{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T01:03:22Z","timestamp":1772327002881,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"American Animal Hospital Association","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020]]},"abstract":"ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n \n The goal of this retrospective, cross-sectional study was to describe the different etiologies of trigeminal neuropathy based on clinical and MRI findings and to evaluate the significance of associated concomitant disorders. MRI studies of 49 dogs with trigeminal neuropathy were blindly reviewed and were classified into the following three groups: neoplasia, neuritis, or idiopathic trigeminal neuropathy (ITN). Thirty-one percent were suspected to have neoplasia (all unilateral), 16% to have neuritis (1 bilateral and 7 unilateral), and 53% to have ITN (4 unilateral and 22 bilateral). Dogs with clinical bilateral trigeminal dysfunction were most likely to have a diagnosis of ITN (predicted probability 95.7%). Unilateral clinical signs were significantly associated with neoplasia or neuritis compared with ITN (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n < .001 and\n P<\/jats:italic>\n = .002, respectively). Even with marked brainstem neoplastic involvement, central neurological deficits may be absent. Sensory impairment was significantly associated with either neoplasia or neuritis compared with ITN (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n = .007 and\n P<\/jats:italic>\n = .03, respectively). Ipsilateral noninfectious middle ear effusion was only seen in dogs with neoplasia (33%). Horner\u2019s syndrome was present in 12% of all dogs (2 dogs in each group). Dogs with neoplasia were significantly older than dogs with neuritis (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n = .02) and ITN (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n = .002). JAAHA-MS-6997\n <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.5326\/jaaha-ms-6997","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,21]],"date-time":"2020-01-21T11:17:56Z","timestamp":1579605476000},"page":"106-113","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Diagnostic Values of Clinical and Magnetic Resonance Findings in Presumptive Trigeminal Neuropathy: 49 Dogs"],"prefix":"10.5326","volume":"56","author":[{"given":"Cl\u00e9ment","family":"Musso","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"From Veterinary Hospital Center Fr\u00e9gis, Arcueil, France."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kevin","family":"Le Boedec","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From Veterinary Hospital Center Fr\u00e9gis, Arcueil, France."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eymeric","family":"Gomes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From Veterinary Hospital Center Fr\u00e9gis, Arcueil, France."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Laurent","family":"Cauzinille","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From Veterinary Hospital Center Fr\u00e9gis, Arcueil, France."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"3280","reference":[{"key":"bib1","series-title":"J Small Anim Pract","first-page":"753","article-title":"Dropped jaw-mandibular neurapraxia in the dog","volume":"17","author":"Robins\n GM","year":"1976","unstructured":"Robins\n GM\n \n . Dropped jaw-mandibular neurapraxia in the dog. J Small Anim Pract1976;17:753\u20138."},{"key":"bib2","series-title":"J Vet Intern Med","first-page":"1112","article-title":"Treatment of MRI-diagnosed trigeminal peripheral nerve sheath tumors by stereotactic radiotherapy in dogs","volume":"30","author":"Hansen\n KS","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hansen\n KS\n , ZwingenbergerAL, Th\u00e9onAP, et al.\n Treatment of MRI-diagnosed trigeminal peripheral nerve sheath tumors by stereotactic radiotherapy in dogs. J Vet Intern Med2016;30:1112\u201320."},{"key":"bib3","series-title":"J Am Anim Hosp Assoc","first-page":"19","article-title":"Clinical features of trigeminal nerve-sheath tumor in 10 dogs","volume":"34","author":"Bagley\n R","year":"1998","unstructured":"Bagley\n R\n , WheelerS, KloppL, et al.\n Clinical features of trigeminal nerve-sheath tumor in 10 dogs. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc1998;34:19\u201325."},{"key":"bib4","series-title":"Vet Radiol Ultrasound","first-page":"101","article-title":"Magnetic resonance imaging of acquired trigeminal nerve disorders in six dogs","volume":"48","author":"Schultz\n RM","year":"2007","unstructured":"Schultz\n RM\n , TuckerRL, GavinPR, et al.\n Magnetic resonance imaging of acquired trigeminal nerve disorders in six dogs. Vet Radiol Ultrasound2007;48:101\u20134."},{"key":"bib5","series-title":"Vet Radiol Ultrasound","first-page":"679","article-title":"Clinical and imaging findings, treatments, and outcomes in 27 dogs with imaging diagnosed trigeminal nerve sheath tumors: A multi-center study","volume":"58","author":"Swift\n KE","year":"2017","unstructured":"Swift\n KE\n , McGrathS, NolanMW, et al.\n Clinical and imaging findings, treatments, and outcomes in 27 dogs with imaging diagnosed trigeminal nerve sheath tumors: A multi-center study. Vet Radiol Ultrasound2017;58:679\u201389."},{"key":"bib6","series-title":"Vet Pathol","first-page":"434","article-title":"Malignant epithelioid schwannoma affecting the trigeminal nerve of a dog","volume":"33","author":"Pumarola\n M","year":"1996","unstructured":"Pumarola\n M\n , A\u00f1orS, Borr\u00e0sD, et al.\n Malignant epithelioid schwannoma affecting the trigeminal nerve of a dog. Vet Pathol1996;33:434\u20136."},{"key":"bib7","series-title":"Vet Radiol Ultrasound","first-page":"539","article-title":"Probable trigeminal nerve schwannoma in a dog","volume":"39","author":"Saunders\n JH","year":"1998","unstructured":"Saunders\n JH\n , PonceletL, ClercxC. Probable trigeminal nerve schwannoma in a dog. Vet Radiol Ultrasound1998;39:539\u201342."},{"key":"bib8","series-title":"Schweiz Arch Tierheilkd","first-page":"419","article-title":"Paradoxical vestibular disease with trigeminal nerve-sheath tumor in a dog","volume":"143","author":"Cizinauskas\n S","year":"2001","unstructured":"Cizinauskas\n S\n , LangJ, MaierR, et al.\n Paradoxical vestibular disease with trigeminal nerve-sheath tumor in a dog. Schweiz Arch Tierheilkd2001;143:419\u201325."},{"key":"bib9","series-title":"J Am Anim Hosp Assoc","first-page":"57","article-title":"Acute bilateral trigeminal neuropathy associated with nervous system lymphosarcoma in a dog","volume":"36","author":"Pfaff\n M","year":"2000","unstructured":"Pfaff\n M\n , MarchP, FishmanC. Acute bilateral trigeminal neuropathy associated with nervous system lymphosarcoma in a dog. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc2000;36:57\u201361."},{"key":"bib10","series-title":"J Am Anim Hosp Assoc","first-page":"262","article-title":"Trigeminal Neuropathy in Dogs: A Retrospective Study of 29 Cases (1991\u20132000)","volume":"38","author":"Mayhew\n PD","year":"2002","unstructured":"Mayhew\n PD\n , BushWW, GlassEN. Trigeminal Neuropathy in Dogs: A Retrospective Study of 29 Cases (1991\u20132000). J Am Anim Hosp Assoc2002;38:262\u201370."},{"key":"bib11","series-title":"Vet Med Small Anim Clin","first-page":"345","article-title":"Idiopathic trigeminal neuropathy in a dog","volume":"78","author":"Hoelzle\n RJ","year":"1983","unstructured":"Hoelzle\n RJ\n \n . Idiopathic trigeminal neuropathy in a dog. Vet Med Small Anim Clin1983;78:345."},{"key":"bib12","series-title":"Can Vet J","first-page":"265","article-title":"Idiopathic trigeminal neuritis in a dog","volume":"32","author":"Powel\n AK","year":"1991","unstructured":"Powel\n AK\n \n . Idiopathic trigeminal neuritis in a dog. Can Vet J1991;32:265."},{"key":"bib13","series-title":"Vet Radiol Ultrasound","first-page":"276","article-title":"Magnetic resonance imaging contrast enhancement of the trigeminal nerve in dogs without evidence of trigeminal neuropathy","volume":"50","author":"Pettigrew\n R","year":"2009","unstructured":"Pettigrew\n R\n , RylanderH, SchwarzT. Magnetic resonance imaging contrast enhancement of the trigeminal nerve in dogs without evidence of trigeminal neuropathy. Vet Radiol Ultrasound2009;50:276\u20138."},{"key":"bib14","series-title":"J Vet Intern Med","first-page":"1153","article-title":"Prevalence of effusion in the tympanic cavity in dogs with dysfunction of the trigeminal nerve: 18 cases (2004\u20132013)","volume":"27","author":"Kent\n M","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kent\n M\n , GlassEN, De LahuntaA, et al.\n Prevalence of effusion in the tympanic cavity in dogs with dysfunction of the trigeminal nerve: 18 cases (2004\u20132013). J Vet Intern Med2013;27:1153\u20138."},{"key":"bib15","series-title":"Vet Rec","first-page":"449","article-title":"The association of middle ear effusion with trigeminal nerve mass lesions in dogs","volume":"173","author":"Wessmann\n A","year":"2013","unstructured":"Wessmann\n A\n , HennesseyA, GoncalvesR, et al.\n The association of middle ear effusion with trigeminal nerve mass lesions in dogs. Vet Rec2013;173:449."},{"key":"bib16","series-title":"Diagnostic MRI in Dogs and Cats","first-page":"327","article-title":"Cranial nerve diseases","author":"Mai\n W","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mai\n W\n \n . Cranial nerve diseases In: Diagnostic MRI in Dogs and Cats. Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press; 2018:327\u201342."},{"key":"bib17","series-title":"J Am Anim Hosp Assoc","first-page":"424","article-title":"Denervation of the Tensor Veli Palatini Muscle and Effusion in the Tympanic Cavity","volume":"51","author":"Kent\n M","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kent\n M\n , TalaricoLR, GlassEN, et al.\n Denervation of the Tensor Veli Palatini Muscle and Effusion in the Tympanic Cavity. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc2015;51:424\u20138."},{"key":"bib18","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"1594","article-title":"Bilateral trigeminal nerve paralysis and Horner\u2019s syndrome associated with myelomonocytic neoplasia in a dog","volume":"191","author":"Carpenter\n JL","year":"1987","unstructured":"Carpenter\n JL\n , KingNWJ, AbramsKL. Bilateral trigeminal nerve paralysis and Horner\u2019s syndrome associated with myelomonocytic neoplasia in a dog. J Am Vet Med Assoc1987;191:1594\u20136."},{"key":"bib19","series-title":"Vet Pathol","first-page":"146","article-title":"Trigeminal and Polyradiculoneuritis in a Dog Presenting with Masticatory Muscle Atrophy and Horner\u2019s Syndrome","volume":"39","author":"Panciera\n RJ","year":"2002","unstructured":"Panciera\n RJ\n , RitcheyJW, BakerJE, et al.\n Trigeminal and Polyradiculoneuritis in a Dog Presenting with Masticatory Muscle Atrophy and Horner\u2019s Syndrome. Vet Pathol2002;39:146\u20139."},{"key":"bib20","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"723","article-title":"Multicentric nerve sheath fibrosarcomas of multiple cranial nerve roots in two dogs","volume":"188","author":"Zachary\n JF","year":"1986","unstructured":"Zachary\n JF\n , O\u2019BrienDP, InglesBW, et al.\n Multicentric nerve sheath fibrosarcomas of multiple cranial nerve roots in two dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc1986;188:723\u20136."},{"key":"bib21","series-title":"Vet Radiol Ultrasound","first-page":"149","article-title":"Material in the middle ear of dogs having magnetic resonance imaging for investigation of neurologic signs","volume":"45","author":"Owen\n MC","year":"2004","unstructured":"Owen\n MC\n , LambCR, LuD, et al.\n Material in the middle ear of dogs having magnetic resonance imaging for investigation of neurologic signs. Vet Radiol Ultrasound2004;45:149\u201355."},{"key":"bib22","series-title":"Miller\u2019s Anatomy of the Dog","first-page":"581","article-title":"The autonomic nervous system","author":"Evans\n HE","year":"2013","unstructured":"Evans\n HE\n , De LahuntaA. The autonomic nervous system. In: Miller\u2019s Anatomy of the Dog. 4th ed.St Louis: Elsevier Saunders; 2013:581\u20132."},{"key":"bib23","series-title":"Veterinary Neuroanatomy and Clinical Neurology","first-page":"202","article-title":"Lower motor neuron: general visceral efferent system","author":"De Lahunta\n A","year":"2015","unstructured":"De Lahunta\n A\n , GlassEN, KentM. Lower motor neuron: general visceral efferent system. In: Veterinary Neuroanatomy and Clinical Neurology. 4th ed.St Louis: Elsevier Saunders; 2015:202\u201310."},{"key":"bib24","series-title":"Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract","first-page":"207","article-title":"Acquired canine peripheral neuropathies","volume":"32","author":"Cuddon\n PA","year":"2002","unstructured":"Cuddon\n PA\n \n . Acquired canine peripheral neuropathies. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract2002;32:207\u201349."},{"key":"bib25","series-title":"Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract","first-page":"709","article-title":"Clinical signs and concurrent diseases of hypothyroidism in dogs and cats","volume":"37","author":"Scott-Moncrieff\n JC","year":"2007","unstructured":"Scott-Moncrieff\n JC\n \n . Clinical signs and concurrent diseases of hypothyroidism in dogs and cats. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract2007;37:709\u201322."},{"key":"bib26","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"1604","article-title":"Facial Neuropathy in dogs and cats; 95 cases (1975\u20131985)","volume":"191","author":"Kern\n TJ","year":"1987","unstructured":"Kern\n TJ\n , ErbHN. Facial Neuropathy in dogs and cats; 95 cases (1975\u20131985). J Am Vet Med Assoc1987;191:1604\u20139."},{"key":"bib27","series-title":"Acta Vet Scand","first-page":"32","article-title":"Electrodiagnostic studies in presumptive primary hypothyroidism and polyneuropathy in dogs with reevaluation during hormone replacement therapy","volume":"58","author":"Giza\n EG","year":"2015","unstructured":"Giza\n EG\n , P\u0142onekM, Nicpo\u0144JM, et al.\n Electrodiagnostic studies in presumptive primary hypothyroidism and polyneuropathy in dogs with reevaluation during hormone replacement therapy. Acta Vet Scand2015;58:32."},{"key":"bib28","series-title":"J Vet Intern Med","first-page":"1316","article-title":"Neurologic dysfunction in hypothyroid, hyperlipidemic Labrador Retrievers","volume":"21","author":"Vitale\n CL","year":"2007","unstructured":"Vitale\n CL\n , OlbyNJ. Neurologic dysfunction in hypothyroid, hyperlipidemic Labrador Retrievers. J Vet Intern Med2007;21:1316\u201322."},{"key":"bib1","series-title":"J Small Anim Pract","first-page":"753","article-title":"Dropped jaw-mandibular neurapraxia in the dog","volume":"17","author":"Robins\n GM","year":"1976","unstructured":"Robins\n GM\n \n . Dropped jaw-mandibular neurapraxia in the dog. J Small Anim Pract1976;17:753\u20138."},{"key":"bib2","series-title":"J Vet Intern Med","first-page":"1112","article-title":"Treatment of MRI-diagnosed trigeminal peripheral nerve sheath tumors by stereotactic radiotherapy in dogs","volume":"30","author":"Hansen\n KS","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hansen\n KS\n , ZwingenbergerAL, Th\u00e9onAP, et al.\n Treatment of MRI-diagnosed trigeminal peripheral nerve sheath tumors by stereotactic radiotherapy in dogs. J Vet Intern Med2016;30:1112\u201320."},{"key":"bib3","series-title":"J Am Anim Hosp Assoc","first-page":"19","article-title":"Clinical features of trigeminal nerve-sheath tumor in 10 dogs","volume":"34","author":"Bagley\n R","year":"1998","unstructured":"Bagley\n R\n , WheelerS, KloppL, et al.\n Clinical features of trigeminal nerve-sheath tumor in 10 dogs. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc1998;34:19\u201325."},{"key":"bib4","series-title":"Vet Radiol Ultrasound","first-page":"101","article-title":"Magnetic resonance imaging of acquired trigeminal nerve disorders in six dogs","volume":"48","author":"Schultz\n RM","year":"2007","unstructured":"Schultz\n RM\n , TuckerRL, GavinPR, et al.\n Magnetic resonance imaging of acquired trigeminal nerve disorders in six dogs. Vet Radiol Ultrasound2007;48:101\u20134."},{"key":"bib5","series-title":"Vet Radiol Ultrasound","first-page":"679","article-title":"Clinical and imaging findings, treatments, and outcomes in 27 dogs with imaging diagnosed trigeminal nerve sheath tumors: A multi-center study","volume":"58","author":"Swift\n KE","year":"2017","unstructured":"Swift\n KE\n , McGrathS, NolanMW, et al.\n Clinical and imaging findings, treatments, and outcomes in 27 dogs with imaging diagnosed trigeminal nerve sheath tumors: A multi-center study. Vet Radiol Ultrasound2017;58:679\u201389."},{"key":"bib6","series-title":"Vet Pathol","first-page":"434","article-title":"Malignant epithelioid schwannoma affecting the trigeminal nerve of a dog","volume":"33","author":"Pumarola\n M","year":"1996","unstructured":"Pumarola\n M\n , A\u00f1orS, Borr\u00e0sD, et al.\n Malignant epithelioid schwannoma affecting the trigeminal nerve of a dog. Vet Pathol1996;33:434\u20136."},{"key":"bib7","series-title":"Vet Radiol Ultrasound","first-page":"539","article-title":"Probable trigeminal nerve schwannoma in a dog","volume":"39","author":"Saunders\n JH","year":"1998","unstructured":"Saunders\n JH\n , PonceletL, ClercxC. Probable trigeminal nerve schwannoma in a dog. Vet Radiol Ultrasound1998;39:539\u201342."},{"key":"bib8","series-title":"Schweiz Arch Tierheilkd","first-page":"419","article-title":"Paradoxical vestibular disease with trigeminal nerve-sheath tumor in a dog","volume":"143","author":"Cizinauskas\n S","year":"2001","unstructured":"Cizinauskas\n S\n , LangJ, MaierR, et al.\n Paradoxical vestibular disease with trigeminal nerve-sheath tumor in a dog. Schweiz Arch Tierheilkd2001;143:419\u201325."},{"key":"bib9","series-title":"J Am Anim Hosp Assoc","first-page":"57","article-title":"Acute bilateral trigeminal neuropathy associated with nervous system lymphosarcoma in a dog","volume":"36","author":"Pfaff\n M","year":"2000","unstructured":"Pfaff\n M\n , MarchP, FishmanC. Acute bilateral trigeminal neuropathy associated with nervous system lymphosarcoma in a dog. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc2000;36:57\u201361."},{"key":"bib10","series-title":"J Am Anim Hosp Assoc","first-page":"262","article-title":"Trigeminal Neuropathy in Dogs: A Retrospective Study of 29 Cases (1991\u20132000)","volume":"38","author":"Mayhew\n PD","year":"2002","unstructured":"Mayhew\n PD\n , BushWW, GlassEN. Trigeminal Neuropathy in Dogs: A Retrospective Study of 29 Cases (1991\u20132000). J Am Anim Hosp Assoc2002;38:262\u201370."},{"key":"bib11","series-title":"Vet Med Small Anim Clin","first-page":"345","article-title":"Idiopathic trigeminal neuropathy in a dog","volume":"78","author":"Hoelzle\n RJ","year":"1983","unstructured":"Hoelzle\n RJ\n \n . Idiopathic trigeminal neuropathy in a dog. Vet Med Small Anim Clin1983;78:345."},{"key":"bib12","series-title":"Can Vet J","first-page":"265","article-title":"Idiopathic trigeminal neuritis in a dog","volume":"32","author":"Powel\n AK","year":"1991","unstructured":"Powel\n AK\n \n . Idiopathic trigeminal neuritis in a dog. Can Vet J1991;32:265."},{"key":"bib13","series-title":"Vet Radiol Ultrasound","first-page":"276","article-title":"Magnetic resonance imaging contrast enhancement of the trigeminal nerve in dogs without evidence of trigeminal neuropathy","volume":"50","author":"Pettigrew\n R","year":"2009","unstructured":"Pettigrew\n R\n , RylanderH, SchwarzT. Magnetic resonance imaging contrast enhancement of the trigeminal nerve in dogs without evidence of trigeminal neuropathy. Vet Radiol Ultrasound2009;50:276\u20138."},{"key":"bib14","series-title":"J Vet Intern Med","first-page":"1153","article-title":"Prevalence of effusion in the tympanic cavity in dogs with dysfunction of the trigeminal nerve: 18 cases (2004\u20132013)","volume":"27","author":"Kent\n M","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kent\n M\n , GlassEN, De LahuntaA, et al.\n Prevalence of effusion in the tympanic cavity in dogs with dysfunction of the trigeminal nerve: 18 cases (2004\u20132013). J Vet Intern Med2013;27:1153\u20138."},{"key":"bib15","series-title":"Vet Rec","first-page":"449","article-title":"The association of middle ear effusion with trigeminal nerve mass lesions in dogs","volume":"173","author":"Wessmann\n A","year":"2013","unstructured":"Wessmann\n A\n , HennesseyA, GoncalvesR, et al.\n The association of middle ear effusion with trigeminal nerve mass lesions in dogs. Vet Rec2013;173:449."},{"key":"bib16","series-title":"Diagnostic MRI in Dogs and Cats","first-page":"327","article-title":"Cranial nerve diseases","author":"Mai\n W","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mai\n W\n \n . Cranial nerve diseases In: Diagnostic MRI in Dogs and Cats. Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press; 2018:327\u201342."},{"key":"bib17","series-title":"J Am Anim Hosp Assoc","first-page":"424","article-title":"Denervation of the Tensor Veli Palatini Muscle and Effusion in the Tympanic Cavity","volume":"51","author":"Kent\n M","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kent\n M\n , TalaricoLR, GlassEN, et al.\n Denervation of the Tensor Veli Palatini Muscle and Effusion in the Tympanic Cavity. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc2015;51:424\u20138."},{"key":"bib18","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"1594","article-title":"Bilateral trigeminal nerve paralysis and Horner\u2019s syndrome associated with myelomonocytic neoplasia in a dog","volume":"191","author":"Carpenter\n JL","year":"1987","unstructured":"Carpenter\n JL\n , KingNWJ, AbramsKL. Bilateral trigeminal nerve paralysis and Horner\u2019s syndrome associated with myelomonocytic neoplasia in a dog. J Am Vet Med Assoc1987;191:1594\u20136."},{"key":"bib19","series-title":"Vet Pathol","first-page":"146","article-title":"Trigeminal and Polyradiculoneuritis in a Dog Presenting with Masticatory Muscle Atrophy and Horner\u2019s Syndrome","volume":"39","author":"Panciera\n RJ","year":"2002","unstructured":"Panciera\n RJ\n , RitcheyJW, BakerJE, et al.\n Trigeminal and Polyradiculoneuritis in a Dog Presenting with Masticatory Muscle Atrophy and Horner\u2019s Syndrome. Vet Pathol2002;39:146\u20139."},{"key":"bib20","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"723","article-title":"Multicentric nerve sheath fibrosarcomas of multiple cranial nerve roots in two dogs","volume":"188","author":"Zachary\n JF","year":"1986","unstructured":"Zachary\n JF\n , O\u2019BrienDP, InglesBW, et al.\n Multicentric nerve sheath fibrosarcomas of multiple cranial nerve roots in two dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc1986;188:723\u20136."},{"key":"bib21","series-title":"Vet Radiol Ultrasound","first-page":"149","article-title":"Material in the middle ear of dogs having magnetic resonance imaging for investigation of neurologic signs","volume":"45","author":"Owen\n MC","year":"2004","unstructured":"Owen\n MC\n , LambCR, LuD, et al.\n Material in the middle ear of dogs having magnetic resonance imaging for investigation of neurologic signs. Vet Radiol Ultrasound2004;45:149\u201355."},{"key":"bib22","series-title":"Miller\u2019s Anatomy of the Dog","first-page":"581","article-title":"The autonomic nervous system","author":"Evans\n HE","year":"2013","unstructured":"Evans\n HE\n , De LahuntaA. The autonomic nervous system. In: Miller\u2019s Anatomy of the Dog. 4th ed.St Louis: Elsevier Saunders; 2013:581\u20132."},{"key":"bib23","series-title":"Veterinary Neuroanatomy and Clinical Neurology","first-page":"202","article-title":"Lower motor neuron: general visceral efferent system","author":"De Lahunta\n A","year":"2015","unstructured":"De Lahunta\n A\n , GlassEN, KentM. Lower motor neuron: general visceral efferent system. In: Veterinary Neuroanatomy and Clinical Neurology. 4th ed.St Louis: Elsevier Saunders; 2015:202\u201310."},{"key":"bib24","series-title":"Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract","first-page":"207","article-title":"Acquired canine peripheral neuropathies","volume":"32","author":"Cuddon\n PA","year":"2002","unstructured":"Cuddon\n PA\n \n . Acquired canine peripheral neuropathies. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract2002;32:207\u201349."},{"key":"bib25","series-title":"Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract","first-page":"709","article-title":"Clinical signs and concurrent diseases of hypothyroidism in dogs and cats","volume":"37","author":"Scott-Moncrieff\n JC","year":"2007","unstructured":"Scott-Moncrieff\n JC\n \n . Clinical signs and concurrent diseases of hypothyroidism in dogs and cats. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract2007;37:709\u201322."},{"key":"bib26","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"1604","article-title":"Facial Neuropathy in dogs and cats; 95 cases (1975\u20131985)","volume":"191","author":"Kern\n TJ","year":"1987","unstructured":"Kern\n TJ\n , ErbHN. Facial Neuropathy in dogs and cats; 95 cases (1975\u20131985). J Am Vet Med Assoc1987;191:1604\u20139."},{"key":"bib27","series-title":"Acta Vet Scand","first-page":"32","article-title":"Electrodiagnostic studies in presumptive primary hypothyroidism and polyneuropathy in dogs with reevaluation during hormone replacement therapy","volume":"58","author":"Giza\n EG","year":"2015","unstructured":"Giza\n EG\n , P\u0142onekM, Nicpo\u0144JM, et al.\n Electrodiagnostic studies in presumptive primary hypothyroidism and polyneuropathy in dogs with reevaluation during hormone replacement therapy. Acta Vet Scand2015;58:32."},{"key":"bib28","series-title":"J Vet Intern Med","first-page":"1316","article-title":"Neurologic dysfunction in hypothyroid, hyperlipidemic Labrador Retrievers","volume":"21","author":"Vitale\n CL","year":"2007","unstructured":"Vitale\n CL\n , OlbyNJ. Neurologic dysfunction in hypothyroid, hyperlipidemic Labrador Retrievers. 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