{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T05:44:13Z","timestamp":1787031853502,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"American Animal Hospital Association","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016]]},"abstract":"ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n Bromethalin is a central nervous system toxin currently incorporated into several different rodenticides. In 2008, the EPA requested that manufacturers phase out second-generation anticoagulant rodenticides. In response, manufacturers began to increase production of bromethalin-based rodenticides. It is likely that pet exposure to bromethalin will increase in the future. Bromethalin has no known antidote and tends to deposit in fat. Intravenous lipid emulsions (ILEs) are being used with increasing frequency in both human and veterinary medicine to treat numerous acute systemic toxicities. A 4 yr old spayed female Pit bull terrier was presented following witnessed ingestion of bromethalin rodenticide by the owners. Decontamination was unsuccessful and ILE was started. Serum was frozen at \u221280\u00b0C before and 1 hr after completion of ILE. In rats, the half-life of desmethylbromethalin, the toxic metabolite, has been reported at 5.6 days and 6 days, and it is likely to be similar in dogs. The only intervention between the pre-lipid serum sample and the post-lipid serum sample was the administration of ILE, and the serum desmethylbromethalin levels were reduced by 75% (from 4 ppb to 1 ppb) during this time. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first report describing treatment of bromethalin ingestion with ILE.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.5326\/jaaha-ms-6396","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,3]],"date-time":"2016-06-03T15:15:59Z","timestamp":1464966959000},"page":"265-268","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Intravenous Lipid Emulsion Therapy for Bromethalin Toxicity in a Dog"],"prefix":"10.5326","volume":"52","author":[{"given":"Brittany","family":"Heggem-Perry","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maureen","family":"McMichael","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mauria","family":"O'Brien","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Clara","family":"Moran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"3280","reference":[{"key":"i1547-3317-52-4-265-b01","series-title":"Top Comp An Med","first-page":"21","article-title":"Bromethalin","volume":"28","author":"Peterson \n ME.","year":"2013","unstructured":"Peterson \n ME. \n \n \n Bromethalin. Top Comp An Med. 2013;28:21\u20133."},{"key":"i1547-3317-52-4-265-b02","series-title":"Vet Clin North Am","first-page":"349","article-title":"Common rodenticide toxicoses in small animals","volume":"42","author":"DeClementi \n C,","year":"2012","unstructured":"DeClementi \n C, \n \n \n Sobczak \n BR. \n \n \n Common rodenticide toxicoses in small animals. Vet Clin North Am2012;42:349\u201360."},{"key":"i1547-3317-52-4-265-b03","article-title":"New Use Restrictions for Commercial Class Rodenticides in Agricultural Settings","year":"2014","unstructured":"New Use Restrictions for Commercial Class Rodenticides in Agricultural Settings. http:\/\/www.hc-sc.gc.ca\/cps-spc\/pubs\/pest\/_fact-fiche\/restriction-rodenticides\/index-eng.php. Accessed January 30,2014."},{"key":"i1547-3317-52-4-265-b04","series-title":"Fundam Appl Toxicol","first-page":"664","article-title":"The toxicity and mechanism of action of bromethalin: a new single feeding rodenticide","volume":"11","author":"VanLier \n RBL,","year":"1988","unstructured":"VanLier \n RBL, \n \n \n Cherry \n LD. \n \n \n The toxicity and mechanism of action of bromethalin: a new single feeding rodenticide. Fundam Appl Toxicol1988;11:664\u201372."},{"key":"i1547-3317-52-4-265-b05","series-title":"J Vet Diag Invest","first-page":"123","article-title":"Diagnosis of bromethalin poisoning in the dog","volume":"2","author":"Dorman \n DC,","year":"1990","unstructured":"Dorman \n DC, \n \n \n Harlin \n KS, \n \n \n Simon \n J, \n \n et al. \n Diagnosis of bromethalin poisoning in the dog. J Vet Diag Invest1990;2:123\u20138."},{"key":"i1547-3317-52-4-265-b06","series-title":"J Am Anim Hosp Assoc","first-page":"589","article-title":"Bromethalin neurotoxicosis in the dog: I. Clinical effects","volume":"26","author":"Dorman \n DC,","year":"1990","unstructured":"Dorman \n DC, \n \n \n Parker \n AJ, \n \n \n Buck \n WB. \n \n \n Bromethalin neurotoxicosis in the dog: I. Clinical effects. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc1990;26:589\u201394."},{"key":"i1547-3317-52-4-265-b07","series-title":"Prog Vet Neurol","first-page":"189","article-title":"Bromethalin neurotoxicosis in the cat","volume":"1","author":"Dorman \n DC,","year":"1990","unstructured":"Dorman \n DC, \n \n \n Parker \n AJ, \n \n \n Dye \n JA, \n \n et al. \n Bromethalin neurotoxicosis in the cat. Prog Vet Neurol1990;1:189\u201396."},{"key":"i1547-3317-52-4-265-b08","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"1455","article-title":"Infusion of a lipid emulsion to treat lidocaine intoxication in a cat","volume":"237","author":"O'Brien \n TQ,","year":"2010","unstructured":"O'Brien \n TQ, \n \n \n Clark-Price \n SC, \n \n \n Evans \n EE, \n \n et al. \n Infusion of a lipid emulsion to treat lidocaine intoxication in a cat. J Am Vet Med Assoc2010;237:1455\u20138."},{"issue":"2","key":"i1547-3317-52-4-265-b09","series-title":"J Am Anim Hosp Assoc","first-page":"136","article-title":"Treatment of ibuprofen toxicosis in a dog with intravenous lipid emulsion","volume":"50","author":"Bolfer \n L,","year":"2014","unstructured":"Bolfer \n L, \n \n \n McMichael \n MA, \n \n \n O'Brien \n MA, \n \n et al. \n Treatment of ibuprofen toxicosis in a dog with intravenous lipid emulsion. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc2014;50(2):136\u201340."},{"key":"i1547-3317-52-4-265-b10","series-title":"J Vet Emerg Crit Care","first-page":"321","article-title":"The use of high-dose insulin therapy and intravenous lipid emulsion to treat severe, refractory diltiazem toxicosis in a dog","volume":"23","author":"Maton \n BL,","year":"2013","unstructured":"Maton \n BL, \n \n \n Simmonds \n EE, \n \n \n Lee \n JA, \n \n et al. \n The use of high-dose insulin therapy and intravenous lipid emulsion to treat severe, refractory diltiazem toxicosis in a dog. J Vet Emerg Crit Care2013;23:321\u20137."},{"key":"i1547-3317-52-4-265-b11","series-title":"J Am Anim Hosp Assoc","first-page":"595","article-title":"Bromethalin toxicosis in the dog: II. Treatment of the toxic syndrome","volume":"26","author":"Dorman \n DC,","year":"1990","unstructured":"Dorman \n DC, \n \n \n Parker \n AJ, \n \n \n Buck \n WB. \n \n \n Bromethalin toxicosis in the dog: II. Treatment of the toxic syndrome. 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Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med2010;18:51."},{"key":"i1547-3317-52-4-265-b14","series-title":"Clin Toxicol","first-page":"1","article-title":"Lipid emulsions in the treatment of acute poisoning: a systematic review of human and animal studies","volume":"48","author":"Jamaty \n C,","year":"2010","unstructured":"Jamaty \n C, \n \n \n Bailey \n B, \n \n \n Larocque \n A, \n \n et al. \n Lipid emulsions in the treatment of acute poisoning: a systematic review of human and animal studies. Clin Toxicol2010;48:1\u201327."},{"key":"i1547-3317-52-4-265-b15","series-title":"J Am Anim Hosp Assoc","first-page":"221","article-title":"The use of IV lipid emulsion for lipophilic drug toxicities","volume":"48","author":"Kaplan \n A,","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kaplan \n A, \n \n \n Whelan \n M. \n \n \n The use of IV lipid emulsion for lipophilic drug toxicities. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc2012;48:221\u20137."},{"key":"i1547-3317-52-4-265-b16","series-title":"Ann Emerg Med","first-page":"412","article-title":"Use of lipid emulsion in the resuscitation of a patient with prolonged cardiovascular collapse after overdose of bupropion and lamotrigine","volume":"51","author":"Sirianni \n AJ,","year":"2008","unstructured":"Sirianni \n AJ, \n \n \n Osterhoudt \n KC, \n \n \n Calello \n DP, \n \n et al. \n Use of lipid emulsion in the resuscitation of a patient with prolonged cardiovascular collapse after overdose of bupropion and lamotrigine. Ann Emerg Med2008;51: 412\u20135."},{"key":"i1547-3317-52-4-265-b17","series-title":"Reg Anesth Pain Med","first-page":"296","article-title":"Lipid infusion accelerates removal of bupivacaine and recovery from bupivacaine toxicity in the isolated rat heart","volume":"31","author":"Weinberg \n GL,","year":"2006","unstructured":"Weinberg \n GL, \n \n \n Ripper \n R, \n \n \n Murphy \n P, \n \n et al. \n Lipid infusion accelerates removal of bupivacaine and recovery from bupivacaine toxicity in the isolated rat heart. Reg Anesth Pain Med2006;31:296\u2013303."},{"key":"i1547-3317-52-4-265-b18","series-title":"J Vet Emerg Crit Care","first-page":"58","article-title":"Ivermectin-induced blindness treated with intravenous lipid therapy in a dog","volume":"23","author":"Epstein \n SE,","year":"2013","unstructured":"Epstein \n SE, \n \n \n Hollingsworth \n SR. \n \n \n Ivermectin-induced blindness treated with intravenous lipid therapy in a dog. J Vet Emerg Crit Care2013;23:58\u201362."},{"key":"i1547-3317-52-4-265-b19","series-title":"Vet Rec","first-page":"339","article-title":"Lipid infusion in the management of poisoning: a report of 6 canine cases","volume":"172","author":"Bates, \n N,","year":"2013","unstructured":"Bates, \n N, \n \n \n Chatterton \n J, \n \n \n Robbins \n C, \n \n et al. \n Lipid infusion in the management of poisoning: a report of 6 canine cases. Vet Rec2013;172:339."},{"key":"i1547-3317-52-4-265-b20","series-title":"J Med Toxicol","first-page":"10","article-title":"Complications following antidotal use of intravenous lipid emulsion therapy","volume":"10","author":"Levine \n M,","year":"2014","unstructured":"Levine \n M, \n \n \n Skolnik \n AB, \n \n \n Rhua \n A, \n \n et al. \n Complications following antidotal use of intravenous lipid emulsion therapy. J Med Toxicol2014;10:10\u201314."},{"key":"i1547-3317-52-4-265-b01","series-title":"Top Comp An Med","first-page":"21","article-title":"Bromethalin","volume":"28","author":"Peterson \n ME.","year":"2013","unstructured":"Peterson \n ME. \n \n \n Bromethalin. Top Comp An Med. 2013;28:21\u20133."},{"key":"i1547-3317-52-4-265-b02","series-title":"Vet Clin North Am","first-page":"349","article-title":"Common rodenticide toxicoses in small animals","volume":"42","author":"DeClementi \n C,","year":"2012","unstructured":"DeClementi \n C, \n \n \n Sobczak \n BR. \n \n \n Common rodenticide toxicoses in small animals. Vet Clin North Am2012;42:349\u201360."},{"key":"i1547-3317-52-4-265-b03","article-title":"New Use Restrictions for Commercial Class Rodenticides in Agricultural Settings","year":"2014","unstructured":"New Use Restrictions for Commercial Class Rodenticides in Agricultural Settings. http:\/\/www.hc-sc.gc.ca\/cps-spc\/pubs\/pest\/_fact-fiche\/restriction-rodenticides\/index-eng.php. Accessed January 30,2014."},{"key":"i1547-3317-52-4-265-b04","series-title":"Fundam Appl Toxicol","first-page":"664","article-title":"The toxicity and mechanism of action of bromethalin: a new single feeding rodenticide","volume":"11","author":"VanLier \n RBL,","year":"1988","unstructured":"VanLier \n RBL, \n \n \n Cherry \n LD. \n \n \n The toxicity and mechanism of action of bromethalin: a new single feeding rodenticide. Fundam Appl Toxicol1988;11:664\u201372."},{"key":"i1547-3317-52-4-265-b05","series-title":"J Vet Diag Invest","first-page":"123","article-title":"Diagnosis of bromethalin poisoning in the dog","volume":"2","author":"Dorman \n DC,","year":"1990","unstructured":"Dorman \n DC, \n \n \n Harlin \n KS, \n \n \n Simon \n J, \n \n et al. \n Diagnosis of bromethalin poisoning in the dog. J Vet Diag Invest1990;2:123\u20138."},{"key":"i1547-3317-52-4-265-b06","series-title":"J Am Anim Hosp Assoc","first-page":"589","article-title":"Bromethalin neurotoxicosis in the dog: I. 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Prog Vet Neurol1990;1:189\u201396."},{"key":"i1547-3317-52-4-265-b08","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"1455","article-title":"Infusion of a lipid emulsion to treat lidocaine intoxication in a cat","volume":"237","author":"O'Brien \n TQ,","year":"2010","unstructured":"O'Brien \n TQ, \n \n \n Clark-Price \n SC, \n \n \n Evans \n EE, \n \n et al. \n Infusion of a lipid emulsion to treat lidocaine intoxication in a cat. J Am Vet Med Assoc2010;237:1455\u20138."},{"issue":"2","key":"i1547-3317-52-4-265-b09","series-title":"J Am Anim Hosp Assoc","first-page":"136","article-title":"Treatment of ibuprofen toxicosis in a dog with intravenous lipid emulsion","volume":"50","author":"Bolfer \n L,","year":"2014","unstructured":"Bolfer \n L, \n \n \n McMichael \n MA, \n \n \n O'Brien \n MA, \n \n et al. \n Treatment of ibuprofen toxicosis in a dog with intravenous lipid emulsion. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc2014;50(2):136\u201340."},{"key":"i1547-3317-52-4-265-b10","series-title":"J Vet Emerg Crit Care","first-page":"321","article-title":"The use of high-dose insulin therapy and intravenous lipid emulsion to treat severe, refractory diltiazem toxicosis in a dog","volume":"23","author":"Maton \n BL,","year":"2013","unstructured":"Maton \n BL, \n \n \n Simmonds \n EE, \n \n \n Lee \n JA, \n \n et al. \n The use of high-dose insulin therapy and intravenous lipid emulsion to treat severe, refractory diltiazem toxicosis in a dog. J Vet Emerg Crit Care2013;23:321\u20137."},{"key":"i1547-3317-52-4-265-b11","series-title":"J Am Anim Hosp Assoc","first-page":"595","article-title":"Bromethalin toxicosis in the dog: II. Treatment of the toxic syndrome","volume":"26","author":"Dorman \n DC,","year":"1990","unstructured":"Dorman \n DC, \n \n \n Parker \n AJ, \n \n \n Buck \n WB. \n \n \n Bromethalin toxicosis in the dog: II. Treatment of the toxic syndrome. 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Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med2010;18:51."},{"key":"i1547-3317-52-4-265-b14","series-title":"Clin Toxicol","first-page":"1","article-title":"Lipid emulsions in the treatment of acute poisoning: a systematic review of human and animal studies","volume":"48","author":"Jamaty \n C,","year":"2010","unstructured":"Jamaty \n C, \n \n \n Bailey \n B, \n \n \n Larocque \n A, \n \n et al. \n Lipid emulsions in the treatment of acute poisoning: a systematic review of human and animal studies. Clin Toxicol2010;48:1\u201327."},{"key":"i1547-3317-52-4-265-b15","series-title":"J Am Anim Hosp Assoc","first-page":"221","article-title":"The use of IV lipid emulsion for lipophilic drug toxicities","volume":"48","author":"Kaplan \n A,","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kaplan \n A, \n \n \n Whelan \n M. \n \n \n The use of IV lipid emulsion for lipophilic drug toxicities. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc2012;48:221\u20137."},{"key":"i1547-3317-52-4-265-b16","series-title":"Ann Emerg Med","first-page":"412","article-title":"Use of lipid emulsion in the resuscitation of a patient with prolonged cardiovascular collapse after overdose of bupropion and lamotrigine","volume":"51","author":"Sirianni \n AJ,","year":"2008","unstructured":"Sirianni \n AJ, \n \n \n Osterhoudt \n KC, \n \n \n Calello \n DP, \n \n et al. \n Use of lipid emulsion in the resuscitation of a patient with prolonged cardiovascular collapse after overdose of bupropion and lamotrigine. Ann Emerg Med2008;51: 412\u20135."},{"key":"i1547-3317-52-4-265-b17","series-title":"Reg Anesth Pain Med","first-page":"296","article-title":"Lipid infusion accelerates removal of bupivacaine and recovery from bupivacaine toxicity in the isolated rat heart","volume":"31","author":"Weinberg \n GL,","year":"2006","unstructured":"Weinberg \n GL, \n \n \n Ripper \n R, \n \n \n Murphy \n P, \n \n et al. \n Lipid infusion accelerates removal of bupivacaine and recovery from bupivacaine toxicity in the isolated rat heart. Reg Anesth Pain Med2006;31:296\u2013303."},{"key":"i1547-3317-52-4-265-b18","series-title":"J Vet Emerg Crit Care","first-page":"58","article-title":"Ivermectin-induced blindness treated with intravenous lipid therapy in a dog","volume":"23","author":"Epstein \n SE,","year":"2013","unstructured":"Epstein \n SE, \n \n \n Hollingsworth \n SR. \n \n \n Ivermectin-induced blindness treated with intravenous lipid therapy in a dog. J Vet Emerg Crit Care2013;23:58\u201362."},{"key":"i1547-3317-52-4-265-b19","series-title":"Vet Rec","first-page":"339","article-title":"Lipid infusion in the management of poisoning: a report of 6 canine cases","volume":"172","author":"Bates, \n N,","year":"2013","unstructured":"Bates, \n N, \n \n \n Chatterton \n J, \n \n \n Robbins \n C, \n \n et al. \n Lipid infusion in the management of poisoning: a report of 6 canine cases. Vet Rec2013;172:339."},{"key":"i1547-3317-52-4-265-b20","series-title":"J Med Toxicol","first-page":"10","article-title":"Complications following antidotal use of intravenous lipid emulsion therapy","volume":"10","author":"Levine \n M,","year":"2014","unstructured":"Levine \n M, \n \n \n Skolnik \n AB, \n \n \n Rhua \n A, \n \n et al. \n Complications following antidotal use of intravenous lipid emulsion therapy. 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