{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T14:31:26Z","timestamp":1789050686697,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"American Animal Hospital Association","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Two young American miniature horses from the same farm were evaluated by a veterinarian due to presence of lethargy, anorexia, and cardiac arrhythmias. Both horses were treated aggressively with IV fluids and other supportive measures. The first horse died approximately 72 hr after the start of clinical signs and the second horse was humanely euthanized due to poor response to treatment. Oleander toxicosis was suspected based on the types of clinical signs present and due to several oleander plants and dried leaves present on the property. Oleander toxicosis was confirmed by the presence of oleandrin in gastrointestinal contents and digoxin in the serum of second horse.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.5326\/jaaha-ms-6433","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,29]],"date-time":"2016-09-29T12:32:29Z","timestamp":1475152349000},"page":"398-402","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Fatal Oleander Toxicosis in Two Miniature Horses"],"prefix":"10.5326","volume":"52","author":[{"given":"Jarrod","family":"Butler","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"From the ASPCA Animal Poison Control Center, Urbana, Illinois (J.B., S.K.); and College Road Animal Hospital, Wilmington, North Carolina (G.S.)."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Safdar","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the ASPCA Animal Poison Control Center, Urbana, Illinois (J.B., S.K.); and College Road Animal Hospital, Wilmington, North Carolina (G.S.)."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gina","family":"Scarzella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the ASPCA Animal Poison Control Center, Urbana, Illinois (J.B., S.K.); and College Road Animal Hospital, Wilmington, North Carolina (G.S.)."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"3280","reference":[{"key":"i1547-3317-52-6-398-b01","series-title":"Toxic Plants of North America. 2nd ed","first-page":"78","author":"Burrows \n              GE,","year":"2013","unstructured":"Burrows \n              GE, \n            \n            \n              Tyrl \n              RJ. \n            \n          \n          Toxic Plants of North America. 2nd ed. Ames (IA): Blackwell Publishing;2013:78\u201382."},{"key":"i1547-3317-52-6-398-b02","series-title":"Plant Med","first-page":"70","article-title":"Estimation of cardenolides in Nerium Oleander","volume":"23","author":"Karawya \n              MS,","year":"1973","unstructured":"Karawya \n              MS, \n            \n            \n              Balbaa \n              SI, \n            \n            \n              Khayyal \n              SE. \n            \n          \n          Estimation of cardenolides in Nerium Oleander. Plant Med1973;23:70\u201373."},{"key":"i1547-3317-52-6-398-b03","series-title":"J Vet Diagn Invest","first-page":"358","article-title":"et.al. Diagnosis of oleander poisoning in livestock","volume":"8","author":"Galey \n              F,","year":"1996","unstructured":"Galey \n              F, \n            \n            \n              Holsteg \n              D, \n            \n            \n              Plumlee \n              K, \n            \n          \n          et.al. Diagnosis of oleander poisoning in livestock. J Vet Diagn Invest1996;8:358\u2013364."},{"key":"i1547-3317-52-6-398-b04","series-title":"Toxicon","first-page":"273","article-title":"A review of the natural history, toxinology, diagnosis, and clinical management of Nerium oleander (common oleander) and Thevetia peruviana (yellow oleander) poisoning","volume":"56","author":"Bandara \n              V,","year":"2010","unstructured":"Bandara \n              V, \n            \n            \n              Weinstein \n              S, \n            \n            \n              White \n              J, \n            \n            et al. \n          A review of the natural history, toxinology, diagnosis, and clinical management of Nerium oleander (common oleander) and Thevetia peruviana (yellow oleander) poisoning. Toxicon2010;56:273\u2013281."},{"issue":"6","key":"i1547-3317-52-6-398-b05","series-title":"Trop Anim Health Prod","first-page":"451","article-title":"Acute cattle intoxication from Nerium oleander pods","volume":"38","author":"Soto-Blanco \n              B,","year":"2006","unstructured":"Soto-Blanco \n              B, \n            \n            \n              Fontenele-Neto \n              JD, \n            \n            \n              Silva \n              DM, \n            \n            et al. \n          Acute cattle intoxication from Nerium oleander pods. Trop Anim Health Prod2006;38(6):451\u20134."},{"issue":"8","key":"i1547-3317-52-6-398-b06","series-title":"Hum Exp Toxicol","first-page":"853","article-title":"Experimental oleander (Nerium oleander) intoxication in broiler chickens (Gallus gallus)","volume":"31","author":"Omidi \n              A,","year":"2012","unstructured":"Omidi \n              A, \n            \n            \n              Razavizadeh \n              AT, \n            \n            \n              Movassaghi \n              AR, \n            \n            et al. \n          Experimental oleander (Nerium oleander) intoxication in broiler chickens (Gallus gallus). Hum Exp Toxicol2012;31(8): 853\u20138."},{"issue":"2","key":"i1547-3317-52-6-398-b07","series-title":"J Environ Biol","first-page":"201","article-title":"Toxicity of leaf extract of yellow oleander (Thevetia nerifolia) on tilapia","volume":"24","author":"Sambasivam \n              S,","year":"2003","unstructured":"Sambasivam \n              S, \n            \n            \n              Karpagam \n              G, \n            \n            \n              Chandran \n              R, \n            \n            et al. \n          Toxicity of leaf extract of yellow oleander (Thevetia nerifolia) on tilapia. J Environ Biol2003;24(2):201\u20134."},{"issue":"10","key":"i1547-3317-52-6-398-b08","series-title":"Ann Emerg Med","first-page":"1073","article-title":"Digoxin-specific Fab fragments in the treatment of oleander toxicity in a canine model","volume":"20","author":"Clark \n              RF,","year":"1991","unstructured":"Clark \n              RF, \n            \n            \n              Selden \n              BS, \n            \n            \n              Curry \n              SC. \n            \n          \n          Digoxin-specific Fab fragments in the treatment of oleander toxicity in a canine model. Ann Emerg Med1991;20(10):1073\u20137."},{"key":"i1547-3317-52-6-398-b09","series-title":"Plants-Cardiac Glycosides","article-title":"Poisindex System","year":"2012","unstructured":"Poisindex System. Plants-Cardiac Glycosides. 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J Am Vet Med Assoc2009;235(3):305\u201310."},{"issue":"7","key":"i1547-3317-52-6-398-b12","series-title":"Aust Vet J","first-page":"412","article-title":"Suspected Nerium oleander (Oleander) poisoning in a horse","volume":"80","author":"Hughes \n              KJ,","year":"2002","unstructured":"Hughes \n              KJ, \n            \n            \n              Dart \n              AJ, \n            \n            \n              Hodgson \n              DR. \n            \n          \n          Suspected Nerium oleander (Oleander) poisoning in a horse. 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Vet Rec1999;3(144):259\u201361."},{"issue":"1","key":"i1547-3317-52-6-398-b17","series-title":"J Vet Intern Med","first-page":"111","article-title":"Oleander toxicosis in a donkey","volume":"17","author":"Smith \n              P,","year":"2003","unstructured":"Smith \n              P, \n            \n            \n              Aldridge \n              B, \n            \n            \n              Kittleson \n              M. \n            \n          \n          Oleander toxicosis in a donkey. J Vet Intern Med2003;17(1):111\u20134."},{"key":"i1547-3317-52-6-398-b18","series-title":"Small Animal Drug Handbook. 2nd ed","article-title":"Digoxin Immune Fab","author":"Morgan, \n              R.","year":"2008","unstructured":"Morgan, \n              R. \n            \n          \n          Digoxin Immune Fab. In: Small Animal Drug Handbook. 2nd ed. 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Hum Exp Toxicol2012;31(8): 853\u20138."},{"issue":"2","key":"i1547-3317-52-6-398-b07","series-title":"J Environ Biol","first-page":"201","article-title":"Toxicity of leaf extract of yellow oleander (Thevetia nerifolia) on tilapia","volume":"24","author":"Sambasivam \n              S,","year":"2003","unstructured":"Sambasivam \n              S, \n            \n            \n              Karpagam \n              G, \n            \n            \n              Chandran \n              R, \n            \n            et al. \n          Toxicity of leaf extract of yellow oleander (Thevetia nerifolia) on tilapia. J Environ Biol2003;24(2):201\u20134."},{"issue":"10","key":"i1547-3317-52-6-398-b08","series-title":"Ann Emerg Med","first-page":"1073","article-title":"Digoxin-specific Fab fragments in the treatment of oleander toxicity in a canine model","volume":"20","author":"Clark \n              RF,","year":"1991","unstructured":"Clark \n              RF, \n            \n            \n              Selden \n              BS, \n            \n            \n              Curry \n              SC. \n            \n          \n          Digoxin-specific Fab fragments in the treatment of oleander toxicity in a canine model. Ann Emerg Med1991;20(10):1073\u20137."},{"key":"i1547-3317-52-6-398-b09","series-title":"Plants-Cardiac Glycosides","article-title":"Poisindex System","year":"2012","unstructured":"Poisindex System. Plants-Cardiac Glycosides. 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