{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T11:36:24Z","timestamp":1790422584718,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"American Animal Hospital Association","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017]]},"abstract":"ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n Urethral sphincter mechanism incompetence (USMI) is reported much more seldom in male dogs than in female dogs. The few existing reports evaluating the efficacy of medical therapy in controlling USMI in males have demonstrated limited success. In this case series, we report the effect of testosterone cypionate, given at a median dose of 1.5 mg\/kg intramuscularly every 4 wk, in eight male dogs with USMI. Response was evaluated through the review of medical records and telephone interviews with the clients. Based on owners\u2019 assessments, a good to excellent response was reported in three of eight dogs (38%), a slight response was reported in one of eight dogs (12%), and a poor response was reported in four of eight dogs (50%). Adverse effects were not reported, and benefit was judged sufficient to continue therapy in two cases. The results reported in this case series suggest that testosterone cypionate might be an effective and safe treatment option for male dogs with USMI.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.5326\/jaaha-ms-6588","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,9]],"date-time":"2017-08-09T16:58:55Z","timestamp":1502297935000},"page":"285-290","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Clinical Response and Side Effects Associated with Testosterone Cypionate for Urinary Incontinence in Male Dogs"],"prefix":"10.5326","volume":"53","author":[{"given":"Jean-S\u00e9bastien","family":"Palerme","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"From Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ames, Iowa (J-S.P.); and Blue Pearl, Eden Prairie, Minnesota (A.M.); and Veterinary Specialty Hospital of the Carolinas, Cary, North Carolina (R.G.H.); and Upstate Veterinary Specialists, Greenville, South Carolina (V.Z.); and North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh, North Carolina (S.L.V.)."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Allison","family":"Mazepa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ames, Iowa (J-S.P.); and Blue Pearl, Eden Prairie, Minnesota (A.M.); and Veterinary Specialty Hospital of the Carolinas, Cary, North Carolina (R.G.H.); and Upstate Veterinary Specialists, Greenville, South Carolina (V.Z.); and North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh, North Carolina (S.L.V.)."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rae G.","family":"Hutchins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ames, Iowa (J-S.P.); and Blue Pearl, Eden Prairie, Minnesota (A.M.); and Veterinary Specialty Hospital of the Carolinas, Cary, North Carolina (R.G.H.); and Upstate Veterinary Specialists, Greenville, South Carolina (V.Z.); and North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh, North Carolina (S.L.V.)."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vincent","family":"Ziglioli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ames, Iowa (J-S.P.); and Blue Pearl, Eden Prairie, Minnesota (A.M.); and Veterinary Specialty Hospital of the Carolinas, Cary, North Carolina (R.G.H.); and Upstate Veterinary Specialists, Greenville, South Carolina (V.Z.); and North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh, North Carolina (S.L.V.)."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shelly L.","family":"Vaden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ames, Iowa (J-S.P.); and Blue Pearl, Eden Prairie, Minnesota (A.M.); and Veterinary Specialty Hospital of the Carolinas, Cary, North Carolina (R.G.H.); and Upstate Veterinary Specialists, Greenville, South Carolina (V.Z.); and North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh, North Carolina (S.L.V.)."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"3280","reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"bib1","series-title":"In Pract","first-page":"162","article-title":"Urinary incontinence in the dog","volume":"5","author":"Holt\n P","year":"1983","unstructured":"Holt\n P\n \n . Urinary incontinence in the dog. In Pract1983;5(5):162\u20134,169\u201373."},{"issue":"3","key":"bib2","series-title":"Res Vet Sci","first-page":"364","article-title":"Importance of urethral length, bladder neck position and vestibulovaginal stenosis in sphincter mechanism incompetence in the incontinent bitch","volume":"39","author":"Holt\n PE","year":"1985","unstructured":"Holt\n PE\n \n . Importance of urethral length, bladder neck position and vestibulovaginal stenosis in sphincter mechanism incompetence in the incontinent bitch. Res Vet Sci1985;39(3):364\u201372."},{"issue":"14","key":"bib3","series-title":"Vet Rec","first-page":"347","article-title":"Urinary incontinence in dogs and cats","volume":"127","author":"Holt\n PE","year":"1990","unstructured":"Holt\n PE\n \n . Urinary incontinence in dogs and cats. Vet Rec1990;127(14):347\u201350."},{"issue":"10","key":"bib4","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"1369","article-title":"Treatment of urinary incontinence in dogs by endoscopic injection of Teflon","volume":"195","author":"Arnold\n S","year":"1989","unstructured":"Arnold\n S\n , J\u00e4gerP, DiBartolaSP, et al. Treatment of urinary incontinence in dogs by endoscopic injection of Teflon. J Am Vet Med Assoc1989;195(10):1369\u201374."},{"issue":"7","key":"bib5","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"959","article-title":"Evaluation of the prevalence of urinary incontinence in spayed female dogs: 566 cases (2003\u20132008)","volume":"242","author":"Forsee\n KM","year":"2013","unstructured":"Forsee\n KM\n , DavisGJ, MouatEE, et al. Evaluation of the prevalence of urinary incontinence in spayed female dogs: 566 cases (2003\u20132008). J Am Vet Med Assoc2013;242(7):959\u201362."},{"issue":"22","key":"bib6","series-title":"Vet Rec","first-page":"542","article-title":"Urethral sphincter mechanism incompetence in male dogs: a retrospective analysis of 54 cases","volume":"139","author":"Aaron\n A","year":"1996","unstructured":"Aaron\n A\n , EggletonK, PowerC, et al. Urethral sphincter mechanism incompetence in male dogs: a retrospective analysis of 54 cases. Vet Rec1996;139(22):542\u20136."},{"issue":"1","key":"bib7","series-title":"Eur J Pharmacol","first-page":"153","article-title":"Neutering affects urinary bladder function by different mechanisms in male and female dogs","volume":"584","author":"Coit\n VA","year":"2008","unstructured":"Coit\n VA\n , GibsonIF, EvansNP, et al. Neutering affects urinary bladder function by different mechanisms in male and female dogs. Eur J Pharmacol2008;584(1):153\u20138."},{"issue":"2","key":"bib8","series-title":"J Small Anim Pract","first-page":"69","article-title":"Urethral sphincter mechanism incompetence in the male dog: importance of bladder neck position, proximal urethral length and castration","volume":"39","author":"Power\n SC","year":"1998","unstructured":"Power\n SC\n , EggletonKE, AaronAJ, et al. Urethral sphincter mechanism incompetence in the male dog: importance of bladder neck position, proximal urethral length and castration. J Small Anim Pract1998;39(2):69\u201372."},{"issue":"6","key":"bib9","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"605","article-title":"Clinical response and urethral pressure profile changes after phenylpropanolamine in dogs with primary sphincter incompetence","volume":"187","author":"Richter\n KP","year":"1985","unstructured":"Richter\n KP\n , LingGV. Clinical response and urethral pressure profile changes after phenylpropanolamine in dogs with primary sphincter incompetence. J Am Vet Med Assoc1985;187(6):605\u201311."},{"issue":"12","key":"bib10","series-title":"J Small Anim Pract","first-page":"567","article-title":"Prostatopexy as a treatment for urethral sphincter mechanism incompetence in male dogs","volume":"46","author":"Holt\n PE","year":"2005","unstructured":"Holt\n PE\n , CoeRJ, Hotston MooreA. Prostatopexy as a treatment for urethral sphincter mechanism incompetence in male dogs. J Small Anim Pract2005;46(12):567\u201370."},{"issue":"1","key":"bib11","series-title":"Vet Surg","first-page":"51","article-title":"Surgical treatment of male dogs with urinary incontinence due to urethral sphincter mechanism incompetence","volume":"26","author":"Weber\n UT","year":"1997","unstructured":"Weber\n UT\n , ArnoldS, HublerM, et al. Surgical treatment of male dogs with urinary incontinence due to urethral sphincter mechanism incompetence. Vet Surg1997;26(1):51\u20136."},{"issue":"1","key":"bib12","series-title":"Vet Surg","first-page":"12","article-title":"Outcome after placement of an artificial urethral sphincter in 27 dogs","volume":"42","author":"Reeves\n L","year":"2013","unstructured":"Reeves\n L\n , AdinC, McLoughlinM, et al. Outcome after placement of an artificial urethral sphincter in 27 dogs. Vet Surg2013;42(1):12\u20138."},{"key":"bib13","article-title":"Plumb\u2019s veterinary drug handbook","author":"Plumb\n DC","year":"2015","unstructured":"Plumb\n DC\n \n . Plumb\u2019s veterinary drug handbook. 8th ed.Stockholm (WI): PharmaVet Inc.; 2015."},{"key":"bib14","series-title":"Textbook of veterinary internal medicine: disease of the dog and cat","year":"2010","unstructured":"Ettinger\n SJ\n , FeldmanEC, eds. Textbook of veterinary internal medicine: disease of the dog and cat. 7th ed. St. Louis: Elsevier Saunders; 2010."},{"key":"bib15","series-title":"J Am Anim Hosp Assoc","first-page":"117","article-title":"Testosterone responsive urinary incontinence in a castrated male dog","volume":"17","author":"Barsanti\n JA","year":"1981","unstructured":"Barsanti\n JA\n , EdwardsPD, LosonskyJ. Testosterone responsive urinary incontinence in a castrated male dog. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc1981;17:117\u20139."},{"issue":"5","key":"bib16","series-title":"Can Vet J","first-page":"501","article-title":"Clinical evaluation of a single daily dose of phenylpropanolamine in the treatment of urethral sphincter mechanism incompetence in the bitch","volume":"52","author":"Claeys\n S","year":"2011","unstructured":"Claeys\n S\n , RustichelliF, No\u00eblS, et al. Clinical evaluation of a single daily dose of phenylpropanolamine in the treatment of urethral sphincter mechanism incompetence in the bitch. Can Vet J2011;52(5):501\u20135."},{"key":"bib17","series-title":"Aust Vet J","first-page":"117","article-title":"Medical therapy of urinary incontinence in ovariectomised bitches: A comparison of the effectiveness of diethylstilboestrol and pseudoephedrine","volume":"64","author":"Nendick\n PA","year":"1987","unstructured":"Nendick\n PA\n , ClarkWT. Medical therapy of urinary incontinence in ovariectomised bitches: A comparison of the effectiveness of diethylstilboestrol and pseudoephedrine. Aust Vet J1987;64:117\u20138."},{"key":"bib18","series-title":"Theriogenology","first-page":"353","article-title":"Luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone receptors and their transcribed genes (mRNA) are present in the lower urinary tract of intact male and female dogs","volume":"67","author":"Ponglowhapan\n S","year":"2007","unstructured":"Ponglowhapan\n S\n , ChurchDB, ScaramuzziRJ, et al. Luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone receptors and their transcribed genes (mRNA) are present in the lower urinary tract of intact male and female dogs. Theriogenology2007;67:353\u201366."},{"issue":"2","key":"bib19","series-title":"Endocrinology","first-page":"569","article-title":"The effect of a 5 alpha-reductase inhibitor on androgen-mediated growth of the dog prostate","volume":"113","author":"Wenderorth\n UK","year":"1983","unstructured":"Wenderorth\n UK\n , GeorgeFW, WilsonJD. The effect of a 5 alpha-reductase inhibitor on androgen-mediated growth of the dog prostate. Endocrinology1983;113(2):569\u201373."},{"issue":"5","key":"bib20","series-title":"J Clin Invest","first-page":"1051","article-title":"Androgen- and estrogen-receptor content in spontaneous and experimentally induced canine prostatic hyperplasia","volume":"65","author":"Trachtenberg\n J","year":"1980","unstructured":"Trachtenberg\n J\n , HicksLL, WalshPC. Androgen- and estrogen-receptor content in spontaneous and experimentally induced canine prostatic hyperplasia. J Clin Invest1980;65(5):1051\u20139."},{"issue":"11","key":"bib21","series-title":"J Small Anim Pract","first-page":"493","article-title":"Evaluation of phenylpropanolamine in the treatment of urethral sphincter mechanism incompetence in the bitch","volume":"43","author":"Scott\n L","year":"2002","unstructured":"Scott\n L\n , LeddyM, BernayF, et al. Evaluation of phenylpropanolamine in the treatment of urethral sphincter mechanism incompetence in the bitch. J Small Anim Pract2002;43(11):493\u20136."},{"issue":"4","key":"bib22","series-title":"Am J Vet Res","first-page":"723","article-title":"Evaluation of the urodynamic and hemodynamic effects of orally administered phenylpropanolamine and ephedrine in female dogs","volume":"67","author":"Carofiglio\n F","year":"2006","unstructured":"Carofiglio\n F\n , HamaideAJ, FarnirF, et al. Evaluation of the urodynamic and hemodynamic effects of orally administered phenylpropanolamine and ephedrine in female dogs. Am J Vet Res2006;67(4):723\u201330."},{"issue":"1","key":"bib23","series-title":"Can Vet J","first-page":"39","article-title":"Changes in blood pressure following escalating doses of phenylpropanolamine and a suggested protocol for monitoring","volume":"56","author":"Segev\n G","year":"2015","unstructured":"Segev\n G\n , WestroppJL, KulikC, et al. Changes in blood pressure following escalating doses of phenylpropanolamine and a suggested protocol for monitoring. Can Vet J2015;56(1):39\u201343."},{"issue":"8","key":"bib24","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"1275","article-title":"Effects of finasteride on size of the prostate gland and semen quality in dogs with benign prostatic hypertrophy","volume":"218","author":"Sirinarumitr\n K","year":"2001","unstructured":"Sirinarumitr\n K\n , JohnstonSD, KustritzMV, et al. Effects of finasteride on size of the prostate gland and semen quality in dogs with benign prostatic hypertrophy. J Am Vet Med Assoc2001;218(8):1275\u201380."},{"issue":"11","key":"bib25","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"1578","article-title":"Serum testosterone and estradiol 17-beta concentrations in 15 dogs with perineal hernias","volume":"194","author":"Mann\n FA","year":"1989","unstructured":"Mann\n FA\n , BootheHW, AmossMS, et al. Serum testosterone and estradiol 17-beta concentrations in 15 dogs with perineal hernias. J Am Vet Med Assoc1989;194(11):1578\u201380."},{"issue":"10","key":"bib26","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"1439","article-title":"Perianal adenomas and hypertestosteronemia in a spayed bitch with pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism","volume":"192","author":"Dow\n SW","year":"1988","unstructured":"Dow\n SW\n , OlsonPN, RosychukRA, et al. Perianal adenomas and hypertestosteronemia in a spayed bitch with pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism. J Am Vet Med Assoc1988;192(10):1439\u201341."},{"issue":"8","key":"bib27","series-title":"Arq Bras Endocrinol Metabol","first-page":"989","article-title":"Evaluation of late-onset hypogonadism (andropause) treatment using three different formulations of injectable testosterone","volume":"53","author":"Hohl\n A","year":"2009","unstructured":"Hohl\n A\n , MarquesMO, CoralMH, et al. Evaluation of late-onset hypogonadism (andropause) treatment using three different formulations of injectable testosterone. Arq Bras Endocrinol Metabol2009;53(8):989\u201395."},{"issue":"1","key":"bib28","series-title":"J Vet Intern Med","first-page":"47","article-title":"Effect of phenylpropanolamine and pseudoephedrine on the urethral pressure profile and continence scores of incontinent female dogs","volume":"21","author":"Byron\n JK","year":"2007","unstructured":"Byron\n JK\n , MarchPA, ChewDJ, et al. Effect of phenylpropanolamine and pseudoephedrine on the urethral pressure profile and continence scores of incontinent female dogs. J Vet Intern Med2007;21(1):47\u201353."},{"issue":"5","key":"bib1","series-title":"In Pract","first-page":"162","article-title":"Urinary incontinence in the dog","volume":"5","author":"Holt\n P","year":"1983","unstructured":"Holt\n P\n \n . Urinary incontinence in the dog. In Pract1983;5(5):162\u20134,169\u201373."},{"issue":"3","key":"bib2","series-title":"Res Vet Sci","first-page":"364","article-title":"Importance of urethral length, bladder neck position and vestibulovaginal stenosis in sphincter mechanism incompetence in the incontinent bitch","volume":"39","author":"Holt\n PE","year":"1985","unstructured":"Holt\n PE\n \n . Importance of urethral length, bladder neck position and vestibulovaginal stenosis in sphincter mechanism incompetence in the incontinent bitch. Res Vet Sci1985;39(3):364\u201372."},{"issue":"14","key":"bib3","series-title":"Vet Rec","first-page":"347","article-title":"Urinary incontinence in dogs and cats","volume":"127","author":"Holt\n PE","year":"1990","unstructured":"Holt\n PE\n \n . Urinary incontinence in dogs and cats. Vet Rec1990;127(14):347\u201350."},{"issue":"10","key":"bib4","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"1369","article-title":"Treatment of urinary incontinence in dogs by endoscopic injection of Teflon","volume":"195","author":"Arnold\n S","year":"1989","unstructured":"Arnold\n S\n , J\u00e4gerP, DiBartolaSP, et al. Treatment of urinary incontinence in dogs by endoscopic injection of Teflon. J Am Vet Med Assoc1989;195(10):1369\u201374."},{"issue":"7","key":"bib5","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"959","article-title":"Evaluation of the prevalence of urinary incontinence in spayed female dogs: 566 cases (2003\u20132008)","volume":"242","author":"Forsee\n KM","year":"2013","unstructured":"Forsee\n KM\n , DavisGJ, MouatEE, et al. Evaluation of the prevalence of urinary incontinence in spayed female dogs: 566 cases (2003\u20132008). J Am Vet Med Assoc2013;242(7):959\u201362."},{"issue":"22","key":"bib6","series-title":"Vet Rec","first-page":"542","article-title":"Urethral sphincter mechanism incompetence in male dogs: a retrospective analysis of 54 cases","volume":"139","author":"Aaron\n A","year":"1996","unstructured":"Aaron\n A\n , EggletonK, PowerC, et al. Urethral sphincter mechanism incompetence in male dogs: a retrospective analysis of 54 cases. Vet Rec1996;139(22):542\u20136."},{"issue":"1","key":"bib7","series-title":"Eur J Pharmacol","first-page":"153","article-title":"Neutering affects urinary bladder function by different mechanisms in male and female dogs","volume":"584","author":"Coit\n VA","year":"2008","unstructured":"Coit\n VA\n , GibsonIF, EvansNP, et al. Neutering affects urinary bladder function by different mechanisms in male and female dogs. Eur J Pharmacol2008;584(1):153\u20138."},{"issue":"2","key":"bib8","series-title":"J Small Anim Pract","first-page":"69","article-title":"Urethral sphincter mechanism incompetence in the male dog: importance of bladder neck position, proximal urethral length and castration","volume":"39","author":"Power\n SC","year":"1998","unstructured":"Power\n SC\n , EggletonKE, AaronAJ, et al. Urethral sphincter mechanism incompetence in the male dog: importance of bladder neck position, proximal urethral length and castration. J Small Anim Pract1998;39(2):69\u201372."},{"issue":"6","key":"bib9","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"605","article-title":"Clinical response and urethral pressure profile changes after phenylpropanolamine in dogs with primary sphincter incompetence","volume":"187","author":"Richter\n KP","year":"1985","unstructured":"Richter\n KP\n , LingGV. Clinical response and urethral pressure profile changes after phenylpropanolamine in dogs with primary sphincter incompetence. J Am Vet Med Assoc1985;187(6):605\u201311."},{"issue":"12","key":"bib10","series-title":"J Small Anim Pract","first-page":"567","article-title":"Prostatopexy as a treatment for urethral sphincter mechanism incompetence in male dogs","volume":"46","author":"Holt\n PE","year":"2005","unstructured":"Holt\n PE\n , CoeRJ, Hotston MooreA. Prostatopexy as a treatment for urethral sphincter mechanism incompetence in male dogs. J Small Anim Pract2005;46(12):567\u201370."},{"issue":"1","key":"bib11","series-title":"Vet Surg","first-page":"51","article-title":"Surgical treatment of male dogs with urinary incontinence due to urethral sphincter mechanism incompetence","volume":"26","author":"Weber\n UT","year":"1997","unstructured":"Weber\n UT\n , ArnoldS, HublerM, et al. Surgical treatment of male dogs with urinary incontinence due to urethral sphincter mechanism incompetence. Vet Surg1997;26(1):51\u20136."},{"issue":"1","key":"bib12","series-title":"Vet Surg","first-page":"12","article-title":"Outcome after placement of an artificial urethral sphincter in 27 dogs","volume":"42","author":"Reeves\n L","year":"2013","unstructured":"Reeves\n L\n , AdinC, McLoughlinM, et al. Outcome after placement of an artificial urethral sphincter in 27 dogs. Vet Surg2013;42(1):12\u20138."},{"key":"bib13","article-title":"Plumb\u2019s veterinary drug handbook","author":"Plumb\n DC","year":"2015","unstructured":"Plumb\n DC\n \n . Plumb\u2019s veterinary drug handbook. 8th ed.Stockholm (WI): PharmaVet Inc.; 2015."},{"key":"bib14","series-title":"Textbook of veterinary internal medicine: disease of the dog and cat","year":"2010","unstructured":"Ettinger\n SJ\n , FeldmanEC, eds. Textbook of veterinary internal medicine: disease of the dog and cat. 7th ed. St. Louis: Elsevier Saunders; 2010."},{"key":"bib15","series-title":"J Am Anim Hosp Assoc","first-page":"117","article-title":"Testosterone responsive urinary incontinence in a castrated male dog","volume":"17","author":"Barsanti\n JA","year":"1981","unstructured":"Barsanti\n JA\n , EdwardsPD, LosonskyJ. Testosterone responsive urinary incontinence in a castrated male dog. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc1981;17:117\u20139."},{"issue":"5","key":"bib16","series-title":"Can Vet J","first-page":"501","article-title":"Clinical evaluation of a single daily dose of phenylpropanolamine in the treatment of urethral sphincter mechanism incompetence in the bitch","volume":"52","author":"Claeys\n S","year":"2011","unstructured":"Claeys\n S\n , RustichelliF, No\u00eblS, et al. Clinical evaluation of a single daily dose of phenylpropanolamine in the treatment of urethral sphincter mechanism incompetence in the bitch. Can Vet J2011;52(5):501\u20135."},{"key":"bib17","series-title":"Aust Vet J","first-page":"117","article-title":"Medical therapy of urinary incontinence in ovariectomised bitches: A comparison of the effectiveness of diethylstilboestrol and pseudoephedrine","volume":"64","author":"Nendick\n PA","year":"1987","unstructured":"Nendick\n PA\n , ClarkWT. Medical therapy of urinary incontinence in ovariectomised bitches: A comparison of the effectiveness of diethylstilboestrol and pseudoephedrine. Aust Vet J1987;64:117\u20138."},{"key":"bib18","series-title":"Theriogenology","first-page":"353","article-title":"Luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone receptors and their transcribed genes (mRNA) are present in the lower urinary tract of intact male and female dogs","volume":"67","author":"Ponglowhapan\n S","year":"2007","unstructured":"Ponglowhapan\n S\n , ChurchDB, ScaramuzziRJ, et al. Luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone receptors and their transcribed genes (mRNA) are present in the lower urinary tract of intact male and female dogs. Theriogenology2007;67:353\u201366."},{"issue":"2","key":"bib19","series-title":"Endocrinology","first-page":"569","article-title":"The effect of a 5 alpha-reductase inhibitor on androgen-mediated growth of the dog prostate","volume":"113","author":"Wenderorth\n UK","year":"1983","unstructured":"Wenderorth\n UK\n , GeorgeFW, WilsonJD. The effect of a 5 alpha-reductase inhibitor on androgen-mediated growth of the dog prostate. Endocrinology1983;113(2):569\u201373."},{"issue":"5","key":"bib20","series-title":"J Clin Invest","first-page":"1051","article-title":"Androgen- and estrogen-receptor content in spontaneous and experimentally induced canine prostatic hyperplasia","volume":"65","author":"Trachtenberg\n J","year":"1980","unstructured":"Trachtenberg\n J\n , HicksLL, WalshPC. Androgen- and estrogen-receptor content in spontaneous and experimentally induced canine prostatic hyperplasia. J Clin Invest1980;65(5):1051\u20139."},{"issue":"11","key":"bib21","series-title":"J Small Anim Pract","first-page":"493","article-title":"Evaluation of phenylpropanolamine in the treatment of urethral sphincter mechanism incompetence in the bitch","volume":"43","author":"Scott\n L","year":"2002","unstructured":"Scott\n L\n , LeddyM, BernayF, et al. Evaluation of phenylpropanolamine in the treatment of urethral sphincter mechanism incompetence in the bitch. J Small Anim Pract2002;43(11):493\u20136."},{"issue":"4","key":"bib22","series-title":"Am J Vet Res","first-page":"723","article-title":"Evaluation of the urodynamic and hemodynamic effects of orally administered phenylpropanolamine and ephedrine in female dogs","volume":"67","author":"Carofiglio\n F","year":"2006","unstructured":"Carofiglio\n F\n , HamaideAJ, FarnirF, et al. Evaluation of the urodynamic and hemodynamic effects of orally administered phenylpropanolamine and ephedrine in female dogs. Am J Vet Res2006;67(4):723\u201330."},{"issue":"1","key":"bib23","series-title":"Can Vet J","first-page":"39","article-title":"Changes in blood pressure following escalating doses of phenylpropanolamine and a suggested protocol for monitoring","volume":"56","author":"Segev\n G","year":"2015","unstructured":"Segev\n G\n , WestroppJL, KulikC, et al. Changes in blood pressure following escalating doses of phenylpropanolamine and a suggested protocol for monitoring. Can Vet J2015;56(1):39\u201343."},{"issue":"8","key":"bib24","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"1275","article-title":"Effects of finasteride on size of the prostate gland and semen quality in dogs with benign prostatic hypertrophy","volume":"218","author":"Sirinarumitr\n K","year":"2001","unstructured":"Sirinarumitr\n K\n , JohnstonSD, KustritzMV, et al. Effects of finasteride on size of the prostate gland and semen quality in dogs with benign prostatic hypertrophy. J Am Vet Med Assoc2001;218(8):1275\u201380."},{"issue":"11","key":"bib25","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"1578","article-title":"Serum testosterone and estradiol 17-beta concentrations in 15 dogs with perineal hernias","volume":"194","author":"Mann\n FA","year":"1989","unstructured":"Mann\n FA\n , BootheHW, AmossMS, et al. Serum testosterone and estradiol 17-beta concentrations in 15 dogs with perineal hernias. J Am Vet Med Assoc1989;194(11):1578\u201380."},{"issue":"10","key":"bib26","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"1439","article-title":"Perianal adenomas and hypertestosteronemia in a spayed bitch with pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism","volume":"192","author":"Dow\n SW","year":"1988","unstructured":"Dow\n SW\n , OlsonPN, RosychukRA, et al. Perianal adenomas and hypertestosteronemia in a spayed bitch with pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism. J Am Vet Med Assoc1988;192(10):1439\u201341."},{"issue":"8","key":"bib27","series-title":"Arq Bras Endocrinol Metabol","first-page":"989","article-title":"Evaluation of late-onset hypogonadism (andropause) treatment using three different formulations of injectable testosterone","volume":"53","author":"Hohl\n A","year":"2009","unstructured":"Hohl\n A\n , MarquesMO, CoralMH, et al. Evaluation of late-onset hypogonadism (andropause) treatment using three different formulations of injectable testosterone. 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