{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,21]],"date-time":"2025-11-21T16:13:25Z","timestamp":1763741605236,"version":"3.45.0"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"American Animal Hospital Association","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Discoid lupus erythematosus (DLE) is a commonly reported canine autoimmune disease that normally presents with a phenotype consisting of erythema, depigmentation, scaling, erosions\/ulcers, and scarring over the nasal planum and the proximal dorsal muzzle. Recently, two cases of a generalized variant of this disease have been reported, whose lesions responded to either systemic glucocorticoids or a combination of topical corticosteroids, topical tacrolimus, and the oral antimalarial hydroxychloroquine. The purpose of this report is to describe an 11 yr old shih tzu that presented with skin lesions consisting of multiple annular, erythematous papules and plaques, hyperpigmentation, adherent scaling, and atrophic scars over the caudal dorsum, flanks, craniodorsal thorax, and lateroproximal extremities. A diagnosis of generalized DLE was made based on the clinical presentation, histopathology, laboratory values, and direct immunofluorescence findings. Treatment consisted of oral tetracycline and oral niacinamide, which resulted in complete remission of clinical signs. This is the first documented report of generalized canine DLE responding to the described immunomodulating regimen. Such a combination might therefore be considered as a glucocorticoid and\/or antimalarial alternative for the management of generalized DLE.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.5326\/jaaha-ms-6116","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,5,8]],"date-time":"2015-05-08T17:14:31Z","timestamp":1431105271000},"page":"171-175","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Generalized Canine Discoid Lupus Erythematosus Responsive to Tetracycline and Niacinamide Therapy"],"prefix":"10.5326","volume":"51","author":[{"given":"Michael A.","family":"Rossi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Veterinary Skin and Allergy Specialists, Veterinary Referral Center of Colorado, Englewood, CO (M.R., L.M.); and Department of Population Health and Pathobiology (K.L.) and Department of Clinical Sciences (T.O.), North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Linda M.","family":"Messinger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Veterinary Skin and Allergy Specialists, Veterinary Referral Center of Colorado, Englewood, CO (M.R., L.M.); and Department of Population Health and Pathobiology (K.L.) and Department of Clinical Sciences (T.O.), North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Keith E.","family":"Linder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Veterinary Skin and Allergy Specialists, Veterinary Referral Center of Colorado, Englewood, CO (M.R., L.M.); and Department of Population Health and Pathobiology (K.L.) and Department of Clinical Sciences (T.O.), North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thierry","family":"Olivry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Veterinary Skin and Allergy Specialists, Veterinary Referral Center of Colorado, Englewood, CO (M.R., L.M.); and Department of Population Health and Pathobiology (K.L.) and Department of Clinical Sciences (T.O.), North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"3280","reference":[{"key":"i1547-3317-51-3-171-b01","series-title":"Comp Cont Educ Pract Vet","first-page":"539","article-title":"Immune-mediated dermatoses in domestic animals: ten years after \u2013 part II","volume":"9","author":"Scott\n              DW,","year":"1987","unstructured":"Scott\n              DW, \n            \n              Walton\n              DK, \n            \n              Slater\n              MR, \n            et al\n          . Immune-mediated dermatoses in domestic animals: ten years after \u2013 part II. Comp Cont Educ Pract Vet1987;9:539\u201351."},{"key":"i1547-3317-51-3-171-b02","series-title":"J Vet Med Sci","first-page":"633","article-title":"Discoid lupus erythematosus in a Spitz dog","volume":"70","author":"Goo\n              MJ,","year":"2008","unstructured":"Goo\n              MJ, \n            \n              Park\n              JK, \n            \n              Hong\n              IH, \n            et al\n          . Discoid lupus erythematosus in a Spitz dog. J Vet Med Sci2008;70:633\u20135."},{"issue":"1","key":"i1547-3317-51-3-171-b03","series-title":"Vet Dermatol","first-page":"65","article-title":"Successful treatment of a novel generalized variant of canine discoid lupus erythematosus with oral hydroxychloroquine","volume":"23","author":"Oberkirchner\n              U,","year":"2012","unstructured":"Oberkirchner\n              U, \n            \n              Linder\n              KE, \n            \n              Olivry\n              T.\n            \n          \n          Successful treatment of a novel generalized variant of canine discoid lupus erythematosus with oral hydroxychloroquine. Vet Dermatol2012;23(1):65\u201370, e15\u20136."},{"key":"i1547-3317-51-3-171-b04","series-title":"Lupus","first-page":"1125","article-title":"Treatment of cutaneous lupus erythematosus","volume":"19","author":"Kuhn\n              A,","year":"2010","unstructured":"Kuhn\n              A, \n            \n              Ochsendorf\n              F, \n            \n              Bonsmann\n              G.\n            \n          \n          Treatment of cutaneous lupus erythematosus. Lupus2010;19:1125\u201336."},{"key":"i1547-3317-51-3-171-b05","series-title":"J Amer Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"1497","article-title":"Use of tetracycline and niacinamide for treatment of autoimmune skin disease in 31 dogs","volume":"200","author":"White\n              SD,","year":"1992","unstructured":"White\n              SD, \n            \n              Rosychuk\n              RAW, \n            \n              Reinke\n              SI, \n            et al\n          . Use of tetracycline and niacinamide for treatment of autoimmune skin disease in 31 dogs. J Amer Vet Med Assoc1992;200:1497\u2013500."},{"key":"i1547-3317-51-3-171-b06","series-title":"Saunders handbook of veterinary drugs. 2nd ed","first-page":"464","author":"Papich\n              MG.","year":"2007","unstructured":"Papich\n              MG.\n            \n          \n          Saunders handbook of veterinary drugs. 2nd ed. St. Louis (MO): Saunders Elsevier;2007:464\u20135."},{"key":"i1547-3317-51-3-171-b07","series-title":"J Immunol","first-page":"2914","article-title":"A fish oil diet rich in eicosapentaenoic acid reduces cyclooxygenase metabolites and suppresses lupus in MRL-1pr mice","volume":"134","author":"Kelley\n              VE,","year":"1985","unstructured":"Kelley\n              VE, \n            \n              Ferretti\n              A, \n            \n              Izui\n              S, \n            et al\n          . A fish oil diet rich in eicosapentaenoic acid reduces cyclooxygenase metabolites and suppresses lupus in MRL-1pr mice. J Immunol1985;134:2914\u20139."},{"key":"i1547-3317-51-3-171-b08","series-title":"Ann Rheum Dis","first-page":"463","article-title":"Dietary fish oil and the severity of symptoms in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"50","author":"Walton\n              AJE,","year":"1991","unstructured":"Walton\n              AJE, \n            \n              Snaith\n              ML, \n            \n              Locniskar\n              M, \n            et al\n          . Dietary fish oil and the severity of symptoms in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Ann Rheum Dis1991;50:463\u20136."},{"key":"i1547-3317-51-3-171-b09","series-title":"Vet Immunol Immunopathol","first-page":"79","article-title":"Canine discoid lupus erythematosus","volume":"1","author":"Griffin\n              CE,","year":"1979","unstructured":"Griffin\n              CE, \n            \n              Stannard\n              AA, \n            \n              Ihrke\n              PJ, \n            et al\n          . Canine discoid lupus erythematosus. Vet Immunol Immunopathol1979;1:79\u201387."},{"key":"i1547-3317-51-3-171-b10","series-title":"Skin disease of the dog and cat: clinical and histopathologic diagnosis. 2nd ed","first-page":"52","article-title":"Interface diseases of the dermal-epidermal junction","author":"Gross\n              TL,","year":"2005","unstructured":"Gross\n              TL, \n            \n              Ihrke\n              PJ, \n            \n              Walder\n              EJ, \n            et al\n          . Interface diseases of the dermal-epidermal junction. In: GrossTL, IhrkePJ, WalderEJ, AffolterVK, eds. Skin disease of the dog and cat: clinical and histopathologic diagnosis. 2nd ed. Oxford (UK): Blackwell;2005:52\u20135."},{"key":"i1547-3317-51-3-171-b11","series-title":"Fitzpatrick's dermatology in general medicine","first-page":"1523","article-title":"Lupus Erythematoses","volume":"2","author":"Wolff\n              K,","year":"2008","unstructured":"Wolff\n              K, \n            \n              Goldsmith\n              LA, \n            \n              Katz\n              SI, \n            et al\n          . Lupus Erythematoses. In: WolffK, GoldsmithLA, KatzSI, GilchrestBA, PallerAS, LeffellDJ, eds; Fitzpatrick's dermatology in general medicine. Vol2. 7th ed. New York: McGraw Hill; 2008:1523\u20135."},{"issue":"4","key":"i1547-3317-51-3-171-b12","series-title":"Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2009","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002954.pub2","article-title":"Drugs for discoid lupus erythematosus","author":"Jessop\n              S,","unstructured":"Jessop\n              S, \n            \n              Whitelaw\n              DA, \n            \n              Delamere\n              FM.\n            \n          \n          Drugs for discoid lupus erythematosus. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2009, Issue4. Art. No.: CD002954. DOI: 10.1002\/14651858.CD002954.pub2. Available at: file:\/\/\/Users\/oke\/Downloads\/CD002954.pdf. Accessed February 9, 2014."},{"key":"i1547-3317-51-3-171-b13","series-title":"Am J Clin Dermatol","first-page":"365","article-title":"Cutaneous lupus erythematosus: issues in diagnosis and treatment","volume":"10","author":"Walling\n              HW,","year":"2009","unstructured":"Walling\n              HW, \n            \n              Sontheimer\n              RD.\n            \n          \n          Cutaneous lupus erythematosus: issues in diagnosis and treatment. Am J Clin Dermatol2009;10:365\u201381."},{"key":"i1547-3317-51-3-171-b14","series-title":"Arthritis Rheum","first-page":"382","article-title":"The clinical utility of the lupus band test","volume":"27","author":"Smith\n              CD,","year":"1984","unstructured":"Smith\n              CD, \n            \n              Marino\n              C, \n            \n              Rothfield\n              NF.\n            \n          \n          The clinical utility of the lupus band test. Arthritis Rheum1984;27:382\u20137."},{"issue":"3","key":"i1547-3317-51-3-171-b15","series-title":"Lupus","first-page":"133","article-title":"Canine systemic lupus erythematosus. I: A study of 75 cases","volume":"1","author":"Fournel\n              C,","year":"1992","unstructured":"Fournel\n              C, \n            \n              Chabanne\n              L, \n            \n              Caux\n              C, \n            et al\n          . Canine systemic lupus erythematosus. I: A study of 75 cases. Lupus1992;1(3):133\u20139."},{"key":"i1547-3317-51-3-171-b16","series-title":"Prat Med Chir Anim Comp","first-page":"205","article-title":"Discoid lupus erythematosus in the dog: 22 cases","volume":"22","author":"Olivry\n              T,","year":"1987","unstructured":"Olivry\n              T, \n            \n              Alhaidari\n              Z, \n            \n              Carlotti\n              DN, \n            et al\n          . Discoid lupus erythematosus in the dog: 22 cases. Prat Med Chir Anim Comp1987;22:205\u201314[in French]."},{"issue":"3","key":"i1547-3317-51-3-171-b17","series-title":"Autoimmun Rev","first-page":"444","article-title":"Cutaneous lupus erythematosus: First multicenter database analysis of 1002 patients from the European Society of Cutaneous Lupus Erythematosus (ESCLE)","volume":"12","author":"Biazar\n              C,","year":"2013","unstructured":"Biazar\n              C, \n            \n              Johanna\n              Sigges, \n            \n              Nikolaos\n              Patsinakidis, \n            et al\n          . Cutaneous lupus erythematosus: First multicenter database analysis of 1002 patients from the European Society of Cutaneous Lupus Erythematosus (ESCLE), Autoimmun Rev2013;12(3): 444\u201354."},{"key":"i1547-3317-51-3-171-b18","series-title":"J Am Hosp Assoc","first-page":"29","article-title":"Topical 0.1% tacrolimus for the treatment of discoid lupus erythematosus and pemphigus erythematosus in dogs","volume":"40","author":"Griffies\n              JD,","year":"2004","unstructured":"Griffies\n              JD, \n            \n              Mendelsohn\n              CL, \n            \n              Rosenkrantz\n              WS, \n            et al\n          . Topical 0.1% tacrolimus for the treatment of discoid lupus erythematosus and pemphigus erythematosus in dogs. J Am Hosp Assoc2004;40:29\u201341."},{"issue":"2","key":"i1547-3317-51-3-171-b19","series-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol","first-page":"258","article-title":"Tetracyclines: Nonantibiotic properties and their clinical implications","volume":"54","author":"Sapadin\n              AN,","year":"2006","unstructured":"Sapadin\n              AN, \n            \n              Fleischmajer\n              R.\n            \n          \n          Tetracyclines: Nonantibiotic properties and their clinical implications. J Am Acad Dermatol2006;54(2):258\u201365."},{"key":"i1547-3317-51-3-171-b20","series-title":"Cutis","first-page":"11","article-title":"Pharmacologic doses of nicotinamide in the treatment of inflammatory skin conditions: a review","volume":"77","author":"Niren\n              NM.","year":"2006","unstructured":"Niren\n              NM.\n            \n          \n          Pharmacologic doses of nicotinamide in the treatment of inflammatory skin conditions: a review. Cutis2006;77:11\u20136."},{"key":"i1547-3317-51-3-171-b21","series-title":"Arch Dermatol","first-page":"670","article-title":"The treatment of bullous pemphigoid with tetracycline and niacinamide: a preliminary report","volume":"122","author":"Berk\n              MA,","year":"1986","unstructured":"Berk\n              MA, \n            \n              Lorincz\n              AL.\n            \n          \n          The treatment of bullous pemphigoid with tetracycline and niacinamide: a preliminary report. Arch Dermatol1986;122:670\u20134."},{"key":"i1547-3317-51-3-171-b22","series-title":"Vet Dermatol","first-page":"90","article-title":"Pemphigus: Current therapy","volume":"15","author":"Rosenkrantz\n              WS.","year":"2004","unstructured":"Rosenkrantz\n              WS.\n            \n          \n          Pemphigus: Current therapy. Vet Dermatol2004;15:90\u20138."},{"issue":"2","key":"i1547-3317-51-3-171-b23","series-title":"J Am Anim Hosp Assoc","first-page":"139","article-title":"A retrospective study regarding the treatment of lupoid onychodystrophy in 30 dogs and literature review","volume":"39","author":"Mueller\n              RS,","year":"2003","unstructured":"Mueller\n              RS, \n            \n              Rosychuk\n              RA, \n            \n              Jonas\n              LD.\n            \n          \n          A retrospective study regarding the treatment of lupoid onychodystrophy in 30 dogs and literature review. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc2003;39(2):139\u201350."},{"key":"i1547-3317-51-3-171-b24","series-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev","article-title":"Drugs for discoid lupus erythematosus","author":"Jessop\n              S,","year":"2009","unstructured":"Jessop\n              S, \n            \n              Whitelaw\n              DA, \n            \n              Delamere\n              FM.\n            \n          \n          Drugs for discoid lupus erythematosus. Cochrane Database Syst Rev2009;4:CD002954."},{"issue":"3","key":"i1547-3317-51-3-171-b25","series-title":"Prog Lipid Res","first-page":"232","article-title":"Omega-3 fatty acids in anti-inflammation (pro-resolution) and GPCRs","volume":"51","author":"Im\n              DS.","year":"2012","unstructured":"Im\n              DS.\n            \n          \n          Omega-3 fatty acids in anti-inflammation (pro-resolution) and GPCRs. Prog Lipid Res2012;51(3):232\u20137."}],"container-title":["Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/jaaha.kglmeridian.com\/view\/journals\/aaha\/51\/3\/article-p171.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/meridian.allenpress.com\/jaaha\/article-pdf\/51\/3\/171\/1588912\/jaaha-ms-6116.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/jaaha.kglmeridian.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/aaha\/51\/3\/article-p171.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/jaaha.kglmeridian.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/aaha\/51\/3\/article-p171.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,21]],"date-time":"2025-11-21T15:59:28Z","timestamp":1763740768000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/jaaha.kglmeridian.com\/view\/journals\/aaha\/51\/3\/article-p171.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015]]},"references-count":25,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5326\/jaaha-ms-6116","relation":{},"ISSN":["1547-3317","0587-2871"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1547-3317"},{"type":"print","value":"0587-2871"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015]]}}}