{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T01:03:22Z","timestamp":1772327002225,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"American Animal Hospital Association","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Epilepsy, or recurrent seizures, is reported to be the most common neurologic condition in dogs; 20\u201330% of epileptic dogs are considered to be pharmacoresistent to one medication. The hormone melatonin has been shown to have significant anticonvulsant effects; epileptic humans have lower serum melatonin levels than unaffected individuals. We hypothesize that serum levels of melatonin will be lower in dogs with seizures as compared with normal dogs. Sixty-two dogs were enrolled in the study: 29 normal dogs (Group 1) and 33 dogs with seizures (Group 2). Blood sampling was done at three separate time points (8:00 a.m., 12:00, and 4:00 p.m.). The majority of dogs in Groups 1 (69%) and 2 (76%) had serum melatonin levels &lt;0.5 pg\/mL as measured by radioimmunoassay. There were no significant differences in serum melatonin values between the groups or within groups when time of blood draw, length of sample freezing, time of day\/year of sampling, or presence of anticonvulsant therapy were compared. There were no notable differences in daytime serum melatonin values in normal dogs versus dogs with seizures. The majority of daytime serum melatonin levels were &lt;0.5 pg\/mL in dogs with and without seizures.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.5326\/jaaha-ms-6669","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,17]],"date-time":"2019-01-17T16:31:30Z","timestamp":1547742690000},"page":"78-82","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Serum Melatonin Values in Normal Dogs and Dogs with Seizures"],"prefix":"10.5326","volume":"55","author":[{"given":"Stephanie Ann","family":"Thomovsky","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"From the College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, Lafayette, Indiana (S.A.T.); and College of Veterinary Medicine (A.V.C.), Center for Reproductive Biology (D.M.D.), and USDA Agricultural Research Service (A.M.K.), Washington State University, Pullman, Washington."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Annie Vivian","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, Lafayette, Indiana (S.A.T.); and College of Veterinary Medicine (A.V.C.), Center for Reproductive Biology (D.M.D.), and USDA Agricultural Research Service (A.M.K.), Washington State University, Pullman, Washington."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David M.","family":"Deavila","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, Lafayette, Indiana (S.A.T.); and College of Veterinary Medicine (A.V.C.), Center for Reproductive Biology (D.M.D.), and USDA Agricultural Research Service (A.M.K.), Washington State University, Pullman, Washington."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alecia M.","family":"Kiszonas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, Lafayette, Indiana (S.A.T.); and College of Veterinary Medicine (A.V.C.), Center for Reproductive Biology (D.M.D.), and USDA Agricultural Research Service (A.M.K.), Washington State University, Pullman, Washington."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"3280","reference":[{"key":"bib1","series-title":"Veterinary Neuroanatomy and Clinical Neurology","first-page":"454","article-title":"Seizure disorders: narcolepsy","author":"de Lahunta\n              A","year":"2009","unstructured":"de Lahunta\n              A\n            , GlassE, KentM. Seizure disorders: narcolepsy. In: Veterinary Neuroanatomy and Clinical Neurology, 3rd ed.St. Louis: Saunders; 2009:454\u20135."},{"issue":"3","key":"bib2","series-title":"Vet J","first-page":"310","article-title":"The efficacy and tolerability of levetiracetam in pharmacoresistant epileptic dogs","volume":"176","author":"Volk\n              HA","year":"2008","unstructured":"Volk\n              HA\n            , MatiasekLA, Feliu-PascualAL, et al. The efficacy and tolerability of levetiracetam in pharmacoresistant epileptic dogs. Vet J2008;176(3):310\u20139."},{"issue":"3","key":"bib3","series-title":"Vet Rec","first-page":"335","article-title":"Aetiology and long-term outcome of juvenile epilepsy in 136 dogs","volume":"170","author":"Arrol\n              L","year":"2012","unstructured":"Arrol\n              L\n            , PenderisJ, GarosiL, et al. Aetiology and long-term outcome of juvenile epilepsy in 136 dogs. Vet Rec2012;170(3):335."},{"issue":"11","key":"bib4","series-title":"Neurology","first-page":"1746","article-title":"Patients with intractable epilepsy have low melatonin which increases following seizures","volume":"55","author":"Bazil\n              CW","year":"2000","unstructured":"Bazil\n              CW\n            , ShortD, CrispinD, et al. Patients with intractable epilepsy have low melatonin which increases following seizures. Neurology2000;55(11):1746\u20138."},{"issue":"4","key":"bib5","series-title":"J Pineal Res","first-page":"215","article-title":"Anticonvulsant activity of melatonin against seizures induced by quinolinate, kainate, glutamate, NMDA, and pentylenetetrazole in mice","volume":"24","author":"Lapin\n              IP","year":"1998","unstructured":"Lapin\n              IP\n            , MirzaevSM, RyzovIV, et al. Anticonvulsant activity of melatonin against seizures induced by quinolinate, kainate, glutamate, NMDA, and pentylenetetrazole in mice. J Pineal Res1998;24(4):215\u20138."},{"issue":"9","key":"bib6","series-title":"Epilepsia","first-page":"1208","article-title":"Melatonin effect on seizures in children with severe neurologic deficit disorders","volume":"42","author":"Peled\n              N","year":"2001","unstructured":"Peled\n              N\n            , ShorerZ, PeledE, et al. Melatonin effect on seizures in children with severe neurologic deficit disorders. Epilepsia2001;42(9):1208\u201310."},{"issue":"2","key":"bib7","series-title":"Neurosci Lett","first-page":"89","article-title":"Preventive effect of melatonin against cyanide-induced seizures and lipid peroxidation in mice","volume":"207","author":"Yamamato\n              H","year":"1996","unstructured":"Yamamato\n              H\n            , TangHW. Preventive effect of melatonin against cyanide-induced seizures and lipid peroxidation in mice. Neurosci Lett1996;207(2):89\u201392."},{"key":"bib8","series-title":"Review of Medical Physiology","author":"Ganong\n              WF","year":"2003","unstructured":"Ganong\n              WF\n            \n          . Review of Medical Physiology, 22nd ed.New York, NY: McGraw Hill; 2003."},{"issue":"3","key":"bib9","series-title":"Curr Neuropharmacol","first-page":"162","article-title":"Significance of high levels of endogenous melatonin in mammalian cerebrospinal fluid and in the central nervous system","volume":"8","author":"Tan\n              DX","year":"2010","unstructured":"Tan\n              DX\n            , ManchesterLC, Sanchez-BarceloE, et al. Significance of high levels of endogenous melatonin in mammalian cerebrospinal fluid and in the central nervous system. Curr Neuropharmacol2010;8(3):162\u20137."},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"bib10","series-title":"J Neural Transm","first-page":"117","article-title":"Effects of chronic melatonin administration on GABA and diazepam binding in rat brain","volume":"70","author":"Niles\n              LP","year":"1987","unstructured":"Niles\n              LP\n            , PickeringDS, ArciszewskiMA. Effects of chronic melatonin administration on GABA and diazepam binding in rat brain. J Neural Transm1987;70(1\u20132):117\u201324."},{"issue":"1","key":"bib11","series-title":"Neurosci Lett","first-page":"13","article-title":"Anticonvulsant effects of melatonin in amygdala-kindled rats","volume":"257","author":"Mevissen\n              M","year":"1998","unstructured":"Mevissen\n              M\n            , UlrichE. Anticonvulsant effects of melatonin in amygdala-kindled rats. Neurosci Lett1998;257(1):13\u20136."},{"issue":"10","key":"bib12","series-title":"J Child Neurol","first-page":"501","article-title":"Melatonin\u2019s role as an anticonvulsant and neuronal protector: experimental and clinical evidence","volume":"13","author":"Mu\u00f1oz-Hoyos\n              A","year":"1998","unstructured":"Mu\u00f1oz-Hoyos\n              A\n            , S\u00e1nchez-ForteM, Molina-CarballoA, et al. Melatonin\u2019s role as an anticonvulsant and neuronal protector: experimental and clinical evidence. J Child Neurol1998;13(10):501\u20139."},{"issue":"2","key":"bib13","series-title":"J Pineal Res","first-page":"113","article-title":"Ventricular cerebrospinal fluid melatonin concentrations investigated with an endoscopic technique","volume":"42","author":"Longatti\n              P","year":"2007","unstructured":"Longatti\n              P\n            , PerinA, RizzoV, et al. Ventricular cerebrospinal fluid melatonin concentrations investigated with an endoscopic technique. J Pineal Res2007;42(2):113\u20138."},{"issue":"3","key":"bib14","series-title":"Epilepsia","first-page":"237","article-title":"Melatonin inhibits iron-induced epileptic discharges in rats by suppressing peroxidation","volume":"39","author":"Kabuto\n              H","year":"1998","unstructured":"Kabuto\n              H\n            , YokoiI, OgawaN. Melatonin inhibits iron-induced epileptic discharges in rats by suppressing peroxidation. Epilepsia1998;39(3):237\u201343."},{"issue":"144","key":"bib15","series-title":"Rev Neurol","first-page":"1229","article-title":"The effect of melatonin as anticonvulsant and neuron protector","volume":"25","author":"Sanchez-Forte\n              M","year":"1997","unstructured":"Sanchez-Forte\n              M\n            , Moreno-MadridF, Munoz-HoyosA, et al. The effect of melatonin as anticonvulsant and neuron protector. Rev Neurol1997;25(144):1229\u201334."},{"issue":"4","key":"bib16","series-title":"J Neural Transmission","first-page":"281","article-title":"Melatonin administration to dogs","volume":"49","author":"S\u00e4\u00e4f\n              J","year":"1980","unstructured":"S\u00e4\u00e4f\n              J\n            , WetterbergL, B\u00e4ckstr\u00f6mM, et al. Melatonin administration to dogs. J Neural Transmission1980;49(4):281\u20135."},{"issue":"4","key":"bib17","series-title":"Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Phyysiol","first-page":"863","article-title":"Seasonal and diurnal melatonin production in exercising sled dogs","volume":"147","author":"Dunlap\n              KL","year":"2007","unstructured":"Dunlap\n              KL\n            , ReynoldsAJ, TosiniG, et al. Seasonal and diurnal melatonin production in exercising sled dogs. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Phyysiol2007;147(4):863\u20137."},{"issue":"5","key":"bib18","series-title":"Endocrinology","first-page":"1213","article-title":"Binding of melatonin to human and rat plasma proteins","volume":"91","author":"Cardinali\n              DP","year":"1972","unstructured":"Cardinali\n              DP\n            , LynchHJ, WurtmanRJ. Binding of melatonin to human and rat plasma proteins. Endocrinology1972;91(5):1213\u20138."},{"issue":"3","key":"bib19","series-title":"Neuropediatrics","first-page":"122","article-title":"Melatonin increases following convulsive seizures may be related to its anticonvulsant properties at physiological concentrations","volume":"38","author":"Molina-Carballo\n              A","year":"2007","unstructured":"Molina-Carballo\n              A\n            , Mu\u00f1oz-HoyosA, S\u00e1nchez-ForteM, et al. Melatonin increases following convulsive seizures may be related to its anticonvulsant properties at physiological concentrations. Neuropediatrics2007;38(3):122\u20135."},{"issue":"4","key":"bib20","series-title":"Zhonggue Dang Dai Er Ke Za Zhi","first-page":"288","article-title":"[Serum melatonin levels in children with epilepsy or febrile seizures]","volume":"11","author":"Guo\n              JF","year":"2009","unstructured":"Guo\n              JF\n            , YaoBZ. [Serum melatonin levels in children with epilepsy or febrile seizures]. Zhonggue Dang Dai Er Ke Za Zhi2009;11(4):288\u201390[in Chinese]."},{"key":"bib1","series-title":"Veterinary Neuroanatomy and Clinical Neurology","first-page":"454","article-title":"Seizure disorders: narcolepsy","author":"de Lahunta\n              A","year":"2009","unstructured":"de Lahunta\n              A\n            , GlassE, KentM. Seizure disorders: narcolepsy. In: Veterinary Neuroanatomy and Clinical Neurology, 3rd ed.St. Louis: Saunders; 2009:454\u20135."},{"issue":"3","key":"bib2","series-title":"Vet J","first-page":"310","article-title":"The efficacy and tolerability of levetiracetam in pharmacoresistant epileptic dogs","volume":"176","author":"Volk\n              HA","year":"2008","unstructured":"Volk\n              HA\n            , MatiasekLA, Feliu-PascualAL, et al. The efficacy and tolerability of levetiracetam in pharmacoresistant epileptic dogs. Vet J2008;176(3):310\u20139."},{"issue":"3","key":"bib3","series-title":"Vet Rec","first-page":"335","article-title":"Aetiology and long-term outcome of juvenile epilepsy in 136 dogs","volume":"170","author":"Arrol\n              L","year":"2012","unstructured":"Arrol\n              L\n            , PenderisJ, GarosiL, et al. Aetiology and long-term outcome of juvenile epilepsy in 136 dogs. Vet Rec2012;170(3):335."},{"issue":"11","key":"bib4","series-title":"Neurology","first-page":"1746","article-title":"Patients with intractable epilepsy have low melatonin which increases following seizures","volume":"55","author":"Bazil\n              CW","year":"2000","unstructured":"Bazil\n              CW\n            , ShortD, CrispinD, et al. Patients with intractable epilepsy have low melatonin which increases following seizures. Neurology2000;55(11):1746\u20138."},{"issue":"4","key":"bib5","series-title":"J Pineal Res","first-page":"215","article-title":"Anticonvulsant activity of melatonin against seizures induced by quinolinate, kainate, glutamate, NMDA, and pentylenetetrazole in mice","volume":"24","author":"Lapin\n              IP","year":"1998","unstructured":"Lapin\n              IP\n            , MirzaevSM, RyzovIV, et al. Anticonvulsant activity of melatonin against seizures induced by quinolinate, kainate, glutamate, NMDA, and pentylenetetrazole in mice. J Pineal Res1998;24(4):215\u20138."},{"issue":"9","key":"bib6","series-title":"Epilepsia","first-page":"1208","article-title":"Melatonin effect on seizures in children with severe neurologic deficit disorders","volume":"42","author":"Peled\n              N","year":"2001","unstructured":"Peled\n              N\n            , ShorerZ, PeledE, et al. Melatonin effect on seizures in children with severe neurologic deficit disorders. Epilepsia2001;42(9):1208\u201310."},{"issue":"2","key":"bib7","series-title":"Neurosci Lett","first-page":"89","article-title":"Preventive effect of melatonin against cyanide-induced seizures and lipid peroxidation in mice","volume":"207","author":"Yamamato\n              H","year":"1996","unstructured":"Yamamato\n              H\n            , TangHW. Preventive effect of melatonin against cyanide-induced seizures and lipid peroxidation in mice. Neurosci Lett1996;207(2):89\u201392."},{"key":"bib8","series-title":"Review of Medical Physiology","author":"Ganong\n              WF","year":"2003","unstructured":"Ganong\n              WF\n            \n          . Review of Medical Physiology, 22nd ed.New York, NY: McGraw Hill; 2003."},{"issue":"3","key":"bib9","series-title":"Curr Neuropharmacol","first-page":"162","article-title":"Significance of high levels of endogenous melatonin in mammalian cerebrospinal fluid and in the central nervous system","volume":"8","author":"Tan\n              DX","year":"2010","unstructured":"Tan\n              DX\n            , ManchesterLC, Sanchez-BarceloE, et al. Significance of high levels of endogenous melatonin in mammalian cerebrospinal fluid and in the central nervous system. Curr Neuropharmacol2010;8(3):162\u20137."},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"bib10","series-title":"J Neural Transm","first-page":"117","article-title":"Effects of chronic melatonin administration on GABA and diazepam binding in rat brain","volume":"70","author":"Niles\n              LP","year":"1987","unstructured":"Niles\n              LP\n            , PickeringDS, ArciszewskiMA. Effects of chronic melatonin administration on GABA and diazepam binding in rat brain. J Neural Transm1987;70(1\u20132):117\u201324."},{"issue":"1","key":"bib11","series-title":"Neurosci Lett","first-page":"13","article-title":"Anticonvulsant effects of melatonin in amygdala-kindled rats","volume":"257","author":"Mevissen\n              M","year":"1998","unstructured":"Mevissen\n              M\n            , UlrichE. Anticonvulsant effects of melatonin in amygdala-kindled rats. Neurosci Lett1998;257(1):13\u20136."},{"issue":"10","key":"bib12","series-title":"J Child Neurol","first-page":"501","article-title":"Melatonin\u2019s role as an anticonvulsant and neuronal protector: experimental and clinical evidence","volume":"13","author":"Mu\u00f1oz-Hoyos\n              A","year":"1998","unstructured":"Mu\u00f1oz-Hoyos\n              A\n            , S\u00e1nchez-ForteM, Molina-CarballoA, et al. Melatonin\u2019s role as an anticonvulsant and neuronal protector: experimental and clinical evidence. J Child Neurol1998;13(10):501\u20139."},{"issue":"2","key":"bib13","series-title":"J Pineal Res","first-page":"113","article-title":"Ventricular cerebrospinal fluid melatonin concentrations investigated with an endoscopic technique","volume":"42","author":"Longatti\n              P","year":"2007","unstructured":"Longatti\n              P\n            , PerinA, RizzoV, et al. Ventricular cerebrospinal fluid melatonin concentrations investigated with an endoscopic technique. J Pineal Res2007;42(2):113\u20138."},{"issue":"3","key":"bib14","series-title":"Epilepsia","first-page":"237","article-title":"Melatonin inhibits iron-induced epileptic discharges in rats by suppressing peroxidation","volume":"39","author":"Kabuto\n              H","year":"1998","unstructured":"Kabuto\n              H\n            , YokoiI, OgawaN. Melatonin inhibits iron-induced epileptic discharges in rats by suppressing peroxidation. Epilepsia1998;39(3):237\u201343."},{"issue":"144","key":"bib15","series-title":"Rev Neurol","first-page":"1229","article-title":"The effect of melatonin as anticonvulsant and neuron protector","volume":"25","author":"Sanchez-Forte\n              M","year":"1997","unstructured":"Sanchez-Forte\n              M\n            , Moreno-MadridF, Munoz-HoyosA, et al. The effect of melatonin as anticonvulsant and neuron protector. Rev Neurol1997;25(144):1229\u201334."},{"issue":"4","key":"bib16","series-title":"J Neural Transmission","first-page":"281","article-title":"Melatonin administration to dogs","volume":"49","author":"S\u00e4\u00e4f\n              J","year":"1980","unstructured":"S\u00e4\u00e4f\n              J\n            , WetterbergL, B\u00e4ckstr\u00f6mM, et al. Melatonin administration to dogs. J Neural Transmission1980;49(4):281\u20135."},{"issue":"4","key":"bib17","series-title":"Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Phyysiol","first-page":"863","article-title":"Seasonal and diurnal melatonin production in exercising sled dogs","volume":"147","author":"Dunlap\n              KL","year":"2007","unstructured":"Dunlap\n              KL\n            , ReynoldsAJ, TosiniG, et al. Seasonal and diurnal melatonin production in exercising sled dogs. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Phyysiol2007;147(4):863\u20137."},{"issue":"5","key":"bib18","series-title":"Endocrinology","first-page":"1213","article-title":"Binding of melatonin to human and rat plasma proteins","volume":"91","author":"Cardinali\n              DP","year":"1972","unstructured":"Cardinali\n              DP\n            , LynchHJ, WurtmanRJ. Binding of melatonin to human and rat plasma proteins. Endocrinology1972;91(5):1213\u20138."},{"issue":"3","key":"bib19","series-title":"Neuropediatrics","first-page":"122","article-title":"Melatonin increases following convulsive seizures may be related to its anticonvulsant properties at physiological concentrations","volume":"38","author":"Molina-Carballo\n              A","year":"2007","unstructured":"Molina-Carballo\n              A\n            , Mu\u00f1oz-HoyosA, S\u00e1nchez-ForteM, et al. Melatonin increases following convulsive seizures may be related to its anticonvulsant properties at physiological concentrations. Neuropediatrics2007;38(3):122\u20135."},{"issue":"4","key":"bib20","series-title":"Zhonggue Dang Dai Er Ke Za Zhi","first-page":"288","article-title":"[Serum melatonin levels in children with epilepsy or febrile seizures]","volume":"11","author":"Guo\n              JF","year":"2009","unstructured":"Guo\n              JF\n            , YaoBZ. [Serum melatonin levels in children with epilepsy or febrile seizures]. 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