{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T01:20:12Z","timestamp":1790040012518,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"American Animal Hospital Association","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>An 8 wk old male Yorkshire terrier was presented with a 2 wk history of recurrent hypoglycemia, lethargy, and seizures. Investigations revealed a marked increase in blood ammonia, low serum cobalamin, and increased levels of urinary methylmalonic acid (MMA) excretion. No liver vascular abnormality was detected. The patient was diagnosed with methylmalonic aciduria due to cobalamin malabsorption. The patient responded well to parenteral cobalamin administration, and the urinary MMA levels normalized rapidly following instigation of treatment. Due to the suspected hereditary nature of selective cobalamin deficiency, one sibling of this dog was screened and found to be normal. This is the first reported case of MMA secondary to hypocobalaminemia in Yorkshire terriers, and the second report of this disease in a dog in the United Kingdom. Given the fact that clinical signs of MMA are similar to those seen in dogs with portosystemic shunts and that Yorkshire terriers are predisposed to liver vascular abnormalities, this case report adds important clinical information to the current available literature.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.5326\/jaaha-ms-6195","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,17]],"date-time":"2015-06-17T18:31:10Z","timestamp":1434565870000},"page":"285-288","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Methylmalonic Aciduria Secondary to Selective Cobalamin Malabsorption in a Yorkshire Terrier"],"prefix":"10.5326","volume":"51","author":[{"given":"Gerard","family":"McLauchlan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Small Animal Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary, and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angela","family":"McLaughlin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Small Animal Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary, and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adrian C.","family":"Sewell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Small Animal Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary, and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom."},{"name":"Adrian C. Sewell's present affiliation is Institut f\u00fcr Medizinische Diagnostik GmbH, Konrad-Adenauer-Stra\u00dfe, 1755218 Ingelheim, Germany."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rory","family":"Bell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Small Animal Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary, and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom."},{"name":"Rory Bell's present affiliation is Dick White Referrals, London Road, Six Mile Bottom, Cambridge, United Kingdom, CB8 0HU."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"3280","reference":[{"key":"i1547-3317-51-4-285-b01","series-title":"Pediatr Res","first-page":"24","article-title":"Inherited selective intestinal cobalamin malabsorption and cobalamin deficiency in dogs","volume":"29","author":"Fyfe\n              JC,","year":"1991","unstructured":"Fyfe\n              JC, \n            \n              Giger\n              U, \n            \n              Hall\n              CA, \n            et al\n          . 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J Small Anim Pract2005;46:339\u201344."},{"key":"i1547-3317-51-4-285-b04","series-title":"Am J Vet Res","first-page":"1194","article-title":"Serum cobalamin, urine methylmalonic acid, and plasma total homocysteine concentrations in Border Collies and dogs of other breeds","volume":"73","author":"Lutz\n              S,","year":"2012","unstructured":"Lutz\n              S, \n            \n              Sewell\n              AC, \n            \n              Bigler\n              B, \n            et al\n          . Serum cobalamin, urine methylmalonic acid, and plasma total homocysteine concentrations in Border Collies and dogs of other breeds. Am J Vet Res2012;73:1194\u20139."},{"key":"i1547-3317-51-4-285-b05","series-title":"J Small Anim Pract","first-page":"407","article-title":"Persistent cobalamin deficiency causing failure to thrive in a juvenile beagle","volume":"41","author":"Fordyce\n              HH,","year":"2000","unstructured":"Fordyce\n              HH, \n            \n              Callan\n              MB, \n            \n              Giger\n              U.\n            \n          \n          Persistent cobalamin deficiency causing failure to thrive in a juvenile beagle. 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Metab Brain Dis1996;11:239\u201347."},{"key":"i1547-3317-51-4-285-b07","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"1101","article-title":"Cobalamin deficiency associated with methylmalonic academia in a cat","volume":"200","author":"Vaden\n              SL,","year":"1992","unstructured":"Vaden\n              SL, \n            \n              Wood\n              PA, \n            \n              Ledley\n              FD, \n            et al\n          . Cobalamin deficiency associated with methylmalonic academia in a cat. 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J Vet Diagn Invest2013;25:376\u201385."},{"key":"i1547-3317-51-4-285-b13","series-title":"J Biol Chem","first-page":"4489","article-title":"Defective brush-border expression of intrinsic factor-cobalamin receptor in canine inherited intestinal cobalamin malabsorption","volume":"266","author":"Fyfe\n              JC,","year":"1991","unstructured":"Fyfe\n              JC, \n            \n              Ramanujam\n              KS, \n            \n              Ramaswamy\n              K, \n            et al\n          . Defective brush-border expression of intrinsic factor-cobalamin receptor in canine inherited intestinal cobalamin malabsorption. 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Am J Vet Res2013;74:84\u201388."},{"key":"i1547-3317-51-4-285-b01","series-title":"Pediatr Res","first-page":"24","article-title":"Inherited selective intestinal cobalamin malabsorption and cobalamin deficiency in dogs","volume":"29","author":"Fyfe\n              JC,","year":"1991","unstructured":"Fyfe\n              JC, \n            \n              Giger\n              U, \n            \n              Hall\n              CA, \n            et al\n          . Inherited selective intestinal cobalamin malabsorption and cobalamin deficiency in dogs. 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J Am Anim Hos Assoc1999;35:392\u20135."},{"key":"i1547-3317-51-4-285-b03","series-title":"J Small Anim Pract","first-page":"339","article-title":"Hyperammonemic encephalopathy secondary to selective cobalamin deficiency in a juvenile border collie","volume":"46","author":"Battersby\n              IA,","year":"2005","unstructured":"Battersby\n              IA, \n            \n              Giger\n              U, \n            \n              Hall\n              EJ.\n            \n          \n          Hyperammonemic encephalopathy secondary to selective cobalamin deficiency in a juvenile border collie. 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Am J Vet Res2012;73:1194\u20139."},{"key":"i1547-3317-51-4-285-b05","series-title":"J Small Anim Pract","first-page":"407","article-title":"Persistent cobalamin deficiency causing failure to thrive in a juvenile beagle","volume":"41","author":"Fordyce\n              HH,","year":"2000","unstructured":"Fordyce\n              HH, \n            \n              Callan\n              MB, \n            \n              Giger\n              U.\n            \n          \n          Persistent cobalamin deficiency causing failure to thrive in a juvenile beagle. 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J Vet Diagn Invest2012;24:1105\u201314."},{"key":"i1547-3317-51-4-285-b11","series-title":"J Small Anim Pract","first-page":"143","article-title":"Canine breed predispositions for marked hypocobalaminemia or decreased folate concentrations assessed by a laboratory survey","volume":"54","author":"Dandrieux\n              JR,","year":"2013","unstructured":"Dandrieux\n              JR, \n            \n              Noble\n              PJ, \n            \n              Halladay\n              LJ, \n            et al\n          . Canine breed predispositions for marked hypocobalaminemia or decreased folate concentrations assessed by a laboratory survey. J Small Anim Pract2013;54:143\u20138."},{"key":"i1547-3317-51-4-285-b12","series-title":"J Vet Diagn Invest","first-page":"376","article-title":"Serum concentrations of canine alpha(1)-proteinase inhibitor in cobalamin deficient Yorkshire Terrier dogs","volume":"25","author":"Grutzner\n              N,","year":"2013","unstructured":"Grutzner\n              N, \n            \n              Heilmann\n              RM, \n            \n              Bridges\n              CS, \n            et al\n          . Serum concentrations of canine alpha(1)-proteinase inhibitor in cobalamin deficient Yorkshire Terrier dogs. J Vet Diagn Invest2013;25:376\u201385."},{"key":"i1547-3317-51-4-285-b13","series-title":"J Biol Chem","first-page":"4489","article-title":"Defective brush-border expression of intrinsic factor-cobalamin receptor in canine inherited intestinal cobalamin malabsorption","volume":"266","author":"Fyfe\n              JC,","year":"1991","unstructured":"Fyfe\n              JC, \n            \n              Ramanujam\n              KS, \n            \n              Ramaswamy\n              K, \n            et al\n          . Defective brush-border expression of intrinsic factor-cobalamin receptor in canine inherited intestinal cobalamin malabsorption. J Biol Chem1991;266:4489\u201394."},{"key":"i1547-3317-51-4-285-b14","series-title":"FASEB J","first-page":"1344","article-title":"Metabolic abnormalities in cobalamin (vitamin B12) and folate deficiency","volume":"14","author":"Allen\n              RH,","year":"1993","unstructured":"Allen\n              RH, \n            \n              Stabler\n              SP, \n            \n              Savage\n              DG, \n            et al\n          . Metabolic abnormalities in cobalamin (vitamin B12) and folate deficiency. 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Methylmalonic and propionic aciduria. Am J Med Genet Part C Semin Med Genet2006;142C:104\u2013112."},{"key":"i1547-3317-51-4-285-b17","series-title":"Pediatric Res","first-page":"683","article-title":"Effect of propionic acid on fatty acid oxidation and ureagenesis","volume":"10","author":"Glasgow\n              AM,","year":"1976","unstructured":"Glasgow\n              AM, \n            \n              Chase\n              HP.\n            \n          \n          Effect of propionic acid on fatty acid oxidation and ureagenesis. Pediatric Res1976;10:683\u20136."},{"key":"i1547-3317-51-4-285-b18","series-title":"Exp Neurol","first-page":"455","article-title":"Ammonia potentiates methylmalonic acid-induced convulsions and TBARS production","volume":"182","author":"Marisco\n              PD,","year":"2003","unstructured":"Marisco\n              PD, \n            \n              Riberio\n              MCP, \n            \n              Bonini\n              JS, \n            et al\n          . Ammonia potentiates methylmalonic acid-induced convulsions and TBARS production. 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