{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]],"date-time":"2026-01-22T00:52:01Z","timestamp":1769043121055,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"American Animal Hospital Association","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,11]]},"abstract":"ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n A 12 yr old dachshund, a 7 yr old English springer spaniel, and a 1.5 yr old French bulldog presented following envenomation by a coral snake. Each patient displayed evidence of varying degrees of lower motor neuron dysfunction, but all three developed transient megaesophagus. Two patients developed secondary aspiration pneumonia, with one requiring mechanical ventilation, which the owners declined, resulting in euthanasia. The third developed hypoventilation without aspiration pneumonia, was mechanically ventilated, and was successfully weaned. In the two surviving patients, the megaesophagus resolved by time of discharge. Coral snake envenomation is an uncommon occurrence, and these are the first documented cases of transient megaesophagus secondary to a North American species.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.5326\/jaaha-ms-6915","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,18]],"date-time":"2020-09-18T09:41:42Z","timestamp":1600422102000},"page":"320","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Transient Megaesophagus Following Coral Snake Envenomation in Three Dogs (2013\u20132018)"],"prefix":"10.5326","volume":"56","author":[{"given":"Justin Andrew","family":"Heinz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"From Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas (J.A.H., J.M.); and BluePearl Veterinary Partners, Clearwater, Florida (M.P.)."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joseph","family":"Mankin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas (J.A.H., J.M.); and BluePearl Veterinary Partners, Clearwater, Florida (M.P.)."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Medora","family":"Pashmakova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas (J.A.H., J.M.); and BluePearl Veterinary Partners, Clearwater, Florida (M.P.)."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"3280","reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"i1547-3317-56-6-320-bib1","series-title":"J Vet Emerg Crit Care","first-page":"9","article-title":"Coral snake (Micrurus fulvis fulvis) envenomation in five dogs: present and earlier findings","volume":"5","author":"Kremer","year":"1995","unstructured":"Kremer\n KA,\n \n \n Schaer\n M.\n \n \n Coral snake (Micrurus fulvis fulvis) envenomation in five dogs: present and earlier findings.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Vet Emerg Crit Care1995;\n\t\t\t\t\t5(\n\t\t\t\t\t1):\n\t\t\t\t\t9\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t15."},{"issue":"6","key":"i1547-3317-56-6-320-bib2","series-title":"J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio)","first-page":"682","article-title":"Retrospective evaluation of coral snake envenomation in dogs and cats: 20 cases (1996-2011)","volume":"22","author":"Perez","year":"2012","unstructured":"Perez\n ML,\n \n \n Fox\n K,\n \n \n Schaer\n M.\n \n \n Retrospective evaluation of coral snake envenomation in dogs and cats: 20 cases (1996-2011).\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio)2012;\n\t\t\t\t\t22(\n\t\t\t\t\t6):\n\t\t\t\t\t682\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t9."},{"key":"i1547-3317-56-6-320-bib3","series-title":"JAMA","first-page":"1615","article-title":"Envenomation by the eastern coral snake (Micrurus fulvius fulvius): a study of 39 victims","volume":"258","author":"Kitchens","year":"1987","unstructured":"Kitchens\n CS,\n \n \n Van Mierop\n LHS.\n \n \n Envenomation by the eastern coral snake (Micrurus fulvius fulvius): a study of 39 victims.\n\t\t\t\t\tJAMA1987;\n\t\t\t\t\t258:\n\t\t\t\t\t1615\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t8."},{"key":"i1547-3317-56-6-320-bib4","series-title":"Handbook of venoms and toxins","first-page":"476","article-title":"Envenomation by reptiles in the United States","author":"Smith","year":"2010","unstructured":"Smith\n J,\n \n \n Bush\n S.\n \n \n Envenomation by reptiles in the United States. In:\n\t\t\t\t\tMackessySP, ed.\n\t\t\t\t\tHandbook of venoms and toxins.\n\t\t\t\t\t1st ed.Boca Raton (FL):\n\t\t\t\t\tTaylor & Francis Group;\n\t\t\t\t\t2010:\n\t\t\t\t\t476\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t88."},{"key":"i1547-3317-56-6-320-bib5","series-title":"Clin Tech Small Anim Pract","first-page":"183","article-title":"Snake bite: coral snakes","volume":"21","author":"Peterson","year":"2006","unstructured":"Peterson\n ME.\n \n \n Snake bite: coral snakes.\n\t\t\t\t\tClin Tech Small Anim Pract2006;\n\t\t\t\t\t21:\n\t\t\t\t\t183\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t6."},{"key":"i1547-3317-56-6-320-bib6","series-title":"Toxicon","first-page":"6","article-title":"Biochemical characterization of the venom of the coral snake Micrurus tener and comparative biological activities in the mouse and a reptile model","volume":"77","author":"Bernard-Valle","year":"2014","unstructured":"Bernard-Valle\n M,\n \n \n Carbajal-Saucedo\n A,\n \n \n deRoodt\n A,\n \n et al.\n \n Biochemical characterization of the venom of the coral 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Argentina during the period between 1979-2003.\n\t\t\t\t\tRev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo2013;\n\t\t\t\t\t55(\n\t\t\t\t\t1):\n\t\t\t\t\t13\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t18."},{"key":"i1547-3317-56-6-320-bib9","series-title":"Toxicon","first-page":"855","article-title":"Structure, function, and evolution of three-fingers toxins: mini proteins with multiple targets","volume":"56","author":"Manjunatha Kini","year":"2010","unstructured":"Manjunatha Kini\n R,\n \n \n Doley\n R.\n \n \n Structure, function, and evolution of three-fingers toxins: mini proteins with multiple targets.\n\t\t\t\t\tToxicon2010;\n\t\t\t\t\t56:\n\t\t\t\t\t855\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t67."},{"key":"i1547-3317-56-6-320-bib10","series-title":"Acta Chim Slov","first-page":"693","article-title":"Evolution of three-finger toxins \u2013 a versatile mini protein scaffold","volume":"58","author":"Manjunatha Kini","year":"2011","unstructured":"Manjunatha Kini\n R.\n \n \n Evolution of three-finger toxins \u2013 a versatile mini protein scaffold.\n\t\t\t\t\tActa Chim Slov2011;\n\t\t\t\t\t58:\n\t\t\t\t\t693\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t701."},{"issue":"6","key":"i1547-3317-56-6-320-bib11","series-title":"J Vet Emerg Crit Care","first-page":"682","article-title":"A retrospective evaluation of coral snake envenomation in dogs and cats: 20 cases (1996-2011)","volume":"22","author":"Perez","year":"2012","unstructured":"Perez\n ML,\n \n \n Fox\n K,\n \n \n Schaer\n M.\n \n \n A retrospective evaluation of coral snake envenomation in dogs and cats: 20 cases (1996-2011).\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Vet Emerg Crit Care2012;\n\t\t\t\t\t22(\n\t\t\t\t\t6):\n\t\t\t\t\t682\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t9."},{"issue":"3","key":"i1547-3317-56-6-320-bib12","series-title":"Vet Clin Pathol","first-page":"282","article-title":"Clinicopathologic abnormalities associated with snake envenomation in domestic animals","volume":"40","author":"Goddard","year":"2011","unstructured":"Goddard\n A,\n \n \n Schoeman\n JP,\n \n \n Leisewitz\n AL,\n \n et al.\n \n Clinicopathologic 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Compend Contin Educ Vet","first-page":"E1","volume":"34","author":"Mace","year":"2012","unstructured":"Mace\n S,\n \n \n Shelton\n GD,\n \n \n Eddlestone\n S.\n \n \n Megaesophagus. 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