{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T15:45:28Z","timestamp":1791301528289,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"American Animal Hospital Association","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Although the incidence of uterine disorders in pet rabbits is high there are only a few retrospective studies and case reports on genital tract disease in female rabbits. Uterine disorders were assessed in 50 pet rabbits. In 31 pet rabbits with suspected clinical uterine disease, medical records were further reviewed regarding clinical signs, diagnostic workup, treatment as well as the outcome itself. Uterine adenocarcinoma (54%) was most frequently diagnosed, followed by endometrial hyperplasia (26%). Serosanguineous vaginal discharge was the predominant clinical sign observed by the rabbit owners. In approximately 50% of the rabbits with suspected uterine disorders, abdominal palpation revealed enlarged and\/or irregular masses in the caudoventral abdomen indicating uterine lesions. Out of 23 rabbits undergoing ovariohysterectomy, four were either euthanized or died shortly after surgery because they were clinically unstable. Overall, 80% of the ovariohysterectomized animals were still alive 6 mo after surgery. In female pet rabbits that are not breeding, either ovariohysterectomy should be performed at an early age or routine checks including ultrasonography of the abdomen are recommended on a regular basis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.5326\/jaaha-ms-5812","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,21]],"date-time":"2014-11-21T16:37:15Z","timestamp":1416587835000},"page":"8-14","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":44,"title":["Uterine Disorders in 50 Pet Rabbits"],"prefix":"10.5326","volume":"51","author":[{"given":"Frank","family":"K\u00fcnzel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Clinic of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases (F.K., S.S.), Clinic for Diagnostic Imaging (J.H.), Clinic for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Andrology (P.B.), Institute of Pathology and Forensic Medicine (A.F-B.), and Institute of Medical Physics and Biostatistics, Department of Natural Science (A.T.), University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria; Veterinary Practice Eggenberg, Graz, Austria (P.G.)."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Petra","family":"Grinninger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"P. Grinninger's present affiliation is Tierarztbraxis Eggenberg, Graz, Austria."},{"name":"From the Clinic of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases (F.K., S.S.), Clinic for Diagnostic Imaging (J.H.), Clinic for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Andrology (P.B.), Institute of Pathology and Forensic Medicine (A.F-B.), and Institute of Medical Physics and Biostatistics, Department of Natural Science (A.T.), University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria; Veterinary Practice Eggenberg, Graz, Austria (P.G.)."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarina","family":"Shibly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Clinic of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases (F.K., S.S.), Clinic for Diagnostic Imaging (J.H.), Clinic for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Andrology (P.B.), Institute of Pathology and Forensic Medicine (A.F-B.), and Institute of Medical Physics and Biostatistics, Department of Natural Science (A.T.), University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria; Veterinary Practice Eggenberg, Graz, Austria (P.G.)."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jasmin","family":"Hassan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Clinic of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases (F.K., S.S.), Clinic for Diagnostic Imaging (J.H.), Clinic for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Andrology (P.B.), Institute of Pathology and Forensic Medicine (A.F-B.), and Institute of Medical Physics and Biostatistics, Department of Natural Science (A.T.), University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria; Veterinary Practice Eggenberg, Graz, Austria (P.G.)."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander","family":"Tichy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Clinic of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases (F.K., S.S.), Clinic for Diagnostic Imaging (J.H.), Clinic for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Andrology (P.B.), Institute of Pathology and Forensic Medicine (A.F-B.), and Institute of Medical Physics and Biostatistics, Department of Natural Science (A.T.), University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria; Veterinary Practice Eggenberg, Graz, Austria (P.G.)."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Petra","family":"Berghold","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Clinic of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases (F.K., S.S.), Clinic for Diagnostic Imaging (J.H.), Clinic for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Andrology (P.B.), Institute of Pathology and Forensic Medicine (A.F-B.), and Institute of Medical Physics and Biostatistics, Department of Natural Science (A.T.), University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria; Veterinary Practice Eggenberg, Graz, Austria (P.G.)."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Fuchs-Baumgartinger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Clinic of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases (F.K., S.S.), Clinic for Diagnostic Imaging (J.H.), Clinic for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Andrology (P.B.), Institute of Pathology and Forensic Medicine (A.F-B.), and Institute of Medical Physics and Biostatistics, Department of Natural Science (A.T.), University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria; Veterinary Practice Eggenberg, Graz, Austria (P.G.)."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"3280","reference":[{"key":"i1547-3317-51-1-8-b01","series-title":"J Vet Med Sci","first-page":"495","article-title":"Uterine disorders diagnosed by ventrotomy in 47 rabbits","volume":"64","author":"Saito\n              K,","year":"2002","unstructured":"Saito\n              K, \n            \n              Nakanishi\n              M, \n            \n              Hassegawa\n              A. \n          \n          Uterine disorders diagnosed by ventrotomy in 47 rabbits. 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A case of adenocarcinoma of the endometrium extending into the leiomyoma of the uterus in a rabbit. J Vet Med Sci2007;69:981\u20134."},{"key":"i1547-3317-51-1-8-b06","series-title":"Vet Pathol","first-page":"77","article-title":"Choriocarcinoma with metastasis in a rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus)","volume":"45","author":"Kaufmann-Bert\n              M,","year":"2008","unstructured":"Kaufmann-Bert\n              M, \n            \n              Fischer\n              I. \n          \n          Choriocarcinoma with metastasis in a rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus). 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Uterine adenocarcinoma in the rabbit. Kleintierpraxis2006;51:305\u2013314."},{"key":"i1547-3317-51-1-8-b10","series-title":"Ferrets, rabbits and rodents. Clinical medicine and surgery. 3rd ed","first-page":"217","article-title":"Disorders of the reproductive and urinary systems","author":"Klaphake\n              E,","year":"2012","unstructured":"Klaphake\n              E, \n            \n              Paul-Murphy\n              J. \n          \n          Disorders of the reproductive and urinary systems. In: QuesenberryKE, CarpenterJW, eds. Ferrets, rabbits and rodents. Clinical medicine and surgery. 3rd ed. Philadelphia (PA): Saunders Co.;2012: 217\u201331."},{"key":"i1547-3317-51-1-8-b11","series-title":"Vet Rec","first-page":"704","article-title":"Uterine adenocarcinoma in pet rabbits","volume":"142","author":"Raftery\n              A.","year":"1998","unstructured":"Raftery\n              A. \n          \n          Uterine adenocarcinoma in pet rabbits. Vet Rec1998;142:704."},{"key":"i1547-3317-51-1-8-b12","series-title":"Vet Rec","first-page":"704","article-title":"Uterine adenocarcinoma in pet rabbits","volume":"142","author":"Harcourt-Brown\n              FM.","year":"1998","unstructured":"Harcourt-Brown\n              FM. \n          \n          Uterine adenocarcinoma in pet rabbits. Vet Rec1998;142:704."},{"key":"i1547-3317-51-1-8-b13","series-title":"Wien Tier\u00e4rztl Mschr","first-page":"272","article-title":"Ein Beitrag zur Art und H\u00e4ufigkeit von Uterusver\u00e4nderungen beim Kaninchen","volume":"96","author":"Fuchs-Baumgartinger\n              A,","year":"2009","unstructured":"Fuchs-Baumgartinger\n              A, \n            \n              Heckermann\n              H, \n            \n              Gruber\n              A, \n            et al\n          . Ein Beitrag zur Art und H\u00e4ufigkeit von Uterusver\u00e4nderungen beim Kaninchen. Wien Tier\u00e4rztl Mschr2009;96:272\u20138."},{"key":"i1547-3317-51-1-8-b14","series-title":"J Vet Int Med","first-page":"53","article-title":"Breed risk of pyometra in insured dogs in Sweden","volume":"15","author":"Egenvall\n              A,","year":"2001","unstructured":"Egenvall\n              A, \n            \n              Hagman\n              R, \n            \n              Bonnett\n              BN, \n            et al\n          . Breed risk of pyometra in insured dogs in Sweden. J Vet Int Med2001;15:53\u20138."},{"key":"i1547-3317-51-1-8-b15","series-title":"Exp Anim","first-page":"325","article-title":"Incidence of pyometra in colony-raised beagle dogs","volume":"50","author":"Fukuda\n              S.","year":"2001","unstructured":"Fukuda\n              S. \n          \n          Incidence of pyometra in colony-raised beagle dogs. Exp Anim2001;50:325\u20139."},{"key":"i1547-3317-51-1-8-b16","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"1155","article-title":"Amyloid A protein deposits in a rabbit with pyometra","volume":"189","author":"Hofmann\n              JR\n              Jr,","year":"1986","unstructured":"Hofmann\n              JR\n              Jr, \n            \n              Hixson\n              CJ. \n          \n          Amyloid A protein deposits in a rabbit with pyometra. J Am Vet Med Assoc1986;189:1155\u20136."},{"key":"i1547-3317-51-1-8-b17","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"667","article-title":"Ovarian abscesses and pyometra in a domestic rabbit","volume":"203","author":"Johnson\n              JH,","year":"1993","unstructured":"Johnson\n              JH, \n            \n              Wolf\n              AM. \n          \n          Ovarian abscesses and pyometra in a domestic rabbit. J Am Vet Med Assoc1993;203:667\u20139."},{"key":"i1547-3317-51-1-8-b18","series-title":"Vet Rec","first-page":"869","article-title":"Staphylococcal infections in rabbit does on two industrial farms","volume":"160","author":"Segura\n              P,","year":"2007","unstructured":"Segura\n              P, \n            \n              Martinez\n              J, \n            \n              Peris\n              B, \n            et al\n          . Staphylococcal infections in rabbit does on two industrial farms. Vet Rec2007;160:869\u201373."},{"key":"i1547-3317-51-1-8-b19","series-title":"Vet Rec","first-page":"325","article-title":"Hydrometra in the rabbit","volume":"125","author":"Morell\n              M.","year":"1989","unstructured":"Morell\n              M. \n          \n          Hydrometra in the rabbit. Vet Rec1989;125:325."},{"key":"i1547-3317-51-1-8-b20","series-title":"Textbook of rabbit medicine","first-page":"348","article-title":"Reproductive disease","author":"Harcourt-Brown\n              FM.","year":"2002","unstructured":"Harcourt-Brown\n              FM. \n          \n          Reproductive disease. In: Harcourt-BrownF, ed. Textbook of rabbit medicine. Oxford (UK): Butterworth-Heinemann;2002:348\u201351."},{"key":"i1547-3317-51-1-8-b21","series-title":"Vet Clin Exot Anim","first-page":"561","article-title":"Spontaneous neoplasms of lagomorphs","volume":"7","author":"Heatley\n              JJ,","year":"2004","unstructured":"Heatley\n              JJ, \n            \n              Smith\n              AN. \n          \n          Spontaneous neoplasms of lagomorphs. Vet Clin Exot Anim2004;7:561\u201377."},{"issue":"3","key":"i1547-3317-51-1-8-b22","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"289","article-title":"What is your diagnosis? Uterine adenocarcinoma","volume":"238","author":"Woodhouse\n              SJ,","year":"2011","unstructured":"Woodhouse\n              SJ, \n            \n              Hanley\n              CS. \n          \n          What is your diagnosis? Uterine adenocarcinoma. J Am Vet Med Assoc2011;238(3):289\u201390."},{"key":"i1547-3317-51-1-8-b23","series-title":"Cancer","first-page":"673","article-title":"Multiple primary tumors in the rabbit","volume":"2","author":"Greene\n              HSN,","year":"1949","unstructured":"Greene\n              HSN, \n            \n              Strauss, JS. \n          \n          Multiple primary tumors in the rabbit. Cancer1949;2:673\u201391."},{"key":"i1547-3317-51-1-8-b24","series-title":"Berl M\u00fcnch Tier\u00e4rztl Wschr","first-page":"346","article-title":"Pathologic fracture of the femur due to endometrial adenocarcinoma metastasis in a female pet rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus)","volume":"123","author":"Haist\n              V,","year":"2010","unstructured":"Haist\n              V, \n            \n              Hirschfeld\n              FG, \n            \n              Malllig\n              C. \n          \n          Pathologic fracture of the femur due to endometrial adenocarcinoma metastasis in a female pet rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus). Berl M\u00fcnch Tier\u00e4rztl Wschr2010;123:346\u201351."},{"key":"i1547-3317-51-1-8-b25","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"1322","article-title":"Hypertrophic osteopathy associated with an intrathoracic neoplasm in a rabbit","volume":"210","author":"DeSanto\n              J.","year":"1997","unstructured":"DeSanto\n              J. \n          \n          Hypertrophic osteopathy associated with an intrathoracic neoplasm in a rabbit. J Am Vet Med Assoc1997;210:1322\u20133."},{"issue":"11","key":"i1547-3317-51-1-8-b26","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"1257","article-title":"Pathology in practice. Morphologic diagnosis: Uterine adenocarcinoma with metastasis to the lungs, diaphragm, spleen, mesentery, and cecum","volume":"237","author":"Brown\n              YK,","year":"2010","unstructured":"Brown\n              YK, \n            \n              Knowles\n              S, \n            \n              Fiorello\n              CV, \n            et al\n          . Pathology in practice. Morphologic diagnosis: Uterine adenocarcinoma with metastasis to the lungs, diaphragm, spleen, mesentery, and cecum. J Am Vet Med Assoc2010;237(11):1257\u20139."},{"key":"i1547-3317-51-1-8-b27","series-title":"J Vet Diagn Invest","first-page":"515","article-title":"Uterine neoplasia in 13 cats","volume":"15","author":"Miller\n              MA,","year":"2003","unstructured":"Miller\n              MA, \n            \n              Ramos-Vera\n              JA, \n            \n              Dickerson\n              MF, \n            et al\n          . Uterine neoplasia in 13 cats. J Vet Diagn Invest2003;15:515\u201322."},{"key":"i1547-3317-51-1-8-b28","series-title":"Textbook of rabbit medicine","first-page":"352","article-title":"General surgical principles and neutering","author":"Harcourt-Brown\n              F.","year":"2002","unstructured":"Harcourt-Brown\n              F. \n          \n          General surgical principles and neutering. In: Harcourt-BrownF, ed. Textbook of rabbit medicine. Oxford (UK): Butterworth-Heinemann;2002: 352\u201360."}],"container-title":["Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/jaaha.kglmeridian.com\/view\/journals\/aaha\/51\/1\/article-p8.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/meridian.allenpress.com\/jaaha\/article-pdf\/51\/1\/8\/1588701\/jaaha-ms-5812.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/jaaha.kglmeridian.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/aaha\/51\/1\/article-p8.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/jaaha.kglmeridian.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/aaha\/51\/1\/article-p8.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,21]],"date-time":"2025-11-21T15:58:48Z","timestamp":1763740728000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/jaaha.kglmeridian.com\/view\/journals\/aaha\/51\/1\/article-p8.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015]]},"references-count":28,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5326\/jaaha-ms-5812","relation":{},"ISSN":["0587-2871","1547-3317"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0587-2871","type":"print"},{"value":"1547-3317","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015]]}}}