{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T01:03:23Z","timestamp":1772327003427,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"American Animal Hospital Association","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>A 7 mo old male rottweiler was evaluated for a right hind limb lameness caused by malunion of a Salter-Harris type II fracture. Radiographs and computed tomography (CT) revealed that the right distal femur had valgus, procurvatum, external rotation, and was 35% (70 mm) shorter than the contralateral femur. Distal femoral wedge ostectomies were performed to acutely correct the angular and rotational deformities. Lengthening of the femur was accomplished by distraction osteogenesis performed over 53 days at a second, proximal diaphyseal osteotomy using a circular fixator construct. This bifocal approach yielded approximately 30 mm of femoral lengthening and a confluent column of regenerate bone that bridged the distraction gap. When evaluated 14 mo after surgery, the dog held the right hip, stifle, and hock in a slightly extended posture when standing and had a subtle asymmetric hind limb gait. The stride of the right hind limb was slightly shortened with compensatory circumduction of the left hind limb during the swing phase of the stride.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.5326\/jaaha-ms-5836","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,3,27]],"date-time":"2013-03-27T21:56:58Z","timestamp":1364421418000},"page":"216-223","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Bifocal Femoral Deformity Correction and Lengthening Using a Circular Fixator Construct in a Dog"],"prefix":"10.5326","volume":"49","author":[{"given":"Julia V.","family":"Coutin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniel D.","family":"Lewis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stanley E.","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David J.","family":"Reese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"3280","reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"bib1","series-title":"Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol","first-page":"236","article-title":"Use of an interlocking nail-hybrid fixator construct for distal femoral deformity correction in three dogs","volume":"24","author":"Wendelburg","year":"2011","unstructured":"Wendelburg\n              KM\n            , LewisDD, SeredaCW. Use of an interlocking nail-hybrid fixator construct for distal femoral deformity correction in three dogs. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol2011;24(3):236\u201345."},{"issue":"5","key":"bib2","series-title":"Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol","first-page":"446","article-title":"Limb lengthening in three dogs using distraction rates without a latency period. Radius\/ulna, tibia, femur","volume":"21","author":"McCartney","year":"2008","unstructured":"McCartney\n              WT\n            \n          . Limb lengthening in three dogs using distraction rates without a latency period. Radius\/ulna, tibia, femur. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol2008;21(5):446\u201350."},{"issue":"6","key":"bib3","series-title":"J Am Acad Orthop Surg","first-page":"317","article-title":"Distraction histiogenesis: principles and indications","volume":"4","author":"Murray","year":"1996","unstructured":"Murray\n              JH\n            , FitchRD. Distraction histiogenesis: principles and indications. J Am Acad Orthop Surg1996;4(6):317\u201327."},{"key":"bib4","series-title":"Transosseous osteosynthesis","first-page":"453","article-title":"Pseudoarthroses and defects of long tubular bones","author":"Ilizarov","year":"1992","unstructured":"Ilizarov\n              GA\n            \n          . Pseudoarthroses and defects of long tubular bones. In: GreenS, ed. Transosseous osteosynthesis. 1st ed. New York: Springer-Verlag; 1992:453\u201394."},{"key":"bib5","series-title":"Transosseous osteosynthesis","first-page":"701","article-title":"Hip dislocations","author":"Ilizarov","year":"1992","unstructured":"Ilizarov\n              GA\n            \n          . Hip dislocations. In: GreenS, ed. Transosseous osteosynthesis. 1st ed. New York: Springer-Verlag; 1992:701\u201318."},{"key":"bib6","series-title":"Advances in Ilizarov apparatus assembly","first-page":"59","article-title":"Pseudoarthroses","author":"Villa","year":"1994","unstructured":"Villa\n              A\n            \n          . Pseudoarthroses. In: Bianchi-MaiocchiA, ed. Advances in Ilizarov apparatus assembly. Milan (Italy): Medicalplastic SRL; 1994:59\u201383."},{"key":"bib7","series-title":"Principles of deformity correction","first-page":"61","article-title":"Frontal plane mechanical and anatomic axis planning","author":"Paley","year":"2002","unstructured":"Paley\n              D\n            \n          . Frontal plane mechanical and anatomic axis planning. In: Principles of deformity correction. 1st ed.New York: Springer-Verlag; 2002:61\u201398."},{"key":"bib8","series-title":"Principles of deformity correction","first-page":"99","article-title":"Osteotomy concepts and frontal plane realignment","author":"Paley","year":"2002","unstructured":"Paley\n              D\n            \n          . Osteotomy concepts and frontal plane realignment. In: Principles of deformity correction. 1st ed.New York: Springer-Verlag; 2002:99\u2013154."},{"key":"bib9","series-title":"Principles of deformity correction","first-page":"155","article-title":"Sagittal plane deformities","author":"Paley","year":"2002","unstructured":"Paley\n              D\n            \n          . Sagittal plane deformities. In: Principles of deformity correction. 1st ed.New York: Springer-Verlag; 2002:155\u201374."},{"issue":"6","key":"bib10","series-title":"Vet Surg","first-page":"593","article-title":"Measurement of femoral angles in four dog breeds","volume":"36","author":"Tomlinson","year":"2007","unstructured":"Tomlinson\n              JL\n            , FoxDB, CookJL. Measurement of femoral angles in four dog breeds. Vet Surg2007;36(6):593\u20138."},{"issue":"7","key":"bib11","series-title":"Vet Surg","first-page":"674","article-title":"Determination of pelvic limb alignment in the large-breed dog: a cadaveric radiographic study in the frontal plane","volume":"37","author":"Dismukes","year":"2008","unstructured":"Dismukes\n              DI\n            , FoxDB, TomlinsonJL. Determination of pelvic limb alignment in the large-breed dog: a cadaveric radiographic study in the frontal plane. Vet Surg2008;37(7):674\u201382."},{"issue":"6","key":"bib12","series-title":"Vet Radiol Ultrasound","first-page":"546","article-title":"Radiographic and computed tomographic determination of femoral varus and torsion in the dog","volume":"47","author":"Dudley","year":"2006","unstructured":"Dudley\n              RM\n            , KowaleskiMP, DrostWT. Radiographic and computed tomographic determination of femoral varus and torsion in the dog. Vet Radiol Ultrasound2006;47(6):546\u201352."},{"issue":"1","key":"bib13","series-title":"Vet Surg","first-page":"67","article-title":"Principles of uniapical and biapical radial deformity correction using dome osteotomies and the center of rotation of angulation methodology in dogs","volume":"35","author":"Fox","year":"2006","unstructured":"Fox\n              DB\n            , TomlinsonJL, CookJL. Principles of uniapical and biapical radial deformity correction using dome osteotomies and the center of rotation of angulation methodology in dogs. Vet Surg2006;35(1):67\u201377."},{"issue":"6","key":"bib14","series-title":"Int Orthop","first-page":"550","article-title":"Deformity correction and lengthening of lower legs with an external fixator","volume":"30","author":"Matsubara","year":"2006","unstructured":"Matsubara\n              H\n            , TsuchiyaH, SakurakichiK. Deformity correction and lengthening of lower legs with an external fixator. Int Orthop2006;30(6):550\u20134."},{"key":"bib15","series-title":"An atlas of surgical approaches to the bones and joints of the dog and cat","first-page":"336","article-title":"Lateral approach to the distal femur","author":"Piermattei","year":"2004","unstructured":"Piermattei\n              DL\n            , JohnsonKA. Lateral approach to the distal femur. In: An atlas of surgical approaches to the bones and joints of the dog and cat. 4th ed.Philadelphia (PA): Elsevier; 2004:336\u201342."},{"issue":"2","key":"bib16","series-title":"Vet Med","first-page":"90","article-title":"Postoperative management of external fixators in dogs and cats","volume":"106","author":"Choate","year":"2011","unstructured":"Choate\n              CJ\n            , RadaschRM, LewisDD. Postoperative management of external fixators in dogs and cats. Vet Med2011;106(2):90\u20138."},{"issue":"301","key":"bib17","series-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res","first-page":"139","article-title":"Chronic infected tibial nonunions with bone loss. Conventional techniques versus bone transport","volume":"30","author":"Marsh","year":"1994","unstructured":"Marsh\n              JL\n            , ProkuskiL, BiermannJS. Chronic infected tibial nonunions with bone loss. Conventional techniques versus bone transport. Clin Orthop Relat Res1994;30(301):139\u201346."},{"issue":"5","key":"bib18","series-title":"J Pediatr Orthop","first-page":"632","article-title":"Management of childhood chronic tibial osteomyelitis with the Ilizarov method","volume":"22","author":"Kucukkaya","year":"2002","unstructured":"Kucukkaya\n              M\n            , KabukcuogluY, TezerM. Management of childhood chronic tibial osteomyelitis with the Ilizarov method. J Pediatr Orthop2002;22(5):632\u20137."},{"issue":"5","key":"bib19","series-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am","first-page":"1007","article-title":"Ilizarov hip reconstruction for the late sequelae of infantile hip infection","volume":"87","author":"Rozbruch","year":"2005","unstructured":"Rozbruch\n              SR\n            , PaleyD, BhaveA. Ilizarov hip reconstruction for the late sequelae of infantile hip infection. J Bone Joint Surg Am2005;87(5):1007\u201318."},{"issue":"1","key":"bib20","series-title":"Curr Orthop","first-page":"59","article-title":"Ilizarov and trauma reconstruction","volume":"20","author":"Shortt","year":"2006","unstructured":"Shortt\n              N\n            , KeenanGF. Ilizarov and trauma reconstruction. Curr Orthop2006;20(1):59\u201371."},{"issue":"3","key":"bib21","series-title":"J Am Anim Hosp Assoc","first-page":"279","article-title":"Use of IMEX SK-circular external fixator hybrid constructs for fracture stabilization in dogs and cats","volume":"38","author":"Farese","year":"2002","unstructured":"Farese\n              JP\n            , LewisDD, CrossAR. Use of IMEX SK-circular external fixator hybrid constructs for fracture stabilization in dogs and cats. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc2002;38(3):279\u201389."},{"issue":"4","key":"bib22","series-title":"J Am Anim Hosp Assoc","first-page":"180","article-title":"Management of humeral and femoral fractures in dogs and cats with linear- circular hybrid external skeletal fixators","volume":"44","author":"Kirkby","year":"2008","unstructured":"Kirkby\n              KA\n            , LewisDD, LafuenteMP. Management of humeral and femoral fractures in dogs and cats with linear- circular hybrid external skeletal fixators. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc2008;44(4):180\u201397."},{"key":"bib23","series-title":"Transosseous osteosynthesis","first-page":"63","article-title":"The apparatus: components and biomechanical principles of application","author":"Ilizarov","year":"1992","unstructured":"Ilizarov\n              GA\n            \n          . The apparatus: components and biomechanical principles of application. In: Transosseous osteosynthesis. 1st ed.New York: Springer-Verlag; 1992:63\u2013136."},{"issue":"4","key":"bib24","series-title":"Ortop Traumatol Rehabil","first-page":"357","article-title":"Treatment of non-union of forearm bones using distraction-compression osteogenesis","volume":"9","author":"Orzechowski","year":"2007","unstructured":"Orzechowski\n              W\n            , MorasiewiczL, DraganS. Treatment of non-union of forearm bones using distraction-compression osteogenesis. Ortop Traumatol Rehabil2007;9(4):4:357\u201365."},{"issue":"1","key":"bib25","series-title":"Acta Orthop Belg","first-page":"63","article-title":"Ilizarov treatment for aseptic delayed union or non-union after reamed intramedullary nailing of the femur","volume":"76","author":"Lammens","year":"2010","unstructured":"Lammens\n              J\n            , VanlauweJ. Ilizarov treatment for aseptic delayed union or non-union after reamed intramedullary nailing of the femur. Acta Orthop Belg2010;76(1):63\u20138."},{"issue":"1","key":"bib26","series-title":"Vet Surg","first-page":"91","article-title":"Treatment of biologically inactive nonunions by a limited en bloc ostectomy and compression plate fixation: a review of 17 cases","volume":"32","author":"Blaeser","year":"2003","unstructured":"Blaeser\n              LL\n            , GallagherJG, BoudrieauRJ. Treatment of biologically inactive nonunions by a limited en bloc ostectomy and compression plate fixation: a review of 17 cases. Vet Surg2003;32(1):91\u2013100."},{"issue":"8","key":"bib27","series-title":"Med Radiol (Mosk)","first-page":"52","article-title":"Radionuklidnoe issledovanie krovoobrashcheniia v konechnosti pri lechenii perelomov koste\u012d goleni po G.A.Ilizarovu [Radionuclide study of blood circulation in extremities during treatment of tibial fractures by the G.A. Ilizarov method]","volume":"29","author":"Sveshnikov","year":"1984","unstructured":"Sveshnikov\n              AA\n            , ZhirovIuA, SaksRG. Radionuklidnoe issledovanie krovoobrashcheniia v konechnosti pri lechenii perelomov koste\u012d goleni po G.A.Ilizarovu [Radionuclide study of blood circulation in extremities during treatment of tibial fractures by the G.A. Ilizarov method]. Med Radiol (Mosk)1984;29(8):52\u20136 [in Russian]."},{"issue":"301","key":"bib28","series-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res","first-page":"124","article-title":"Temporal and spatial increases in blood flow during distraction osteogenesis","volume":"301","author":"Aronson","year":"1994","unstructured":"Aronson\n              J\n            \n          . Temporal and spatial increases in blood flow during distraction osteogenesis. Clin Orthop Relat Res1994;301(301):124\u201331."},{"issue":"3","key":"bib29","series-title":"Vet Surg","first-page":"172","article-title":"Evaluation of prognostic factors for growth following distal femoral physeal injuries in 17 dogs","volume":"13","author":"Berg","year":"1984","unstructured":"Berg\n              RJ\n            , EggerEL, KondeLJ. Evaluation of prognostic factors for growth following distal femoral physeal injuries in 17 dogs. Vet Surg1984;13(3):172\u201380."},{"issue":"10","key":"bib30","series-title":"J Small Anim Pract","first-page":"649","article-title":"Fractures of the distal femur in the dog and cat","volume":"16","author":"Alcantara","year":"1975","unstructured":"Alcantara\n              PJ\n            , SteadAC. Fractures of the distal femur in the dog and cat. J Small Anim Pract1975;16(10):649\u201359."},{"issue":"6","key":"bib31","series-title":"Vet Surg","first-page":"435","article-title":"Effect of distal femoral growth plate fusion on femoral-tibial length","volume":"16","author":"Wagner","year":"1987","unstructured":"Wagner\n              SD\n            , DeschJPII, FergusonHR. Effect of distal femoral growth plate fusion on femoral-tibial length. Vet Surg1987;16(6):435\u20139."},{"issue":"4","key":"bib32","series-title":"J Am Anim Hosp Assoc","first-page":"429","article-title":"Postoperative effects of experimental femoral shortening in the mature dog","volume":"23","author":"Franczuszki","year":"1987","unstructured":"Franczuszki\n              D\n            , ChalmanJA, ButlerHC. Postoperative effects of experimental femoral shortening in the mature dog. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc1987;23(4):429\u201337."},{"issue":"3","key":"bib1","series-title":"Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol","first-page":"236","article-title":"Use of an interlocking nail-hybrid fixator construct for distal femoral deformity correction in three dogs","volume":"24","author":"Wendelburg","year":"2011","unstructured":"Wendelburg\n              KM\n            , LewisDD, SeredaCW. Use of an interlocking nail-hybrid fixator construct for distal femoral deformity correction in three dogs. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol2011;24(3):236\u201345."},{"issue":"5","key":"bib2","series-title":"Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol","first-page":"446","article-title":"Limb lengthening in three dogs using distraction rates without a latency period. Radius\/ulna, tibia, femur","volume":"21","author":"McCartney","year":"2008","unstructured":"McCartney\n              WT\n            \n          . Limb lengthening in three dogs using distraction rates without a latency period. Radius\/ulna, tibia, femur. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol2008;21(5):446\u201350."},{"issue":"6","key":"bib3","series-title":"J Am Acad Orthop Surg","first-page":"317","article-title":"Distraction histiogenesis: principles and indications","volume":"4","author":"Murray","year":"1996","unstructured":"Murray\n              JH\n            , FitchRD. Distraction histiogenesis: principles and indications. J Am Acad Orthop Surg1996;4(6):317\u201327."},{"key":"bib4","series-title":"Transosseous osteosynthesis","first-page":"453","article-title":"Pseudoarthroses and defects of long tubular bones","author":"Ilizarov","year":"1992","unstructured":"Ilizarov\n              GA\n            \n          . Pseudoarthroses and defects of long tubular bones. In: GreenS, ed. Transosseous osteosynthesis. 1st ed. New York: Springer-Verlag; 1992:453\u201394."},{"key":"bib5","series-title":"Transosseous osteosynthesis","first-page":"701","article-title":"Hip dislocations","author":"Ilizarov","year":"1992","unstructured":"Ilizarov\n              GA\n            \n          . Hip dislocations. In: GreenS, ed. Transosseous osteosynthesis. 1st ed. New York: Springer-Verlag; 1992:701\u201318."},{"key":"bib6","series-title":"Advances in Ilizarov apparatus assembly","first-page":"59","article-title":"Pseudoarthroses","author":"Villa","year":"1994","unstructured":"Villa\n              A\n            \n          . Pseudoarthroses. In: Bianchi-MaiocchiA, ed. Advances in Ilizarov apparatus assembly. Milan (Italy): Medicalplastic SRL; 1994:59\u201383."},{"key":"bib7","series-title":"Principles of deformity correction","first-page":"61","article-title":"Frontal plane mechanical and anatomic axis planning","author":"Paley","year":"2002","unstructured":"Paley\n              D\n            \n          . Frontal plane mechanical and anatomic axis planning. In: Principles of deformity correction. 1st ed.New York: Springer-Verlag; 2002:61\u201398."},{"key":"bib8","series-title":"Principles of deformity correction","first-page":"99","article-title":"Osteotomy concepts and frontal plane realignment","author":"Paley","year":"2002","unstructured":"Paley\n              D\n            \n          . Osteotomy concepts and frontal plane realignment. In: Principles of deformity correction. 1st ed.New York: Springer-Verlag; 2002:99\u2013154."},{"key":"bib9","series-title":"Principles of deformity correction","first-page":"155","article-title":"Sagittal plane deformities","author":"Paley","year":"2002","unstructured":"Paley\n              D\n            \n          . Sagittal plane deformities. In: Principles of deformity correction. 1st ed.New York: Springer-Verlag; 2002:155\u201374."},{"issue":"6","key":"bib10","series-title":"Vet Surg","first-page":"593","article-title":"Measurement of femoral angles in four dog breeds","volume":"36","author":"Tomlinson","year":"2007","unstructured":"Tomlinson\n              JL\n            , FoxDB, CookJL. Measurement of femoral angles in four dog breeds. Vet Surg2007;36(6):593\u20138."},{"issue":"7","key":"bib11","series-title":"Vet Surg","first-page":"674","article-title":"Determination of pelvic limb alignment in the large-breed dog: a cadaveric radiographic study in the frontal plane","volume":"37","author":"Dismukes","year":"2008","unstructured":"Dismukes\n              DI\n            , FoxDB, TomlinsonJL. Determination of pelvic limb alignment in the large-breed dog: a cadaveric radiographic study in the frontal plane. Vet Surg2008;37(7):674\u201382."},{"issue":"6","key":"bib12","series-title":"Vet Radiol Ultrasound","first-page":"546","article-title":"Radiographic and computed tomographic determination of femoral varus and torsion in the dog","volume":"47","author":"Dudley","year":"2006","unstructured":"Dudley\n              RM\n            , KowaleskiMP, DrostWT. Radiographic and computed tomographic determination of femoral varus and torsion in the dog. Vet Radiol Ultrasound2006;47(6):546\u201352."},{"issue":"1","key":"bib13","series-title":"Vet Surg","first-page":"67","article-title":"Principles of uniapical and biapical radial deformity correction using dome osteotomies and the center of rotation of angulation methodology in dogs","volume":"35","author":"Fox","year":"2006","unstructured":"Fox\n              DB\n            , TomlinsonJL, CookJL. Principles of uniapical and biapical radial deformity correction using dome osteotomies and the center of rotation of angulation methodology in dogs. Vet Surg2006;35(1):67\u201377."},{"issue":"6","key":"bib14","series-title":"Int Orthop","first-page":"550","article-title":"Deformity correction and lengthening of lower legs with an external fixator","volume":"30","author":"Matsubara","year":"2006","unstructured":"Matsubara\n              H\n            , TsuchiyaH, SakurakichiK. Deformity correction and lengthening of lower legs with an external fixator. Int Orthop2006;30(6):550\u20134."},{"key":"bib15","series-title":"An atlas of surgical approaches to the bones and joints of the dog and cat","first-page":"336","article-title":"Lateral approach to the distal femur","author":"Piermattei","year":"2004","unstructured":"Piermattei\n              DL\n            , JohnsonKA. Lateral approach to the distal femur. In: An atlas of surgical approaches to the bones and joints of the dog and cat. 4th ed.Philadelphia (PA): Elsevier; 2004:336\u201342."},{"issue":"2","key":"bib16","series-title":"Vet Med","first-page":"90","article-title":"Postoperative management of external fixators in dogs and cats","volume":"106","author":"Choate","year":"2011","unstructured":"Choate\n              CJ\n            , RadaschRM, LewisDD. Postoperative management of external fixators in dogs and cats. Vet Med2011;106(2):90\u20138."},{"issue":"301","key":"bib17","series-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res","first-page":"139","article-title":"Chronic infected tibial nonunions with bone loss. Conventional techniques versus bone transport","volume":"30","author":"Marsh","year":"1994","unstructured":"Marsh\n              JL\n            , ProkuskiL, BiermannJS. Chronic infected tibial nonunions with bone loss. Conventional techniques versus bone transport. Clin Orthop Relat Res1994;30(301):139\u201346."},{"issue":"5","key":"bib18","series-title":"J Pediatr Orthop","first-page":"632","article-title":"Management of childhood chronic tibial osteomyelitis with the Ilizarov method","volume":"22","author":"Kucukkaya","year":"2002","unstructured":"Kucukkaya\n              M\n            , KabukcuogluY, TezerM. Management of childhood chronic tibial osteomyelitis with the Ilizarov method. J Pediatr Orthop2002;22(5):632\u20137."},{"issue":"5","key":"bib19","series-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am","first-page":"1007","article-title":"Ilizarov hip reconstruction for the late sequelae of infantile hip infection","volume":"87","author":"Rozbruch","year":"2005","unstructured":"Rozbruch\n              SR\n            , PaleyD, BhaveA. Ilizarov hip reconstruction for the late sequelae of infantile hip infection. J Bone Joint Surg Am2005;87(5):1007\u201318."},{"issue":"1","key":"bib20","series-title":"Curr Orthop","first-page":"59","article-title":"Ilizarov and trauma reconstruction","volume":"20","author":"Shortt","year":"2006","unstructured":"Shortt\n              N\n            , KeenanGF. Ilizarov and trauma reconstruction. Curr Orthop2006;20(1):59\u201371."},{"issue":"3","key":"bib21","series-title":"J Am Anim Hosp Assoc","first-page":"279","article-title":"Use of IMEX SK-circular external fixator hybrid constructs for fracture stabilization in dogs and cats","volume":"38","author":"Farese","year":"2002","unstructured":"Farese\n              JP\n            , LewisDD, CrossAR. Use of IMEX SK-circular external fixator hybrid constructs for fracture stabilization in dogs and cats. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc2002;38(3):279\u201389."},{"issue":"4","key":"bib22","series-title":"J Am Anim Hosp Assoc","first-page":"180","article-title":"Management of humeral and femoral fractures in dogs and cats with linear- circular hybrid external skeletal fixators","volume":"44","author":"Kirkby","year":"2008","unstructured":"Kirkby\n              KA\n            , LewisDD, LafuenteMP. Management of humeral and femoral fractures in dogs and cats with linear- circular hybrid external skeletal fixators. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc2008;44(4):180\u201397."},{"key":"bib23","series-title":"Transosseous osteosynthesis","first-page":"63","article-title":"The apparatus: components and biomechanical principles of application","author":"Ilizarov","year":"1992","unstructured":"Ilizarov\n              GA\n            \n          . The apparatus: components and biomechanical principles of application. In: Transosseous osteosynthesis. 1st ed.New York: Springer-Verlag; 1992:63\u2013136."},{"issue":"4","key":"bib24","series-title":"Ortop Traumatol Rehabil","first-page":"357","article-title":"Treatment of non-union of forearm bones using distraction-compression osteogenesis","volume":"9","author":"Orzechowski","year":"2007","unstructured":"Orzechowski\n              W\n            , MorasiewiczL, DraganS. Treatment of non-union of forearm bones using distraction-compression osteogenesis. Ortop Traumatol Rehabil2007;9(4):4:357\u201365."},{"issue":"1","key":"bib25","series-title":"Acta Orthop Belg","first-page":"63","article-title":"Ilizarov treatment for aseptic delayed union or non-union after reamed intramedullary nailing of the femur","volume":"76","author":"Lammens","year":"2010","unstructured":"Lammens\n              J\n            , VanlauweJ. Ilizarov treatment for aseptic delayed union or non-union after reamed intramedullary nailing of the femur. Acta Orthop Belg2010;76(1):63\u20138."},{"issue":"1","key":"bib26","series-title":"Vet Surg","first-page":"91","article-title":"Treatment of biologically inactive nonunions by a limited en bloc ostectomy and compression plate fixation: a review of 17 cases","volume":"32","author":"Blaeser","year":"2003","unstructured":"Blaeser\n              LL\n            , GallagherJG, BoudrieauRJ. Treatment of biologically inactive nonunions by a limited en bloc ostectomy and compression plate fixation: a review of 17 cases. Vet Surg2003;32(1):91\u2013100."},{"issue":"8","key":"bib27","series-title":"Med Radiol (Mosk)","first-page":"52","article-title":"Radionuklidnoe issledovanie krovoobrashcheniia v konechnosti pri lechenii perelomov koste\u012d goleni po G.A.Ilizarovu [Radionuclide study of blood circulation in extremities during treatment of tibial fractures by the G.A. Ilizarov method]","volume":"29","author":"Sveshnikov","year":"1984","unstructured":"Sveshnikov\n              AA\n            , ZhirovIuA, SaksRG. Radionuklidnoe issledovanie krovoobrashcheniia v konechnosti pri lechenii perelomov koste\u012d goleni po G.A.Ilizarovu [Radionuclide study of blood circulation in extremities during treatment of tibial fractures by the G.A. Ilizarov method]. Med Radiol (Mosk)1984;29(8):52\u20136 [in Russian]."},{"issue":"301","key":"bib28","series-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res","first-page":"124","article-title":"Temporal and spatial increases in blood flow during distraction osteogenesis","volume":"301","author":"Aronson","year":"1994","unstructured":"Aronson\n              J\n            \n          . Temporal and spatial increases in blood flow during distraction osteogenesis. Clin Orthop Relat Res1994;301(301):124\u201331."},{"issue":"3","key":"bib29","series-title":"Vet Surg","first-page":"172","article-title":"Evaluation of prognostic factors for growth following distal femoral physeal injuries in 17 dogs","volume":"13","author":"Berg","year":"1984","unstructured":"Berg\n              RJ\n            , EggerEL, KondeLJ. Evaluation of prognostic factors for growth following distal femoral physeal injuries in 17 dogs. Vet Surg1984;13(3):172\u201380."},{"issue":"10","key":"bib30","series-title":"J Small Anim Pract","first-page":"649","article-title":"Fractures of the distal femur in the dog and cat","volume":"16","author":"Alcantara","year":"1975","unstructured":"Alcantara\n              PJ\n            , SteadAC. Fractures of the distal femur in the dog and cat. 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