attacks in a dog. Can Vet J2009;50(9):963\u20137."},{"issue":"11","key":"bib8","series-title":"J Small Anim Pract","first-page":"511","article-title":"Progressive myoclonus epilepsy in a beagle","volume":"44","author":"Gredal","year":"2003","unstructured":"Gredal\n              H\n            , BerendtM, LeifssonPS. Progressive myoclonus epilepsy in a beagle. J Small Anim Pract2003;44(11):511\u20134."},{"issue":"6","key":"bib9","series-title":"Vet Res Commun","first-page":"679","article-title":"Antemortem diagnosis of CDV infection by RT-PCR in distemper dogs with neurological deficits without the typical clinical presentation","volume":"30","author":"Amude","year":"2006","unstructured":"Amude\n              AM\n            , AlfieriAA, AlfieriAF. Antemortem diagnosis of CDV infection by RT-PCR in distemper dogs with neurological deficits without the typical clinical presentation. Vet Res Commun2006;30(6):679\u201387."},{"key":"bib10","series-title":"Infectious diseases of the dog and cat","first-page":"25","article-title":"Canine distemper","author":"Greene","year":"2006","unstructured":"Greene\n              GE\n            , AppelMJ. Canine distemper. In: GreeneGE, ed. Infectious diseases of the dog and cat. 3rd ed. Philadelphia (PA): WB Saunders; 2006:25\u201341."},{"issue":"2","key":"bib11","series-title":"Vet Radiol Ultrasound","first-page":"182","article-title":"Imaging diagnosis\u2014chronic canine distemper meningoencephalitis","volume":"50","author":"Griffin","year":"2009","unstructured":"Griffin\n              JF IV\n            , YoungBD, LevineJM. Imaging diagnosis\u2014chronic canine distemper meningoencephalitis. Vet Radiol Ultrasound2009;50(2):182\u20134."},{"issue":"9","key":"bib12","series-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry","first-page":"773","article-title":"Spinal internuncial neurones in progressive encephalomyelitis with rigidity","volume":"42","author":"Howell","year":"1979","unstructured":"Howell\n              DA\n            , LeesAJ, ToghillPJ. Spinal internuncial neurones in progressive encephalomyelitis with rigidity. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry1979;42(9):773\u201385."},{"issue":"2","key":"bib13","series-title":"Eur Neurol","first-page":"104","article-title":"Treatment of painful limbs\/moving extremities with botulinum toxin type A injections","volume":"60","author":"Eisa","year":"2008","unstructured":"Eisa\n              M\n            , SingerC, SengunC. Treatment of painful limbs\/moving extremities with botulinum toxin type A injections. Eur Neurol2008;60(2):104\u20136."},{"issue":"1","key":"bib14","series-title":"Arq Neuropsiquiatr","first-page":"112","article-title":"A case of primary spinal myoclonus: clinical presentation and possible mechanisms involved","volume":"61","author":"Campos","year":"2003","unstructured":"Campos\n              CR\n            , LimongiJC, MachadoFC. A case of primary spinal myoclonus: clinical presentation and possible mechanisms involved. Arq Neuropsiquiatr2003;61(1):112\u20134."},{"issue":"12","key":"bib15","series-title":"J Child Neurol","first-page":"781","article-title":"Treatment of childhood myoclonus with botulinum toxin type A","volume":"14","author":"Awaad","year":"1999","unstructured":"Awaad\n              Y\n            , TayemH, ElgamalA. Treatment of childhood myoclonus with botulinum toxin type A. J Child Neurol1999;14(12):781\u20136."},{"issue":"7","key":"bib16","series-title":"J Neurol","first-page":"857","article-title":"Botulinum toxin is effective and safe for palatal tremor: a report of five cases and a review of the literature","volume":"253","author":"Penney","year":"2006","unstructured":"Penney\n              SE\n            , BruceIA, SaeedSR. Botulinum toxin is effective and safe for palatal tremor: a report of five cases and a review of the literature. J Neurol2006;253(7):857\u201360."},{"issue":"11","key":"bib17","series-title":"Isr J Med Sci","first-page":"816","article-title":"Interventional neurology: botulinum toxin as a potent symptomatic treatment in neurology","volume":"30","author":"Giladi","year":"1994","unstructured":"Giladi\n              N\n            , MeerJ, KidanC. Interventional neurology: botulinum toxin as a potent symptomatic treatment in neurology. Isr J Med Sci1994;30(11):816\u20139."},{"issue":"2","key":"bib18","series-title":"Mov Disord","first-page":"233","article-title":"Effectiveness of botulinum toxin type A against painful limb myoclonus of spinal cord origin","volume":"9","author":"Polo","year":"1994","unstructured":"Polo\n              KB\n            , JabbariB. Effectiveness of botulinum toxin type A against painful limb myoclonus of spinal cord origin. Mov Disord1994;9(2):233\u20135."},{"issue":"9","key":"bib19","series-title":"Mov Disord","first-page":"1500","article-title":"Botulinum toxin treatment of facial myoclonus in suspected Rasmussen encephalitis","volume":"21","author":"Browner","year":"2006","unstructured":"Browner\n              N\n            , AzherSN, JankovicJ. Botulinum toxin treatment of facial myoclonus in suspected Rasmussen encephalitis. Mov Disord2006;21(9):1500\u20132."},{"issue":"2","key":"bib20","series-title":"Am J Otolaryngol","first-page":"91","article-title":"Difference in outcome of botulinum toxin treatment of essential palatal tremor in children and adults","volume":"31","author":"Krause","year":"2010","unstructured":"Krause\n              E\n            , HeinenF, G\u00fcrkovR. Difference in outcome of botulinum toxin treatment of essential palatal tremor in children and adults. Am J Otolaryngol2010;31(2):91\u20135."},{"issue":"10","key":"bib21","series-title":"Aust Vet J","first-page":"612","article-title":"The use of botulinum toxin A for treatment of possible essential blepharospasm in a dog","volume":"81","author":"Meyer-Lindenberg","year":"2003","unstructured":"Meyer-Lindenberg\n              A\n            , WohlfarthKM, SwitzerEN. The use of botulinum toxin A for treatment of possible essential blepharospasm in a dog. Aust Vet J2003;81(10):612\u20134."},{"issue":"5","key":"bib22","series-title":"Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg","first-page":"657","article-title":"Bilateral thyroarytenoid denervation: a new treatment for laryngeal hyperadduction disorders studied in the canine","volume":"107","author":"Sercarz","year":"1992","unstructured":"Sercarz\n              JA\n            , BerkeGS, MingY. Bilateral thyroarytenoid denervation: a new treatment for laryngeal hyperadduction disorders studied in the canine. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg1992;107(5):657\u201368."},{"issue":"1","key":"bib23","series-title":"J Small Anim Pract","first-page":"39","article-title":"Partial tarsal arthrodesis and botulinum toxin A injection for correction of tarsal arthrogryposis in a cat","volume":"48","author":"Bright","year":"2007","unstructured":"Bright\n              SR\n            , GirlingSL, O\u2019NeillT. Partial tarsal arthrodesis and botulinum toxin A injection for correction of tarsal arthrogryposis in a cat. J Small Anim Pract2007;48(1):39\u201342."},{"key":"bib24","series-title":"Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmakol","first-page":"335","article-title":"Botulinum A toxins: units versus units","volume":"355","author":"Wohlfarth","year":"1997","unstructured":"Wohlfarth\n              K\n            , G\u00f6schelH, FrevertJ. Botulinum A toxins: units versus units. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmakol1997;355:335\u201340."},{"key":"bib25","series-title":"J Amer Vet Assoc","first-page":"809","article-title":"Type C botulism in American Foxhounds","volume":"17","author":"Barsanti","year":"1978","unstructured":"Barsanti\n              J\n            , WalserM, HathewayC. Type C botulism in American FoxhoundsJ Amer Vet Assoc1978;17:809\u201313"},{"key":"bib26","series-title":"J Infect Dis","first-page":"402","article-title":"Experimental botulism in dogs","volume":"31","author":"Graham","year":"1922","unstructured":"Graham\n              R\n            , EriksenS. Experimental botulism in dogs. J Infect Dis1922;31:402\u20136."},{"key":"bib27","series-title":"Infectious diseases of the dog and cat","first-page":"515","author":"Barsanti","year":"1990","unstructured":"Barsanti\n              J\n            \n          . Botulism. In: GreeneGE, ed. Infectious diseases of the dog and cat. Philadelphia (PA): WB Saunders; 1990:515\u201320."},{"key":"bib28","series-title":"The Merck veterinary manual","first-page":"442","year":"1998","unstructured":"Botulism. In:\n          \n            \n              Aiello\n              SE\n            , MaysA, eds. The Merck veterinary manual. 8th ed. Whitehouse Station (NJ): Merck and Co.; 1998:442\u20134."},{"issue":"5","key":"bib29","series-title":"Muscle Nerve","first-page":"653","article-title":"Evaluating motor end-plate-targeted injections of botulinum toxin type A in a canine model","volume":"21","author":"Childers","year":"1998","unstructured":"Childers\n              MK\n            , KornegayJN, AokiR. Evaluating motor end-plate-targeted injections of botulinum toxin type A in a canine model. Muscle Nerve1998;21(5):653\u20135."},{"issue":"7","key":"bib30","series-title":"J Laryngol Otol","first-page":"714","article-title":"The point-touch technique for botulinum toxin injection in adductor spasmodic dysphonia: quality of life assessment","volume":"125","author":"Morzaria","year":"2011","unstructured":"Morzaria\n              S\n            , DamroseEJ. The point-touch technique for botulinum toxin injection in adductor spasmodic dysphonia: quality of life assessment. J Laryngol Otol2011;125(7):714\u20138."},{"key":"bib31","series-title":"Harrison\u2019s principles of internal medicine","first-page":"842","author":"Abrutyn","year":"2005","unstructured":"Abrutyn\n              E\n            \n          . Botulism. In: KaspDL, BarunwaldE, HauserS. eds. Harrison\u2019s principles of internal medicine. 16th ed. 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