{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]],"date-time":"2026-06-12T18:21:06Z","timestamp":1781288466075,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"American Animal Hospital Association","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019]]},"abstract":"ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n No standardized treatment guidelines are reported in veterinary medicine for dogs with large pituitary corticotroph neoplasms causing neurological signs, and such dogs usually have a short overall survival. When these dogs undergo pituitary surgery and the tumor regrows there are few reports of subsequent treatments.<\/jats:p>\n A 7 yr old male Maltese diagnosed with pituitary-dependent hypercortisolism developed seizures in conjunction with a large pituitary corticotroph adenoma and underwent transsphenoidal hypophysectomy. After 3 yr of clinical remission, hypercortisolism recurred, and trilostane therapy was initiated. One year later, the dog developed new neurological signs and computed tomography revealed regrowth of a large pituitary mass that was then treated with radiation therapy. The dog lived disease-free for 3 more yr. At postmortem examination, a more aggressive pituitary neoplasm than the one examined at the time of surgery was found, which is suggestive of malignant transformation into a carcinoma despite the absence of convincing metastasis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.5326\/jaaha-ms-6831","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,17]],"date-time":"2019-01-17T16:31:30Z","timestamp":1547742690000},"page":"e552-02","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Sequential Treatment of a Large Pituitary Corticotroph Neoplasm and Associated Neurological Signs in a Dog"],"prefix":"10.5326","volume":"55","author":[{"given":"Sara","family":"Del Magno","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy (S.D.M., F.F., L.M., G.G., R.S. L.P.); Department of Pathobiology (G.C.M.G.) and Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals (M.A.T., B.P.M.), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands; and Clinica Veterinaria dell'Orologio, Sasso Marconi, Italy (F.R.)."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Federico","family":"Fracassi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy (S.D.M., F.F., L.M., G.G., R.S. L.P.); Department of Pathobiology (G.C.M.G.) and Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals (M.A.T., B.P.M.), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands; and Clinica Veterinaria dell'Orologio, Sasso Marconi, Italy (F.R.)."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guy C.M.","family":"Grinwis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy (S.D.M., F.F., L.M., G.G., R.S. L.P.); Department of Pathobiology (G.C.M.G.) and Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals (M.A.T., B.P.M.), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands; and Clinica Veterinaria dell'Orologio, Sasso Marconi, Italy (F.R.)."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luciana","family":"Mandrioli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy (S.D.M., F.F., L.M., G.G., R.S. L.P.); Department of Pathobiology (G.C.M.G.) and Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals (M.A.T., B.P.M.), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands; and Clinica Veterinaria dell'Orologio, Sasso Marconi, Italy (F.R.)."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gualtiero","family":"Gandini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy (S.D.M., F.F., L.M., G.G., R.S. L.P.); Department of Pathobiology (G.C.M.G.) and Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals (M.A.T., B.P.M.), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands; and Clinica Veterinaria dell'Orologio, Sasso Marconi, Italy (F.R.)."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Federica","family":"Rossi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy (S.D.M., F.F., L.M., G.G., R.S. L.P.); Department of Pathobiology (G.C.M.G.) and Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals (M.A.T., B.P.M.), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands; and Clinica Veterinaria dell'Orologio, Sasso Marconi, Italy (F.R.)."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rubina","family":"Sirri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy (S.D.M., F.F., L.M., G.G., R.S. L.P.); Department of Pathobiology (G.C.M.G.) and Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals (M.A.T., B.P.M.), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands; and Clinica Veterinaria dell'Orologio, Sasso Marconi, Italy (F.R.)."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luciano","family":"Pisoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy (S.D.M., F.F., L.M., G.G., R.S. L.P.); Department of Pathobiology (G.C.M.G.) and Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals (M.A.T., B.P.M.), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands; and Clinica Veterinaria dell'Orologio, Sasso Marconi, Italy (F.R.)."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marianna A.","family":"Tryfonidou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy (S.D.M., F.F., L.M., G.G., R.S. L.P.); Department of Pathobiology (G.C.M.G.) and Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals (M.A.T., B.P.M.), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands; and Clinica Veterinaria dell'Orologio, Sasso Marconi, Italy (F.R.)."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bj\u00f6rn P.","family":"Meij","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy (S.D.M., F.F., L.M., G.G., R.S. L.P.); Department of Pathobiology (G.C.M.G.) and Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals (M.A.T., B.P.M.), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands; and Clinica Veterinaria dell'Orologio, Sasso Marconi, Italy (F.R.)."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"3280","reference":[{"key":"bib1","series-title":"Canine and Feline Endocrinology","first-page":"377","article-title":"Canine hyperadrenocorticism","author":"Behrend\n EN","year":"2015","unstructured":"Behrend\n EN\n \n . Canine hyperadrenocorticism. In: FeldmanEC, NelsonRW, ReuschCE, Scott-MoncrieffJCR, BehrendEN, eds. Canine and Feline Endocrinology. 4th ed.St. Louis: Elsevier Saunders; 2015:377\u2013451."},{"issue":"3","key":"bib2","series-title":"J Am Anim Hosp Assoc","first-page":"192","article-title":"Complete surgical removal of a very enlarged pituitary corticotroph adenoma in a dog","volume":"50","author":"Fracassi\n F","year":"2014","unstructured":"Fracassi\n F\n , MandrioliL, ShehdulaD, et al. Complete surgical removal of a very enlarged pituitary corticotroph adenoma in a dog. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc2014;50(3):192\u20137."},{"issue":"3","key":"bib3","series-title":"Vet Surg","first-page":"246","article-title":"Results of transsphenoidal hypophysectomy in 52 dogs with pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism","volume":"27","author":"Meij\n BP","year":"1998","unstructured":"Meij\n BP\n , VoorhoutG, van den InghTS, et al. Results of transsphenoidal hypophysectomy in 52 dogs with pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism. Vet Surg1998;27(3):246\u201361."},{"issue":"5","key":"bib4","series-title":"J Vet Intern Med","first-page":"1027","article-title":"Survival, neurologic response, and prognostic factors in dogs with pituitary masses treated with radiation therapy and untreated dogs","volume":"21","author":"Kent\n MS","year":"2007","unstructured":"Kent\n MS\n , BommaritoD, FeldmanE, et al. Survival, neurologic response, and prognostic factors in dogs with pituitary masses treated with radiation therapy and untreated dogs. J Vet Intern Med2007;21(5):1027\u201333."},{"issue":"5","key":"bib5","series-title":"Vet Radiol Ultrasound","first-page":"554","article-title":"Comparison of two coarse fractionated radiation protocols for the management of canine pituitary macrotumor: an observational study of 24 dogs","volume":"56","author":"Marcinowska\n A","year":"2015","unstructured":"Marcinowska\n A\n , WarlandJ, BrearleyM, et al. Comparison of two coarse fractionated radiation protocols for the management of canine pituitary macrotumor: an observational study of 24 dogs. Vet Radiol Ultrasound2015;56(5):554-62."},{"issue":"4","key":"bib6","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"830","article-title":"Prognostic factors for outcome after transphenoidal hypophysectomy in dogs with pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism","volume":"107","author":"Hanson\n JM","year":"2007","unstructured":"Hanson\n JM\n , TeskeE, VoorhoutG, et al. Prognostic factors for outcome after transphenoidal hypophysectomy in dogs with pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism. J Neurosurg2007;107(4):830\u201340."},{"issue":"3","key":"bib7","series-title":"J Vet Intern Med","first-page":"869","article-title":"The prognostic value of perioperative profiles of ACTH and cortisol for recurrence after transsphenoidal hypophysectomy in dogs with corticotroph adenomas","volume":"29","author":"van Rijn\n SJ","year":"2015","unstructured":"van Rijn\n SJ\n , HansonJM, ZierikzeeD, et al. The prognostic value of perioperative profiles of ACTH and cortisol for recurrence after transsphenoidal hypophysectomy in dogs with corticotroph adenomas. J Vet Intern Med2015;29(3):869\u201376."},{"issue":"7","key":"bib8","series-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab","first-page":"2454","article-title":"Treatment of adrenocorticotropin-dependent Cushing\u2019s syndrome: a consensus statement","volume":"93","author":"Biller\n BM","year":"2008","unstructured":"Biller\n BM\n , GrossmanAB, StewartPM, et al. Treatment of adrenocorticotropin-dependent Cushing\u2019s syndrome: a consensus statement. J Clin Endocrinol Metab2008;93(7):2454\u201362."},{"issue":"3","key":"bib9","series-title":"Neurosurg Focus","first-page":"E8","article-title":"Treatment options for Cushing\u2019s disease after unsuccessful transsphenoidal surgery","volume":"23","author":"Liu\n JK","year":"2007","unstructured":"Liu\n JK\n , FleseriuM, DelashawJB, et al. Treatment options for Cushing\u2019s disease after unsuccessful transsphenoidal surgery. Neurosurg Focus2007;23(3):E8."},{"issue":"1","key":"bib10","series-title":"Vet Q","first-page":"17","article-title":"Urinary corticoid\/creatinine ratios in the differentiation between pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism and hyperadrenocorticism due to adrenocortical tumor in the dog","volume":"19","author":"Galac\n S","year":"1997","unstructured":"Galac\n S\n , KooistraHS, TeskeE, et al. Urinary corticoid\/creatinine ratios in the differentiation between pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism and hyperadrenocorticism due to adrenocortical tumor in the dog. Vet Q1997;19(1):17\u201320."},{"issue":"3","key":"bib11","series-title":"J Endocrinol","first-page":"387","article-title":"Correlation between impairment of glucocorticoid feedback and the size of the pituitary gland in dogs with pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism","volume":"152","author":"Kooistra\n HS","year":"1997","unstructured":"Kooistra\n HS\n , VoorhoutG, MolJA, et al. Correlation between impairment of glucocorticoid feedback and the size of the pituitary gland in dogs with pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism. J Endocrinol1997;152(3):387\u201394."},{"issue":"7","key":"bib12","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"1081","article-title":"Diagnostic imaging findings and endocrine test results in dogs with pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism that did or did not have neurological abnormalities: 157 cases (1989\u20132005)","volume":"231","author":"Wood\n FD","year":"2007","unstructured":"Wood\n FD\n , PollardRE, UerlingMN, et al. Diagnostic imaging findings and endocrine test results in dogs with pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism that did or did not have neurological abnormalities: 157 cases (1989\u20132005). J Am Vet Med Assoc2007;231(7):1081\u20135."},{"issue":"4","key":"bib13","series-title":"Vet Surg","first-page":"369","article-title":"Transsphenoidal surgery using a high definition video telescope for pituitary adenomas in dogs with pituitary dependent hypercortisolism: methods and results","volume":"43","author":"Mamelak\n AN","year":"2014","unstructured":"Mamelak\n AN\n , OwenTJ, BruyetteD. Transsphenoidal surgery using a high definition video telescope for pituitary adenomas in dogs with pituitary dependent hypercortisolism: methods and results. Vet Surg2014;43(4):369\u201379."},{"issue":"5","key":"bib14","series-title":"J Small Anim Pract","first-page":"240","article-title":"A magnetic resonance imaging-based classification system for indication of trans-sphenoidal hypophysectomy in canine pituitary-dependent hypercortisolism","volume":"57","author":"Sato\n A","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sato\n A\n , TeshimaT, IshinoH, et al. A magnetic resonance imaging-based classification system for indication of trans-sphenoidal hypophysectomy in canine pituitary-dependent hypercortisolism. J Small Anim Pract2016;57(5):240\u20136."},{"key":"bib15","series-title":"Res Vet Sci","first-page":"19","article-title":"Pituitary size alteration and adverse effects of radiation therapy performed in 9 dogs with pituitary-dependent hypercortisolism","volume":"118","author":"Sawada\n H","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sawada\n H\n , MoriA, LeeP, et al. Pituitary size alteration and adverse effects of radiation therapy performed in 9 dogs with pituitary-dependent hypercortisolism. Res Vet Sci2018;118:19\u201326."},{"issue":"1","key":"bib16","series-title":"Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract","first-page":"129","article-title":"Transsphenoidal surgery for pituitary tumors and other sellar masses","volume":"48","author":"Owen\n TJ","year":"2018","unstructured":"Owen\n TJ\n , MartinLG, ChenAV. Transsphenoidal surgery for pituitary tumors and other sellar masses. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract2018;48(1):129\u201351."},{"issue":"6","key":"bib17","series-title":"Veterinaria","first-page":"25","article-title":"Transphenoidal hypophysectomy in a dog with hypercortisolism and neurologic signs due to a pituitary adenoma","volume":"26","author":"Pisoni\n L","year":"2012","unstructured":"Pisoni\n L\n , Del MagnoS, LottiD, et al. Transphenoidal hypophysectomy in a dog with hypercortisolism and neurologic signs due to a pituitary adenoma. Veterinaria2012;26(6):25\u201335."},{"key":"bib18","series-title":"Clinical Endocrinology of Dogs and Cats","first-page":"13","article-title":"Hypothalamus-pituitary system","author":"Meij\n BP","year":"2010","unstructured":"Meij\n BP\n , KooistraHS, RijnberkA. Hypothalamus-pituitary system. In: RijnberkA, KooistraHS eds. Clinical Endocrinology of Dogs and Cats, 2nd ed.Hanover (Germany): Schlutersche; 2010:13\u201354."},{"issue":"4","key":"bib19","series-title":"Domest Anim Endocrinol","first-page":"244","article-title":"Expression of Ki-67, PCNA, and p27kip1 in canine pituitary corticotroph adenomas","volume":"38","author":"van Rijn\n SJ","year":"2010","unstructured":"van Rijn\n SJ\n , GrinwisGC, PenningLC, et al. Expression of Ki-67, PCNA, and p27kip1 in canine pituitary corticotroph adenomas. Domest Anim Endocrinol2010;38(4):244\u201352."},{"issue":"6","key":"bib20","series-title":"Arq Bras Endocrinol Metab","first-page":"656","article-title":"Aggressive pituitary lesion with a remarkably high Ki-67","volume":"58","author":"Marques\n P","year":"2014","unstructured":"Marques\n P\n , MafraM, CaladoC, et al. Aggressive pituitary lesion with a remarkably high Ki-67. Arq Bras Endocrinol Metab2014;58(6):656\u201360."},{"issue":"4","key":"bib21","series-title":"Domes Anim Endocrinol","first-page":"207","article-title":"Ki-67 and minichromosome maintenance-7 (MCM7) expression in canine pituitary corticotroph adenomas","volume":"41","author":"Ishino\n H","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ishino\n H\n , HaraY, TakekoshiS, et al. Ki-67 and minichromosome maintenance-7 (MCM7) expression in canine pituitary corticotroph adenomas. Domes Anim Endocrinol2011;41(4):207\u201313."},{"issue":"2","key":"bib22","series-title":"Acta Neuropathol","first-page":"1","article-title":"The 2004 World Health Organization classification of pituitary tumor: what is new?","volume":"111","author":"Al-Shraim\n M","year":"2006","unstructured":"Al-Shraim\n M\n , AsaSL. The 2004 World Health Organization classification of pituitary tumor: what is new?Acta Neuropathol2006;111(2):1\u20137."},{"issue":"8","key":"bib23","series-title":"Can Vet J","first-page":"839","article-title":"Meningeal dissemination of a pituitary carcinoma to the cauda equina in a dog","volume":"58","author":"Sheehan\n NK","year":"2017","unstructured":"Sheehan\n NK\n , RylanderH, ChristensenN, et al. Meningeal dissemination of a pituitary carcinoma to the cauda equina in a dog. Can Vet J2017;58(8):839\u201341."},{"key":"bib1","series-title":"Canine and Feline Endocrinology","first-page":"377","article-title":"Canine hyperadrenocorticism","author":"Behrend\n EN","year":"2015","unstructured":"Behrend\n EN\n \n . Canine hyperadrenocorticism. In: FeldmanEC, NelsonRW, ReuschCE, Scott-MoncrieffJCR, BehrendEN, eds. Canine and Feline Endocrinology. 4th ed.St. Louis: Elsevier Saunders; 2015:377\u2013451."},{"issue":"3","key":"bib2","series-title":"J Am Anim Hosp Assoc","first-page":"192","article-title":"Complete surgical removal of a very enlarged pituitary corticotroph adenoma in a dog","volume":"50","author":"Fracassi\n F","year":"2014","unstructured":"Fracassi\n F\n , MandrioliL, ShehdulaD, et al. Complete surgical removal of a very enlarged pituitary corticotroph adenoma in a dog. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc2014;50(3):192\u20137."},{"issue":"3","key":"bib3","series-title":"Vet Surg","first-page":"246","article-title":"Results of transsphenoidal hypophysectomy in 52 dogs with pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism","volume":"27","author":"Meij\n BP","year":"1998","unstructured":"Meij\n BP\n , VoorhoutG, van den InghTS, et al. Results of transsphenoidal hypophysectomy in 52 dogs with pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism. Vet Surg1998;27(3):246\u201361."},{"issue":"5","key":"bib4","series-title":"J Vet Intern Med","first-page":"1027","article-title":"Survival, neurologic response, and prognostic factors in dogs with pituitary masses treated with radiation therapy and untreated dogs","volume":"21","author":"Kent\n MS","year":"2007","unstructured":"Kent\n MS\n , BommaritoD, FeldmanE, et al. Survival, neurologic response, and prognostic factors in dogs with pituitary masses treated with radiation therapy and untreated dogs. J Vet Intern Med2007;21(5):1027\u201333."},{"issue":"5","key":"bib5","series-title":"Vet Radiol Ultrasound","first-page":"554","article-title":"Comparison of two coarse fractionated radiation protocols for the management of canine pituitary macrotumor: an observational study of 24 dogs","volume":"56","author":"Marcinowska\n A","year":"2015","unstructured":"Marcinowska\n A\n , WarlandJ, BrearleyM, et al. Comparison of two coarse fractionated radiation protocols for the management of canine pituitary macrotumor: an observational study of 24 dogs. Vet Radiol Ultrasound2015;56(5):554-62."},{"issue":"4","key":"bib6","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"830","article-title":"Prognostic factors for outcome after transphenoidal hypophysectomy in dogs with pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism","volume":"107","author":"Hanson\n JM","year":"2007","unstructured":"Hanson\n JM\n , TeskeE, VoorhoutG, et al. Prognostic factors for outcome after transphenoidal hypophysectomy in dogs with pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism. J Neurosurg2007;107(4):830\u201340."},{"issue":"3","key":"bib7","series-title":"J Vet Intern Med","first-page":"869","article-title":"The prognostic value of perioperative profiles of ACTH and cortisol for recurrence after transsphenoidal hypophysectomy in dogs with corticotroph adenomas","volume":"29","author":"van Rijn\n SJ","year":"2015","unstructured":"van Rijn\n SJ\n , HansonJM, ZierikzeeD, et al. The prognostic value of perioperative profiles of ACTH and cortisol for recurrence after transsphenoidal hypophysectomy in dogs with corticotroph adenomas. J Vet Intern Med2015;29(3):869\u201376."},{"issue":"7","key":"bib8","series-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab","first-page":"2454","article-title":"Treatment of adrenocorticotropin-dependent Cushing\u2019s syndrome: a consensus statement","volume":"93","author":"Biller\n BM","year":"2008","unstructured":"Biller\n BM\n , GrossmanAB, StewartPM, et al. Treatment of adrenocorticotropin-dependent Cushing\u2019s syndrome: a consensus statement. J Clin Endocrinol Metab2008;93(7):2454\u201362."},{"issue":"3","key":"bib9","series-title":"Neurosurg Focus","first-page":"E8","article-title":"Treatment options for Cushing\u2019s disease after unsuccessful transsphenoidal surgery","volume":"23","author":"Liu\n JK","year":"2007","unstructured":"Liu\n JK\n , FleseriuM, DelashawJB, et al. Treatment options for Cushing\u2019s disease after unsuccessful transsphenoidal surgery. Neurosurg Focus2007;23(3):E8."},{"issue":"1","key":"bib10","series-title":"Vet Q","first-page":"17","article-title":"Urinary corticoid\/creatinine ratios in the differentiation between pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism and hyperadrenocorticism due to adrenocortical tumor in the dog","volume":"19","author":"Galac\n S","year":"1997","unstructured":"Galac\n S\n , KooistraHS, TeskeE, et al. Urinary corticoid\/creatinine ratios in the differentiation between pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism and hyperadrenocorticism due to adrenocortical tumor in the dog. Vet Q1997;19(1):17\u201320."},{"issue":"3","key":"bib11","series-title":"J Endocrinol","first-page":"387","article-title":"Correlation between impairment of glucocorticoid feedback and the size of the pituitary gland in dogs with pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism","volume":"152","author":"Kooistra\n HS","year":"1997","unstructured":"Kooistra\n HS\n , VoorhoutG, MolJA, et al. Correlation between impairment of glucocorticoid feedback and the size of the pituitary gland in dogs with pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism. J Endocrinol1997;152(3):387\u201394."},{"issue":"7","key":"bib12","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"1081","article-title":"Diagnostic imaging findings and endocrine test results in dogs with pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism that did or did not have neurological abnormalities: 157 cases (1989\u20132005)","volume":"231","author":"Wood\n FD","year":"2007","unstructured":"Wood\n FD\n , PollardRE, UerlingMN, et al. Diagnostic imaging findings and endocrine test results in dogs with pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism that did or did not have neurological abnormalities: 157 cases (1989\u20132005). J Am Vet Med Assoc2007;231(7):1081\u20135."},{"issue":"4","key":"bib13","series-title":"Vet Surg","first-page":"369","article-title":"Transsphenoidal surgery using a high definition video telescope for pituitary adenomas in dogs with pituitary dependent hypercortisolism: methods and results","volume":"43","author":"Mamelak\n AN","year":"2014","unstructured":"Mamelak\n AN\n , OwenTJ, BruyetteD. Transsphenoidal surgery using a high definition video telescope for pituitary adenomas in dogs with pituitary dependent hypercortisolism: methods and results. Vet Surg2014;43(4):369\u201379."},{"issue":"5","key":"bib14","series-title":"J Small Anim Pract","first-page":"240","article-title":"A magnetic resonance imaging-based classification system for indication of trans-sphenoidal hypophysectomy in canine pituitary-dependent hypercortisolism","volume":"57","author":"Sato\n A","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sato\n A\n , TeshimaT, IshinoH, et al. A magnetic resonance imaging-based classification system for indication of trans-sphenoidal hypophysectomy in canine pituitary-dependent hypercortisolism. J Small Anim Pract2016;57(5):240\u20136."},{"key":"bib15","series-title":"Res Vet Sci","first-page":"19","article-title":"Pituitary size alteration and adverse effects of radiation therapy performed in 9 dogs with pituitary-dependent hypercortisolism","volume":"118","author":"Sawada\n H","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sawada\n H\n , MoriA, LeeP, et al. Pituitary size alteration and adverse effects of radiation therapy performed in 9 dogs with pituitary-dependent hypercortisolism. Res Vet Sci2018;118:19\u201326."},{"issue":"1","key":"bib16","series-title":"Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract","first-page":"129","article-title":"Transsphenoidal surgery for pituitary tumors and other sellar masses","volume":"48","author":"Owen\n TJ","year":"2018","unstructured":"Owen\n TJ\n , MartinLG, ChenAV. Transsphenoidal surgery for pituitary tumors and other sellar masses. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract2018;48(1):129\u201351."},{"issue":"6","key":"bib17","series-title":"Veterinaria","first-page":"25","article-title":"Transphenoidal hypophysectomy in a dog with hypercortisolism and neurologic signs due to a pituitary adenoma","volume":"26","author":"Pisoni\n L","year":"2012","unstructured":"Pisoni\n L\n , Del MagnoS, LottiD, et al. Transphenoidal hypophysectomy in a dog with hypercortisolism and neurologic signs due to a pituitary adenoma. Veterinaria2012;26(6):25\u201335."},{"key":"bib18","series-title":"Clinical Endocrinology of Dogs and Cats","first-page":"13","article-title":"Hypothalamus-pituitary system","author":"Meij\n BP","year":"2010","unstructured":"Meij\n BP\n , KooistraHS, RijnberkA. Hypothalamus-pituitary system. In: RijnberkA, KooistraHS eds. Clinical Endocrinology of Dogs and Cats, 2nd ed.Hanover (Germany): Schlutersche; 2010:13\u201354."},{"issue":"4","key":"bib19","series-title":"Domest Anim Endocrinol","first-page":"244","article-title":"Expression of Ki-67, PCNA, and p27kip1 in canine pituitary corticotroph adenomas","volume":"38","author":"van Rijn\n SJ","year":"2010","unstructured":"van Rijn\n SJ\n , GrinwisGC, PenningLC, et al. Expression of Ki-67, PCNA, and p27kip1 in canine pituitary corticotroph adenomas. Domest Anim Endocrinol2010;38(4):244\u201352."},{"issue":"6","key":"bib20","series-title":"Arq Bras Endocrinol Metab","first-page":"656","article-title":"Aggressive pituitary lesion with a remarkably high Ki-67","volume":"58","author":"Marques\n P","year":"2014","unstructured":"Marques\n P\n , MafraM, CaladoC, et al. Aggressive pituitary lesion with a remarkably high Ki-67. 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