{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T01:02:58Z","timestamp":1772326978885,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"American Animal Hospital Association","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013]]},"abstract":"\n A 2 yr old castrated male cat presented to an emergency referral facility for several episodes of gagging, nonproductive coughing, and increased respiratory effort. He was diagnosed with inspiratory stridor and referred to another emergency referral practice for further diagnostics. Three separate, sedated oral examinations, nasal computed tomography (CT), rhinoscopic biopsies, and tracheoscopy showed no structural causes for the cat\u2019s stridor. An endotracheal wash was consistent with feline asthma. Blood work showed a peripheral eosinophilia and exposure to\n Dirofilaria immitis<\/jats:italic>\n (\n D. immitis<\/jats:italic>\n ). The feline asthma was treated with albuterol, fluticasone, dexamethasone sodium phosphate, and terbutaline. Despite aggressive therapy for feline asthma, the cat had several episodes of severe inspiratory respiratory distress and stridor secondary to an upper airway obstruction. After 3 days of hospitalization, a temporary tracheostomy was performed and no further episodes of respiratory distress were noted. The tracheostomy tube was removed 3 days later, and the cat was discharged on the fourth day. At a 14 mo follow-up examination, the client reported no further episodes of respiratory distress, coughing, or gagging. To the authors\u2019 knowledge, this is the first report of dynamic upper airway obstruction secondary to feline asthma.\n <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.5326\/jaaha-ms-5848","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,17]],"date-time":"2013-01-17T02:28:31Z","timestamp":1358389711000},"page":"142-147","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Dynamic Upper Airway Obstruction Secondary to Severe Feline Asthma"],"prefix":"10.5326","volume":"49","author":[{"given":"Ashley","family":"Davis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Roxanna","family":"Khorzad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Megan","family":"Whelan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"3280","reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"bib1","series-title":"Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol","first-page":"1","article-title":"Upper airway function and dysfunction in respiration","volume":"26","author":"Pierce","year":"1999","unstructured":"Pierce\n RJ\n , WorsnopCJ. Upper airway function and dysfunction in respiration. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol1999;26(1):1\u201310."},{"issue":"5","key":"bib2","series-title":"Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract","first-page":"1052","article-title":"Airway physiology","volume":"22","author":"Robinson","year":"1992","unstructured":"Robinson\n NE\n \n . Airway physiology. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract1992;22(5):1052\u20137."},{"issue":"7","key":"bib3","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"835","article-title":"Bronchial abnormalities found in a consecutive series of 40 brachycephalic dogs","volume":"235","author":"De Lorenzi","year":"2009","unstructured":"De Lorenzi\n D\n , BertoncelloD, DrigoM. Bronchial abnormalities found in a consecutive series of 40 brachycephalic dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc2009;235(7):835\u201340."},{"issue":"3","key":"bib4","series-title":"J Small Anim Pract","first-page":"131","article-title":"Laryngeal collapse in seven brachycephalic puppies","volume":"47","author":"Pink","year":"2006","unstructured":"Pink\n JJ\n , DoyleRS, HughesJML. Laryngeal collapse in seven brachycephalic puppies. J Small Anim Pract2006;47(3):131\u20135."},{"issue":"5","key":"bib5","series-title":"Chest","first-page":"1358","article-title":"Coexistent asthma and functional upper airway obstruction. Case reports and review of the literature","volume":"110","author":"Elshami","year":"1996","unstructured":"Elshami\n AA\n , TinoG. Coexistent asthma and functional upper airway obstruction. Case reports and review of the literature. Chest1996;110(5):1358\u201361."},{"key":"bib6","series-title":"Textbook of small animal surgery","first-page":"874","article-title":"Diseases of the trachea and bronchi","author":"Nelson","year":"2003","unstructured":"Nelson\n AW\n \n . Diseases of the trachea and bronchi. In: SlatterD, ed. Textbook of small animal surgery. 3rd ed. Philadelphia (PA): WB Saunders Co.; 2003:874\u20136."},{"key":"bib7","series-title":"Textbook of respiratory diseases in the dog and cat","first-page":"388","article-title":"Feline bronchial disease\/asthma","author":"Bay","year":"2004","unstructured":"Bay\n J\n , JohnsonL. Feline bronchial disease\/asthma. In: KingLG, ed. Textbook of respiratory diseases in the dog and cat. 1st ed. St. Louis (MO): Saunders; 2004:388\u201392."},{"issue":"1","key":"bib8","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"43","article-title":"Comparison of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid examination and other diagnostic techniques with the Baermann technique for detection of naturally occurring Aelurostrongylus abstrusus infection in cats","volume":"235","author":"Lacorcia","year":"2009","unstructured":"Lacorcia\n L\n , GasserRB, AndersonGA. Comparison of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid examination and other diagnostic techniques with the Baermann technique for detection of naturally occurring Aelurostrongylus abstrusus infection in cats. J Am Vet Med Assoc2009;235(1):43\u20139."},{"key":"bib9","article-title":"Current Feline Guidelines for the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of heartworm (Dirofilaria immitis) infections in cats (revised January 2012)","unstructured":"American Heartworm Society. Current Feline Guidelines for the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of heartworm (Dirofilaria immitis) infections in cats (revised January 2012). Available at: http:\/\/www.heartwormsociety.org\/veterinary-resources\/feline-guidelines.html. Accessed November 19, 2011."},{"issue":"5","key":"bib10","series-title":"J Am Anim Hosp Assoc","first-page":"376","article-title":"Comparison of serological tests for the detection of natural heartworm infection in cats","volume":"40","author":"Berdoulay","year":"2004","unstructured":"Berdoulay\n P\n , LevyJK, SnyderPS. Comparison of serological tests for the detection of natural heartworm infection in cats. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc2004;40(5):376\u201384."},{"issue":"2 Pt 1","key":"bib11","series-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol","first-page":"251","article-title":"Gastroesophageal reflux and asthma: insight into the association","volume":"104","author":"Harding","year":"1999","unstructured":"Harding\n SM\n \n . Gastroesophageal reflux and asthma: insight into the association. J Allergy Clin Immunol1999;104(2 Pt 1):251\u20139."},{"key":"bib12","series-title":"Textbook of respiratory diseases in the dog and cat","first-page":"106","article-title":"Pulmonary mechanics","author":"Dye","year":"2004","unstructured":"Dye\n J\n , CostaD. Pulmonary mechanics. In: KingLG, ed. Textbook of respiratory diseases in the dog and cat. 1st ed. St. Louis (MO): Saunders; 2004:106\u201362."},{"issue":"4","key":"bib13","series-title":"Am Rev Respir Dis","first-page":"719","article-title":"Changes in the glottic aperture during bronchial asthma","volume":"128","author":"Collett","year":"1983","unstructured":"Collett\n PW\n , BrancatisanoT, EngelLA. Changes in the glottic aperture during bronchial asthma. Am Rev Respir Dis1983;128(4):719\u201323."},{"key":"bib14","series-title":"Textbook of respiratory diseases in the dog and cat","first-page":"35","article-title":"Upper airway obstruction, stertor and stridor","author":"Holt","year":"2004","unstructured":"Holt\n D\n \n . Upper airway obstruction, stertor and stridor. In: KingLG, ed. Textbook of respiratory diseases in the dog and cat. 1st ed. St. Louis (MO): Saunders; 2004:35\u201341."},{"issue":"1","key":"bib15","series-title":"Equine Vet J","first-page":"59","article-title":"Effect of poll flexion and dynamic laryngeal collapse on tracheal pressure in Norwegian Coldblooded Trotter racehorses","volume":"41","author":"Strand","year":"2009","unstructured":"Strand\n E\n , FjordbakkCT, HolcombeSJ. Effect of poll flexion and dynamic laryngeal collapse on tracheal pressure in Norwegian Coldblooded Trotter racehorses. Equine Vet J2009;41(1):59\u201364."},{"issue":"3","key":"bib16","series-title":"Chest","first-page":"499","article-title":"Upper airway obstruction presenting as exercise-induced asthma","volume":"86","author":"Lakin","year":"1984","unstructured":"Lakin\n RC\n , MetzgerWJ, HaugheyBH. Upper airway obstruction presenting as exercise-induced asthma. Chest1984;86(3):499\u2013501."},{"issue":"5","key":"bib17","series-title":"Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract","first-page":"855","article-title":"Diagnosis and management of laryngeal disease in the dog and cat","volume":"24","author":"Holt","year":"1994","unstructured":"Holt\n D\n , BrockmanD. Diagnosis and management of laryngeal disease in the dog and cat. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract1994;24(5):855\u201371."},{"issue":"1","key":"bib18","series-title":"Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol","first-page":"34","article-title":"Laryngeal changes during exercise and exercise-induced asthma","volume":"100","author":"Hurbis","year":"1991","unstructured":"Hurbis\n CG\n , SchildJA. Laryngeal changes during exercise and exercise-induced asthma. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol1991;100(1):34\u20137."},{"issue":"41","key":"bib19","series-title":"Dtsch Arztebl Int","first-page":"699","article-title":"Vocal cord dysfunction: an important differential diagnosis of bronchial asthma","volume":"105","author":"Kenn","year":"2008","unstructured":"Kenn\n K\n , HessMM. Vocal cord dysfunction: an important differential diagnosis of bronchial asthma. Dtsch Arztebl Int2008;105(41):699\u2013704."},{"issue":"2","key":"bib20","series-title":"Prim Care Companion J Clin Psychiatry","first-page":"29","article-title":"Psychogenic respiratory distress: a case of paradoxical vocal cord dysfunction and literature review","volume":"1","author":"Leo","year":"1999","unstructured":"Leo\n RJ\n , KonakanchiR. Psychogenic respiratory distress: a case of paradoxical vocal cord dysfunction and literature review. 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Evaluation of obstructing lesions of the trachea and larynx by flow-volume loops. Am Rev Respir Dis1973;108(3):475\u201381."},{"issue":"1","key":"bib1","series-title":"Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol","first-page":"1","article-title":"Upper airway function and dysfunction in respiration","volume":"26","author":"Pierce","year":"1999","unstructured":"Pierce\n RJ\n , WorsnopCJ. Upper airway function and dysfunction in respiration. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol1999;26(1):1\u201310."},{"issue":"5","key":"bib2","series-title":"Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract","first-page":"1052","article-title":"Airway physiology","volume":"22","author":"Robinson","year":"1992","unstructured":"Robinson\n NE\n \n . Airway physiology. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract1992;22(5):1052\u20137."},{"issue":"7","key":"bib3","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"835","article-title":"Bronchial abnormalities found in a consecutive series of 40 brachycephalic dogs","volume":"235","author":"De Lorenzi","year":"2009","unstructured":"De Lorenzi\n D\n , BertoncelloD, DrigoM. Bronchial abnormalities found in a consecutive series of 40 brachycephalic dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc2009;235(7):835\u201340."},{"issue":"3","key":"bib4","series-title":"J Small Anim Pract","first-page":"131","article-title":"Laryngeal collapse in seven brachycephalic puppies","volume":"47","author":"Pink","year":"2006","unstructured":"Pink\n JJ\n , DoyleRS, HughesJML. Laryngeal collapse in seven brachycephalic puppies. J Small Anim Pract2006;47(3):131\u20135."},{"issue":"5","key":"bib5","series-title":"Chest","first-page":"1358","article-title":"Coexistent asthma and functional upper airway obstruction. Case reports and review of the literature","volume":"110","author":"Elshami","year":"1996","unstructured":"Elshami\n AA\n , TinoG. Coexistent asthma and functional upper airway obstruction. Case reports and review of the literature. Chest1996;110(5):1358\u201361."},{"key":"bib6","series-title":"Textbook of small animal surgery","first-page":"874","article-title":"Diseases of the trachea and bronchi","author":"Nelson","year":"2003","unstructured":"Nelson\n AW\n \n . Diseases of the trachea and bronchi. In: SlatterD, ed. Textbook of small animal surgery. 3rd ed. Philadelphia (PA): WB Saunders Co.; 2003:874\u20136."},{"key":"bib7","series-title":"Textbook of respiratory diseases in the dog and cat","first-page":"388","article-title":"Feline bronchial disease\/asthma","author":"Bay","year":"2004","unstructured":"Bay\n J\n , JohnsonL. Feline bronchial disease\/asthma. In: KingLG, ed. Textbook of respiratory diseases in the dog and cat. 1st ed. St. Louis (MO): Saunders; 2004:388\u201392."},{"issue":"1","key":"bib8","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"43","article-title":"Comparison of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid examination and other diagnostic techniques with the Baermann technique for detection of naturally occurring Aelurostrongylus abstrusus infection in cats","volume":"235","author":"Lacorcia","year":"2009","unstructured":"Lacorcia\n L\n , GasserRB, AndersonGA. Comparison of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid examination and other diagnostic techniques with the Baermann technique for detection of naturally occurring Aelurostrongylus abstrusus infection in cats. J Am Vet Med Assoc2009;235(1):43\u20139."},{"key":"bib9","article-title":"Current Feline Guidelines for the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of heartworm (Dirofilaria immitis) infections in cats (revised January 2012)","unstructured":"American Heartworm Society. Current Feline Guidelines for the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of heartworm (Dirofilaria immitis) infections in cats (revised January 2012). Available at: http:\/\/www.heartwormsociety.org\/veterinary-resources\/feline-guidelines.html. Accessed November 19, 2011."},{"issue":"5","key":"bib10","series-title":"J Am Anim Hosp Assoc","first-page":"376","article-title":"Comparison of serological tests for the detection of natural heartworm infection in cats","volume":"40","author":"Berdoulay","year":"2004","unstructured":"Berdoulay\n P\n , LevyJK, SnyderPS. Comparison of serological tests for the detection of natural heartworm infection in cats. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc2004;40(5):376\u201384."},{"issue":"2 Pt 1","key":"bib11","series-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol","first-page":"251","article-title":"Gastroesophageal reflux and asthma: insight into the association","volume":"104","author":"Harding","year":"1999","unstructured":"Harding\n SM\n \n . Gastroesophageal reflux and asthma: insight into the association. J Allergy Clin Immunol1999;104(2 Pt 1):251\u20139."},{"key":"bib12","series-title":"Textbook of respiratory diseases in the dog and cat","first-page":"106","article-title":"Pulmonary mechanics","author":"Dye","year":"2004","unstructured":"Dye\n J\n , CostaD. Pulmonary mechanics. In: KingLG, ed. Textbook of respiratory diseases in the dog and cat. 1st ed. St. Louis (MO): Saunders; 2004:106\u201362."},{"issue":"4","key":"bib13","series-title":"Am Rev Respir Dis","first-page":"719","article-title":"Changes in the glottic aperture during bronchial asthma","volume":"128","author":"Collett","year":"1983","unstructured":"Collett\n PW\n , BrancatisanoT, EngelLA. Changes in the glottic aperture during bronchial asthma. Am Rev Respir Dis1983;128(4):719\u201323."},{"key":"bib14","series-title":"Textbook of respiratory diseases in the dog and cat","first-page":"35","article-title":"Upper airway obstruction, stertor and stridor","author":"Holt","year":"2004","unstructured":"Holt\n D\n \n . Upper airway obstruction, stertor and stridor. In: KingLG, ed. Textbook of respiratory diseases in the dog and cat. 1st ed. St. Louis (MO): Saunders; 2004:35\u201341."},{"issue":"1","key":"bib15","series-title":"Equine Vet J","first-page":"59","article-title":"Effect of poll flexion and dynamic laryngeal collapse on tracheal pressure in Norwegian Coldblooded Trotter racehorses","volume":"41","author":"Strand","year":"2009","unstructured":"Strand\n E\n , FjordbakkCT, HolcombeSJ. Effect of poll flexion and dynamic laryngeal collapse on tracheal pressure in Norwegian Coldblooded Trotter racehorses. Equine Vet J2009;41(1):59\u201364."},{"issue":"3","key":"bib16","series-title":"Chest","first-page":"499","article-title":"Upper airway obstruction presenting as exercise-induced asthma","volume":"86","author":"Lakin","year":"1984","unstructured":"Lakin\n RC\n , MetzgerWJ, HaugheyBH. Upper airway obstruction presenting as exercise-induced asthma. Chest1984;86(3):499\u2013501."},{"issue":"5","key":"bib17","series-title":"Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract","first-page":"855","article-title":"Diagnosis and management of laryngeal disease in the dog and cat","volume":"24","author":"Holt","year":"1994","unstructured":"Holt\n D\n , BrockmanD. Diagnosis and management of laryngeal disease in the dog and cat. 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