{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T01:03:33Z","timestamp":1772327013904,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"American Animal Hospital Association","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>This case report describes the detection of intrahepatic bacteria in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded histopathological sections from three dogs with neutrophilic, pyogranulomatous, or lymphoplasmacytic hepatitis and cholangiohepatitis. In each of these cases, eubacterial fluorescence in situ hybridization enabled colocalization of intrahepatic bacteria with neutrophilic and granulomatous inflammation in samples that were negative for bacteria when evaluated by routine hematoxylin and eosin histopathology augmented with histochemical stains. Positive responses to antimicrobial therapy were observed in of 2 out of 2 patients that were treated with antimicrobials. These findings suggest that eubacterial fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis of formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded histopathological sections is more sensitive than conventional histochemical stains for the diagnosis of bacteria-associated canine hepatitis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.5326\/jaaha-ms-6492","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,13]],"date-time":"2017-11-13T14:21:24Z","timestamp":1510582884000},"page":"65-70","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Canine Hepatitis Associated with Intrahepatic Bacteria in Three Dogs"],"prefix":"10.5326","volume":"54","author":[{"given":"Joon","family":"Im","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Blue Pearl Veterinary Partners, New York, New York (J.I., A.E.); Veterinary Specialists of North Texas, Dallas, Texas (D.P.B.); College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York (S.P.M., K.W.S.); and SAGE Centers for Veterinary Specialty and Emergency Care, Campbell, California (B.N.)."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Derek P.","family":"Burney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Blue Pearl Veterinary Partners, New York, New York (J.I., A.E.); Veterinary Specialists of North Texas, Dallas, Texas (D.P.B.); College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York (S.P.M., K.W.S.); and SAGE Centers for Veterinary Specialty and Emergency Care, Campbell, California (B.N.)."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sean P.","family":"McDonough","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Blue Pearl Veterinary Partners, New York, New York (J.I., A.E.); Veterinary Specialists of North Texas, Dallas, Texas (D.P.B.); College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York (S.P.M., K.W.S.); and SAGE Centers for Veterinary Specialty and Emergency Care, Campbell, California (B.N.)."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Brigid","family":"Nicholson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Blue Pearl Veterinary Partners, New York, New York (J.I., A.E.); Veterinary Specialists of North Texas, Dallas, Texas (D.P.B.); College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York (S.P.M., K.W.S.); and SAGE Centers for Veterinary Specialty and Emergency Care, Campbell, California (B.N.)."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Adam","family":"Eatroff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Blue Pearl Veterinary Partners, New York, New York (J.I., A.E.); Veterinary Specialists of North Texas, Dallas, Texas (D.P.B.); College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York (S.P.M., K.W.S.); and SAGE Centers for Veterinary Specialty and Emergency Care, Campbell, California (B.N.)."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kenneth W.","family":"Simpson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Blue Pearl Veterinary Partners, New York, New York (J.I., A.E.); Veterinary Specialists of North Texas, Dallas, Texas (D.P.B.); College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York (S.P.M., K.W.S.); and SAGE Centers for Veterinary Specialty and Emergency Care, Campbell, California (B.N.)."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"3280","reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"bib1","series-title":"Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract","first-page":"395","article-title":"Summary of the World Small Animal Veterinary Association standardization committee guide to classification of liver disease in dogs and cats","volume":"39","author":"Cullen\n              JM","year":"2009","unstructured":"Cullen\n              JM\n            \n          . Summary of the World Small Animal Veterinary Association standardization committee guide to classification of liver disease in dogs and cats. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract2009;39(3):395\u2013418."},{"key":"bib2","series-title":"Liver and pancreatic diseases","first-page":"1609","author":"Scherk\n              MA","year":"2010","unstructured":"Scherk\n              MA\n            , CenterSA. Liver and pancreatic diseases. In: EttingerSJ, FeldmanEC, eds. Textbook of veterinary internal medicine.7th ed. St. Louis: Elsevier; 2010:1609\u2013709."},{"issue":"5","key":"bib3","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"680","article-title":"Granulomatous hepatitis in dogs: nine cases (1987-1990)","volume":"203","author":"Chapman\n              BL","year":"1993","unstructured":"Chapman\n              BL\n            , HendrickMJ, WashabauRJ. Granulomatous hepatitis in dogs: nine cases (1987-1990). J Am Vet Med Assoc1993;203(5):680\u20134."},{"key":"bib4","series-title":"Vet Microbiol","first-page":"49","article-title":"PCR screening for candidate etiological agents of canine hepatitis","volume":"108","author":"Boomkens\n              SY","year":"2005","unstructured":"Boomkens\n              SY\n            , SlumpE, EgberinkHF, et al. PCR screening for candidate etiological agents of canine hepatitis. Vet Microbiol2005;108:49\u201355."},{"issue":"6","key":"bib5","series-title":"J Small Anim Pract","first-page":"325","article-title":"Bacterial cholangitis\/cholangiohepatitis with or without concurrent cholecystitis in four dogs","volume":"47","author":"O\u2019Neill\n              EJ","year":"2006","unstructured":"O\u2019Neill\n              EJ\n            , DayMJ, HallEJ, et al. Bacterial cholangitis\/cholangiohepatitis with or without concurrent cholecystitis in four dogs. J Small Anim Pract2006;47(6):325\u201335."},{"key":"bib6","series-title":"Hepatobiliary infections","first-page":"981","year":"2012","unstructured":"Center SA. Hepatobiliary infections. In: GreeneCE, ed. Infectious diseases of the dog and cat.4th ed. St. Louis: Elsevier; 2012:981\u20131012."},{"key":"bib7","series-title":"J Vet Diagn Invest","first-page":"888","article-title":"Limited yield of diagnoses of intrahepatic infectious causes of canine granulomatous hepatitis from archival liver tissue","volume":"24","author":"Hutchins\n              RG","year":"2012","unstructured":"Hutchins\n              RG\n            , BreitschwerdtEB, CullenJM, et al. Limited yield of diagnoses of intrahepatic infectious causes of canine granulomatous hepatitis from archival liver tissue. J Vet Diagn Invest2012;24:888\u201394."},{"key":"bib8","series-title":"J Vet Intern Med","first-page":"822","article-title":"Association of Helicobacter with cholangiohepatitis in cats","volume":"20","author":"Grieter-Wilke\n              A","year":"2006","unstructured":"Grieter-Wilke\n              A\n            , ScanzianiE, SoldatiS, et al. Association of Helicobacter with cholangiohepatitis in cats. J Vet Intern Med2006;20:822\u20137."},{"key":"bib9","series-title":"Vet Pathol","first-page":"627","article-title":"Histopathologic features, immunophenotyping, clonality, and eubacterial fluorescence in situ hybridization in cats with lymphocytic cholangitis\/cholangiohepatitis","volume":"48","author":"Warren\n              A","year":"2011","unstructured":"Warren\n              A\n            , CenterS, McDonoughS, et al. Histopathologic features, immunophenotyping, clonality, and eubacterial fluorescence in situ hybridization in cats with lymphocytic cholangitis\/cholangiohepatitis. Vet Pathol2011;48:627\u201341."},{"key":"bib10","series-title":"J Feline Med Surg","first-page":"109","article-title":"Evaluation of fluorescence in situ hybridization for the detection of bacteria in feline inflammatory liver disease","volume":"16","author":"Twedt\n              DC","year":"2014","unstructured":"Twedt\n              DC\n            , CullenJ, McCordK, et al. Evaluation of fluorescence in situ hybridization for the detection of bacteria in feline inflammatory liver disease. J Feline Med Surg2014;16:109\u20137."},{"key":"bib11","series-title":"Infect Immun","first-page":"4778","article-title":"Adherent and invasive Escherichia coli is associated with granulomatous colitis in boxer dogs","volume":"74","author":"Simpson\n              KW","year":"2006","unstructured":"Simpson\n              KW\n            , DoganB, RishniwM, et al. Adherent and invasive Escherichia coli is associated with granulomatous colitis in boxer dogs. Infect Immun2006;74:4778\u201392."},{"key":"bib12","series-title":"J Vet Intern Med","first-page":"216","article-title":"Cholestasis associated with extrahepatic bacterial infection in five dogs","volume":"3","author":"Taoada\n              J","year":"1989","unstructured":"Taoada\n              J\n            , MeyerDJ. Cholestasis associated with extrahepatic bacterial infection in five dogs. J Vet Intern Med1989;3:216\u201321."},{"key":"bib13","series-title":"J Vet Intern Med","first-page":"417","article-title":"Bacterial culture results from liver, gallbladder, or bile in 248 dogs and cats evaluated for hepatobiliary disease: 1998-2003","volume":"21","author":"Wagner\n              KA","year":"2007","unstructured":"Wagner\n              KA\n            , HartmannFA, TrepanierLA. Bacterial culture results from liver, gallbladder, or bile in 248 dogs and cats evaluated for hepatobiliary disease: 1998-2003. J Vet Intern Med2007;21:417\u201324."},{"issue":"10","key":"bib14","series-title":"J Clin Microbiol","first-page":"2479","article-title":"Helicobacter canis isolated from a dog liver with multifocal necrotizing hepatitis","volume":"34","author":"Fox\n              JG","year":"1996","unstructured":"Fox\n              JG\n            , DroletR, HigginsR, et al. Helicobacter canis isolated from a dog liver with multifocal necrotizing hepatitis. J Clin Microbiol1996;34(10):2479\u201382."},{"key":"bib15","series-title":"Am J Vet Res","first-page":"839","article-title":"Chronic active hepatitis in dogs associated with leptospires","volume":"40","author":"Bishop\n              L","year":"1979","unstructured":"Bishop\n              L\n            , StrandbergJD, AdamsRJ. Chronic active hepatitis in dogs associated with leptospires. Am J Vet Res1979;40:839\u201344."},{"key":"bib16","series-title":"J Comp Pathol","first-page":"311","article-title":"Chronic hepatitis associated with leptospiral infection in vaccinated beagles","volume":"117","author":"Adamus\n              C","year":"1997","unstructured":"Adamus\n              C\n            , Buggin-Daubi\u00e9M. Chronic hepatitis associated with leptospiral infection in vaccinated beagles. J Comp Pathol1997;117:311\u201328."},{"key":"bib17","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"519","article-title":"Peliosis hepatis in a dog infected with Bartonella henselae","volume":"216","author":"Kitchell\n              BE","year":"2000","unstructured":"Kitchell\n              BE\n            , FanTM, KordickD, et al. Peliosis hepatis in a dog infected with Bartonella henselae. J Am Vet Med Assoc2000;216:519\u201323."},{"key":"bib18","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"47","article-title":"Detection of Bartonella henselae and Bartonella clarridgeiae DNA in hepatic specimens from two dogs with hepatic disease","volume":"222","author":"Gillespie\n              TN","year":"2003","unstructured":"Gillespie\n              TN\n            , WashabauRJ, GoldschmidtMH, et al. Detection of Bartonella henselae and Bartonella clarridgeiae DNA in hepatic specimens from two dogs with hepatic disease. J Am Vet Med Assoc2003;222:47\u201351."},{"key":"bib19","series-title":"FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol","first-page":"307","article-title":"Detection of Helicobacter pylori in bile of cats","volume":"41","author":"Boomkens\n              SY","year":"2004","unstructured":"Boomkens\n              SY\n            , KustersJG, HoffmannG, et al. Detection of Helicobacter pylori in bile of cats. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol2004;41:307\u201311."},{"key":"bib20","series-title":"J Small Anim Pract","first-page":"401","article-title":"Bacteriological study of the liver in dogs","volume":"45","author":"Niza\n              MM","year":"2004","unstructured":"Niza\n              MM\n            , FerreiraAJ, PeleteiroMC, et al. Bacteriological study of the liver in dogs. J Small Anim Pract2004;45:401\u20134."},{"issue":"3","key":"bib1","series-title":"Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract","first-page":"395","article-title":"Summary of the World Small Animal Veterinary Association standardization committee guide to classification of liver disease in dogs and cats","volume":"39","author":"Cullen\n              JM","year":"2009","unstructured":"Cullen\n              JM\n            \n          . Summary of the World Small Animal Veterinary Association standardization committee guide to classification of liver disease in dogs and cats. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract2009;39(3):395\u2013418."},{"key":"bib2","series-title":"Liver and pancreatic diseases","first-page":"1609","author":"Scherk\n              MA","year":"2010","unstructured":"Scherk\n              MA\n            , CenterSA. Liver and pancreatic diseases. In: EttingerSJ, FeldmanEC, eds. Textbook of veterinary internal medicine.7th ed. St. Louis: Elsevier; 2010:1609\u2013709."},{"issue":"5","key":"bib3","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"680","article-title":"Granulomatous hepatitis in dogs: nine cases (1987-1990)","volume":"203","author":"Chapman\n              BL","year":"1993","unstructured":"Chapman\n              BL\n            , HendrickMJ, WashabauRJ. Granulomatous hepatitis in dogs: nine cases (1987-1990). J Am Vet Med Assoc1993;203(5):680\u20134."},{"key":"bib4","series-title":"Vet Microbiol","first-page":"49","article-title":"PCR screening for candidate etiological agents of canine hepatitis","volume":"108","author":"Boomkens\n              SY","year":"2005","unstructured":"Boomkens\n              SY\n            , SlumpE, EgberinkHF, et al. PCR screening for candidate etiological agents of canine hepatitis. Vet Microbiol2005;108:49\u201355."},{"issue":"6","key":"bib5","series-title":"J Small Anim Pract","first-page":"325","article-title":"Bacterial cholangitis\/cholangiohepatitis with or without concurrent cholecystitis in four dogs","volume":"47","author":"O\u2019Neill\n              EJ","year":"2006","unstructured":"O\u2019Neill\n              EJ\n            , DayMJ, HallEJ, et al. Bacterial cholangitis\/cholangiohepatitis with or without concurrent cholecystitis in four dogs. J Small Anim Pract2006;47(6):325\u201335."},{"key":"bib6","series-title":"Hepatobiliary infections","first-page":"981","year":"2012","unstructured":"Center SA. Hepatobiliary infections. In: GreeneCE, ed. Infectious diseases of the dog and cat.4th ed. St. Louis: Elsevier; 2012:981\u20131012."},{"key":"bib7","series-title":"J Vet Diagn Invest","first-page":"888","article-title":"Limited yield of diagnoses of intrahepatic infectious causes of canine granulomatous hepatitis from archival liver tissue","volume":"24","author":"Hutchins\n              RG","year":"2012","unstructured":"Hutchins\n              RG\n            , BreitschwerdtEB, CullenJM, et al. Limited yield of diagnoses of intrahepatic infectious causes of canine granulomatous hepatitis from archival liver tissue. J Vet Diagn Invest2012;24:888\u201394."},{"key":"bib8","series-title":"J Vet Intern Med","first-page":"822","article-title":"Association of Helicobacter with cholangiohepatitis in cats","volume":"20","author":"Grieter-Wilke\n              A","year":"2006","unstructured":"Grieter-Wilke\n              A\n            , ScanzianiE, SoldatiS, et al. Association of Helicobacter with cholangiohepatitis in cats. J Vet Intern Med2006;20:822\u20137."},{"key":"bib9","series-title":"Vet Pathol","first-page":"627","article-title":"Histopathologic features, immunophenotyping, clonality, and eubacterial fluorescence in situ hybridization in cats with lymphocytic cholangitis\/cholangiohepatitis","volume":"48","author":"Warren\n              A","year":"2011","unstructured":"Warren\n              A\n            , CenterS, McDonoughS, et al. Histopathologic features, immunophenotyping, clonality, and eubacterial fluorescence in situ hybridization in cats with lymphocytic cholangitis\/cholangiohepatitis. Vet Pathol2011;48:627\u201341."},{"key":"bib10","series-title":"J Feline Med Surg","first-page":"109","article-title":"Evaluation of fluorescence in situ hybridization for the detection of bacteria in feline inflammatory liver disease","volume":"16","author":"Twedt\n              DC","year":"2014","unstructured":"Twedt\n              DC\n            , CullenJ, McCordK, et al. Evaluation of fluorescence in situ hybridization for the detection of bacteria in feline inflammatory liver disease. J Feline Med Surg2014;16:109\u20137."},{"key":"bib11","series-title":"Infect Immun","first-page":"4778","article-title":"Adherent and invasive Escherichia coli is associated with granulomatous colitis in boxer dogs","volume":"74","author":"Simpson\n              KW","year":"2006","unstructured":"Simpson\n              KW\n            , DoganB, RishniwM, et al. Adherent and invasive Escherichia coli is associated with granulomatous colitis in boxer dogs. Infect Immun2006;74:4778\u201392."},{"key":"bib12","series-title":"J Vet Intern Med","first-page":"216","article-title":"Cholestasis associated with extrahepatic bacterial infection in five dogs","volume":"3","author":"Taoada\n              J","year":"1989","unstructured":"Taoada\n              J\n            , MeyerDJ. Cholestasis associated with extrahepatic bacterial infection in five dogs. J Vet Intern Med1989;3:216\u201321."},{"key":"bib13","series-title":"J Vet Intern Med","first-page":"417","article-title":"Bacterial culture results from liver, gallbladder, or bile in 248 dogs and cats evaluated for hepatobiliary disease: 1998-2003","volume":"21","author":"Wagner\n              KA","year":"2007","unstructured":"Wagner\n              KA\n            , HartmannFA, TrepanierLA. Bacterial culture results from liver, gallbladder, or bile in 248 dogs and cats evaluated for hepatobiliary disease: 1998-2003. J Vet Intern Med2007;21:417\u201324."},{"issue":"10","key":"bib14","series-title":"J Clin Microbiol","first-page":"2479","article-title":"Helicobacter canis isolated from a dog liver with multifocal necrotizing hepatitis","volume":"34","author":"Fox\n              JG","year":"1996","unstructured":"Fox\n              JG\n            , DroletR, HigginsR, et al. Helicobacter canis isolated from a dog liver with multifocal necrotizing hepatitis. J Clin Microbiol1996;34(10):2479\u201382."},{"key":"bib15","series-title":"Am J Vet Res","first-page":"839","article-title":"Chronic active hepatitis in dogs associated with leptospires","volume":"40","author":"Bishop\n              L","year":"1979","unstructured":"Bishop\n              L\n            , StrandbergJD, AdamsRJ. Chronic active hepatitis in dogs associated with leptospires. Am J Vet Res1979;40:839\u201344."},{"key":"bib16","series-title":"J Comp Pathol","first-page":"311","article-title":"Chronic hepatitis associated with leptospiral infection in vaccinated beagles","volume":"117","author":"Adamus\n              C","year":"1997","unstructured":"Adamus\n              C\n            , Buggin-Daubi\u00e9M. Chronic hepatitis associated with leptospiral infection in vaccinated beagles. J Comp Pathol1997;117:311\u201328."},{"key":"bib17","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"519","article-title":"Peliosis hepatis in a dog infected with Bartonella henselae","volume":"216","author":"Kitchell\n              BE","year":"2000","unstructured":"Kitchell\n              BE\n            , FanTM, KordickD, et al. Peliosis hepatis in a dog infected with Bartonella henselae. J Am Vet Med Assoc2000;216:519\u201323."},{"key":"bib18","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"47","article-title":"Detection of Bartonella henselae and Bartonella clarridgeiae DNA in hepatic specimens from two dogs with hepatic disease","volume":"222","author":"Gillespie\n              TN","year":"2003","unstructured":"Gillespie\n              TN\n            , WashabauRJ, GoldschmidtMH, et al. Detection of Bartonella henselae and Bartonella clarridgeiae DNA in hepatic specimens from two dogs with hepatic disease. J Am Vet Med Assoc2003;222:47\u201351."},{"key":"bib19","series-title":"FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol","first-page":"307","article-title":"Detection of Helicobacter pylori in bile of cats","volume":"41","author":"Boomkens\n              SY","year":"2004","unstructured":"Boomkens\n              SY\n            , KustersJG, HoffmannG, et al. Detection of Helicobacter pylori in bile of cats. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol2004;41:307\u201311."},{"key":"bib20","series-title":"J Small Anim Pract","first-page":"401","article-title":"Bacteriological study of the liver in dogs","volume":"45","author":"Niza\n              MM","year":"2004","unstructured":"Niza\n              MM\n            , FerreiraAJ, PeleteiroMC, et al. Bacteriological study of the liver in dogs. 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