{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T17:38:26Z","timestamp":1788543506349,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"American Animal Hospital Association","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,9]]},"abstract":"ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n Progression of transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) in dogs often leads to urinary obstruction. This observational pilot study aimed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of irreversible electroporation (IRE) balloon therapy for the palliative treatment of TCC with partial urethral obstruction. Three client-owned dogs diagnosed with TCC causing partial urethral obstruction were enrolled. After ultrasonographic and cystoscopic examination, IRE pulse protocols were delivered through a balloon catheter device inflated within the urethral lumen. After the procedure, the patients were kept overnight for monitoring and a recheck was planned 28 days later. No complication was observed during the procedure and postprocedural monitoring. After 28 days, one dog had a complete normalization of the urine stream, one dog had stable stranguria, and one dog was presented with a urethral obstruction secondary to progression of the TCC. On recheck ultrasound, one dog had a 38% diminution of the urethral mass diameter whereas the other two dogs had a mass stable in size. IRE balloon therapy seems to be a feasible and apparently safe minimally invasive novel therapy for the palliative treatment of TCC causing urethral obstruction. Further studies are needed to better characterize the safety, efficacy, and outcome of this therapy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.5326\/jaaha-ms-7160","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,1]],"date-time":"2022-09-01T16:50:20Z","timestamp":1662051020000},"page":"231-239","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Irreversible Electroporation Balloon Therapy for Palliative Treatment of Obstructive Urethral Transitional Cell Carcinoma in Dogs"],"prefix":"10.5326","volume":"58","author":[{"given":"Emmanuelle","family":"Marie Butty","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Clinical Sciences, Small Animal Internal Medicine, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine at Tufts University, North Grafton, Massachusetts (E.M.B., M.A.L.)"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bruce","family":"Forsyth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research and Development Interventional Oncology, Boston Scientific Corporation, Marlborough, Massachusetts (B.F.)"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mary Anna","family":"Labato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Clinical Sciences, Small Animal Internal Medicine, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine at Tufts University, North Grafton, Massachusetts (E.M.B., M.A.L.)"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"3280","reference":[{"key":"i1547-3317-58-5-231-b1","series-title":"Withrow and MacEwen\u2019s small animal clinical oncology.","first-page":"572","article-title":"Tumors of the urinary system","year":"2013","unstructured":"Knapp\n DW\n \n \n McMillan\n SK.\n \n \n Tumors of the urinary system.\n\t\t\t\t\tIn:WithrowSJ,VailDM,eds.Withrow and MacEwen\u2019s small animal clinical oncology.5th ed.\n\t\t\t\t\tSt. Louis:\n\t\t\t\t\tElsevier\u2013Saunders;\n\t\t\t\t\t2013:\n\t\t\t\t\t572\u201382."},{"key":"i1547-3317-58-5-231-b2","series-title":"Textbook of bladder 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Intervent Radiol2013;36(\n\t\t\t\t\t6):\n\t\t\t\t\t1638\u201345."},{"issue":"5","key":"i1547-3317-58-5-231-b18","series-title":"Prostate","first-page":"458","article-title":"In vivo characterization and numerical simulation of prostate properties for non-thermal irreversible electroporation ablation","volume":"74","year":"2014","unstructured":"Neal\n RE\n 2nd,\n \n \n Millar\n JL,\n \n \n Kavnoudias\n H,\n \n \n .\n\t\t\t\t\tIn vivo characterization and numerical simulation of prostate properties for non-thermal irreversible electroporation ablation.\n\t\t\t\t\tProstate2014;74(\n\t\t\t\t\t5):\n\t\t\t\t\t458\u201368."},{"issue":"2","key":"i1547-3317-58-5-231-b19","series-title":"IEEE Trans Biomed Eng","first-page":"561","article-title":"In vivo irreversible electroporation kidney ablation: experimentally correlated numerical models","volume":"62","year":"2015","unstructured":"Neal\n RE\n 2nd,\n \n \n Garcia\n PA,\n \n \n Kavnoudias\n H,\n \n \n .\n\t\t\t\t\tIn vivo irreversible 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Accessed January 30, 2021."},{"key":"i1547-3317-58-5-231-b1","series-title":"Withrow and MacEwen\u2019s small animal clinical oncology.","first-page":"572","article-title":"Tumors of the urinary system","year":"2013","unstructured":"Knapp\n DW\n \n \n McMillan\n SK.\n \n \n Tumors of the urinary system.\n\t\t\t\t\tIn:WithrowSJ,VailDM,eds.Withrow and MacEwen\u2019s small animal clinical oncology.5th ed.\n\t\t\t\t\tSt. Louis:\n\t\t\t\t\tElsevier\u2013Saunders;\n\t\t\t\t\t2013:\n\t\t\t\t\t572\u201382."},{"key":"i1547-3317-58-5-231-b2","series-title":"Textbook of bladder cancer.","year":"2006","unstructured":"Lerner\n SP,\n \n \n Schoenberg\n MP,\n \n \n Sternberg\n CN.\n \n \n \n Textbook of bladder cancer.\n \n Oxon, UK:\n\t\t\t\t\tTaylor and Francis;\n\t\t\t\t\t2006."},{"issue":"1","key":"i1547-3317-58-5-231-b3","series-title":"ILAR J","first-page":"100","article-title":"Urinary bladder cancer in dogs, a naturally occurring model for cancer biology and drug development","volume":"55","year":"2014","unstructured":"Knapp\n DW,\n \n \n Ramos-Vara\n JA,\n \n \n Moore\n GE,\n \n \n .\n\t\t\t\t\tUrinary bladder cancer in dogs, a naturally occurring model for cancer biology and drug development.\n\t\t\t\t\tILAR J2014;55(\n\t\t\t\t\t1):\n\t\t\t\t\t100\u201318."},{"key":"i1547-3317-58-5-231-b4","series-title":"Front Oncol","first-page":"1493","article-title":"Naturally-occurring invasive urothelial carcinoma in dogs, a unique model to drive advances in managing muscle invasive bladder cancer in humans","volume":"9","year":"2020","unstructured":"Knapp\n DW,\n \n \n Dhawan\n D,\n \n \n Ramos-Vara\n JA,\n \n \n .\n\t\t\t\t\tNaturally-occurring invasive urothelial carcinoma in dogs, a unique model to drive advances in managing muscle invasive bladder cancer in humans.\n\t\t\t\t\tFront Oncol2020;9:1493."},{"issue":"2","key":"i1547-3317-58-5-231-b5","series-title":"Urol Oncol","first-page":"47","article-title":"Naturally-occurring canine transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder A relevant model of human invasive bladder cancer","volume":"5","year":"2000","unstructured":"Knapp\n DW,\n \n \n Glickman\n NW,\n \n \n Denicola\n DB,\n \n \n .\n\t\t\t\t\tNaturally-occurring canine transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder A relevant model of human invasive bladder cancer.\n\t\t\t\t\tUrol Oncol2000;5(\n\t\t\t\t\t2):\n\t\t\t\t\t47\u201359."},{"issue":"12","key":"i1547-3317-58-5-231-b6","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"1627","article-title":"Outcome of urethral stent placement for management of urethral obstruction secondary to transitional cell carcinoma in dogs: 19 cases (2007\u20132010)","volume":"241","year":"2012","unstructured":"McMillan\n SK,\n \n \n Knapp\n DW,\n \n \n Ramos-Vara\n JA,\n \n \n .\n\t\t\t\t\tOutcome of urethral stent placement for management of urethral obstruction secondary to transitional cell carcinoma in dogs: 19 cases (2007\u20132010).\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Am Vet Med Assoc2012;241(\n\t\t\t\t\t12):\n\t\t\t\t\t1627\u201332."},{"issue":"1","key":"i1547-3317-58-5-231-b7","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"59","article-title":"Evaluation of outcome following urethral stent placement for the treatment of obstructive carcinoma of the urethra in dogs: 42 cases (2004\u20132008)","volume":"242","year":"2013","unstructured":"Blackburn\n AL,\n \n \n Berent\n AC,\n \n \n Weisse\n CW,\n \n \n .\n\t\t\t\t\tEvaluation of outcome following urethral stent placement for the treatment of obstructive carcinoma of the urethra in dogs: 42 cases (2004\u20132008).\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Am Vet Med Assoc2013;242(\n\t\t\t\t\t1):\n\t\t\t\t\t59\u201368."},{"issue":"2","key":"i1547-3317-58-5-231-b8","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"226","article-title":"Evaluation of palliative stenting for management of malignant urethral obstructions in dogs","volume":"229","year":"2006","unstructured":"Weisse\n C,\n \n \n Berent\n A,\n \n \n Todd\n K,\n \n \n 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in dogs","volume":"240","year":"2012","unstructured":"Cerf\n DJ\n \n \n Lindquist\n EC.\n \n \n Palliative ultrasound-guided endoscopic diode laser ablation of transitional cell carcinomas of the lower urinary tract in dogs.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Am Vet Med Assoc2012;240(\n\t\t\t\t\t1):\n\t\t\t\t\t51\u201360."},{"issue":"2","key":"i1547-3317-58-5-231-b11","series-title":"Vet J","first-page":"217","article-title":"Management of transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder in dogs: a review","volume":"205","year":"2015","unstructured":"Fulkerson\n CM\n \n \n Knapp\n DW.\n \n \n Management of transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder in dogs: a review.\n\t\t\t\t\tVet J2015;205(\n\t\t\t\t\t2):\n\t\t\t\t\t217\u201325."},{"issue":"2","key":"i1547-3317-58-5-231-b12","series-title":"Ann Biomed Eng","first-page":"223","article-title":"Tissue ablation with irreversible electroporation","volume":"33","year":"2005","unstructured":"Davalos\n RV,\n \n \n Mir\n IL,\n \n \n Rubinsky\n B.\n \n \n Tissue ablation with irreversible electroporation.\n\t\t\t\t\tAnn Biomed Eng2005;33(\n\t\t\t\t\t2):\n\t\t\t\t\t223\u201331."},{"key":"i1547-3317-58-5-231-b13","series-title":"Onco Targets Ther","first-page":"2437","article-title":"Irreversible electroporation: state of the art","volume":"9","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wagstaff\n PG,\n \n \n Buijs\n M,\n \n \n van den Bos\n W,\n \n \n .\n\t\t\t\t\tIrreversible electroporation: state of the art.\n\t\t\t\t\tOnco Targets Ther2016;9:2437\u201346."},{"issue":"4","key":"i1547-3317-58-5-231-b14","series-title":"IEEE Trans Biomed Eng","first-page":"1076","article-title":"Experimental characterization and numerical modeling of tissue electrical conductivity during pulsed electric fields for irreversible electroporation treatment planning","volume":"59","year":"2012","unstructured":"Neal\n RE\n 2nd,\n \n \n Garcia\n PA,\n \n \n Robertson\n JL,\n \n \n .\n\t\t\t\t\tExperimental characterization and numerical modeling of tissue electrical conductivity during pulsed electric fields for irreversible electroporation treatment planning.\n\t\t\t\t\tIEEE Trans Biomed Eng2012;59(\n\t\t\t\t\t4):\n\t\t\t\t\t1076\u201385."},{"issue":"4","key":"i1547-3317-58-5-231-b15","series-title":"Technol Cancer Res Treat","first-page":"295","article-title":"Irreversible electroporation: implications for prostate ablation","volume":"6","year":"2007","unstructured":"Onik\n G,\n \n \n Mikus\n P,\n \n \n Rubinsky\n B.\n \n \n Irreversible electroporation: implications for prostate ablation.\n\t\t\t\t\tTechnol Cancer Res Treat2007;6(\n\t\t\t\t\t4):\n\t\t\t\t\t295\u2013300."},{"issue":"10","key":"i1547-3317-58-5-231-b16","series-title":"Curr Urol Rep","first-page":"63","article-title":"Irreversible electroporation for the ablation of prostate cancer","volume":"20","year":"2019","unstructured":"Karagiannis\n A\n \n \n Varkarakis\n J.\n \n \n Irreversible electroporation for the ablation of prostate cancer.\n\t\t\t\t\tCurr Urol Rep2019;20(\n\t\t\t\t\t10):\n\t\t\t\t\t63."},{"issue":"6","key":"i1547-3317-58-5-231-b17","series-title":"Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol","first-page":"1638","article-title":"The effects of metallic implants on electroporation therapies: feasibility of irreversible electroporation for brachytherapy salvage","volume":"36","year":"2013","unstructured":"Neal\n RE\n 2nd,\n \n \n Smith\n RL,\n \n \n Kavnoudias\n H,\n \n \n .\n\t\t\t\t\tThe effects of metallic implants on electroporation therapies: feasibility of irreversible electroporation for brachytherapy salvage.\n\t\t\t\t\tCardiovasc Intervent Radiol2013;36(\n\t\t\t\t\t6):\n\t\t\t\t\t1638\u201345."},{"issue":"5","key":"i1547-3317-58-5-231-b18","series-title":"Prostate","first-page":"458","article-title":"In vivo characterization and numerical simulation of prostate properties for non-thermal irreversible electroporation ablation","volume":"74","year":"2014","unstructured":"Neal\n RE\n 2nd,\n \n \n Millar\n JL,\n \n \n Kavnoudias\n H,\n \n 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vulnerability","volume":"7","year":"2018","unstructured":"Livia\n C,\n \n \n Sugrue\n A,\n \n \n Witt\n T,\n \n \n .\n\t\t\t\t\tElimination of purkinje fibers by electroporation reduces ventricular fibrillation vulnerability.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Am Heart Assoc2018;7(\n\t\t\t\t\t15):\n\t\t\t\t\te009070."},{"issue":"14","key":"i1547-3317-58-5-231-b21","series-title":"J Am Heart Assoc","first-page":"e009575","article-title":"Intrapulmonary vein ablation without stenosis: a novel balloon-based direct current electroporation approach","volume":"7","year":"2018","unstructured":"Witt\n CM,\n \n \n Sugrue\n A,\n \n \n Padmanabhan\n D,\n \n \n .\n\t\t\t\t\tIntrapulmonary vein ablation without stenosis: a novel balloon-based direct current electroporation approach.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Am Heart Assoc2018;7(\n\t\t\t\t\t14):\n\t\t\t\t\te009575."},{"issue":"4","key":"i1547-3317-58-5-231-b22","series-title":"J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol","first-page":"607","article-title":"Electroporation of epicardial autonomic ganglia: safety and efficacy in medium-term canine models","volume":"30","year":"2019","unstructured":"Padmanabhan\n D,\n \n \n Naksuk\n N,\n \n \n Killu\n AK,\n \n \n .\n\t\t\t\t\tElectroporation of epicardial autonomic ganglia: safety and efficacy in medium-term canine models.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Cardiovasc Electrophysiol2019;30(\n\t\t\t\t\t4):\n\t\t\t\t\t607\u201315."},{"issue":"1","key":"i1547-3317-58-5-231-b23","series-title":"J Membr Biol","first-page":"127","article-title":"Intracranial nonthermal irreversible electroporation: in vivo analysis","volume":"236","year":"2010","unstructured":"Garcia\n PA,\n \n \n Rossmeisl\n JH\n Jr,\n \n \n Neal\n RE\n 2nd,\n \n .\n\t\t\t\t\t\n Intracranial nonthermal irreversible electroporation: in vivo analysis.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Membr Biol2010;236(\n\t\t\t\t\t1):\n\t\t\t\t\t127\u201336."},{"issue":"3","key":"i1547-3317-58-5-231-b24","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"681","article-title":"Nonthermal irreversible electroporation for intracranial surgical applications. Laboratory investigation","volume":"114","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ellis\n TL,\n \n \n Garcia\n PA,\n \n \n Rossmeisl\n JH\n Jr,\n \n .\n\t\t\t\t\t\n Nonthermal irreversible electroporation for intracranial surgical applications. Laboratory investigation.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Neurosurg2011;114(\n\t\t\t\t\t3):\n\t\t\t\t\t681\u20138."},{"key":"i1547-3317-58-5-231-b25","series-title":"Biomed Eng Online","first-page":"34","article-title":"A parametric study delineating irreversible electroporation from thermal damage based on a minimally invasive intracranial procedure","volume":"10","year":"2011","unstructured":"Garcia\n PA,\n \n \n Rossmeisl\n JH\n Jr,\n \n \n Neal\n RE\n 2nd,\n \n .\n\t\t\t\t\t\n A parametric study delineating irreversible electroporation from thermal damage based on a minimally invasive intracranial procedure.\n\t\t\t\t\tBiomed Eng Online2011;10:34."},{"issue":"4","key":"i1547-3317-58-5-231-b26","series-title":"J Vet Sci","first-page":"433","article-title":"Pathology of non-thermal irreversible electroporation (N-TIRE)-induced ablation of the canine brain","volume":"14","year":"2013","unstructured":"Rossmeisl\n JH\n Jr,\n \n \n Garcia\n PA,\n \n \n Roberston\n JL,\n \n \n .\n\t\t\t\t\tPathology of non-thermal irreversible electroporation (N-TIRE)-induced ablation of the canine brain.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Vet Sci2013;14(\n\t\t\t\t\t4):\n\t\t\t\t\t433\u201340."},{"issue":"3","key":"i1547-3317-58-5-231-b27","series-title":"Ann Biomed Eng","first-page":"475","article-title":"In vitro and numerical support for combinatorial irreversible electroporation and electrochemotherapy glioma treatment","volume":"42","year":"2014","unstructured":"Neal\n RE\n 2nd,\n \n \n Rossmeisl\n JH\n Jr,\n \n \n D\u2019Alfonso\n V,\n \n \n .\n\t\t\t\t\tIn vitro and numerical support for combinatorial irreversible electroporation and electrochemotherapy glioma treatment.\n\t\t\t\t\tAnn Biomed Eng2014;42(\n\t\t\t\t\t3):\n\t\t\t\t\t475\u201387."},{"issue":"1","key":"i1547-3317-58-5-231-b28","series-title":"Technol Cancer Res Treat","first-page":"73","article-title":"Non-thermal irreversible electroporation (N-TIRE) and adjuvant fractionated radiotherapeutic multimodal therapy for intracranial malignant glioma in a canine patient","volume":"10","year":"2011","unstructured":"Garcia\n PA,\n \n \n Pancotto\n T,\n \n \n Rossmeisl\n JH\n Jr,\n \n .\n\t\t\t\t\t\n Non-thermal irreversible electroporation (N-TIRE) and adjuvant fractionated radiotherapeutic multimodal therapy for intracranial malignant glioma in a canine patient.\n\t\t\t\t\tTechnol Cancer Res Treat2011;10(\n\t\t\t\t\t1):\n\t\t\t\t\t73\u201383."},{"issue":"4","key":"i1547-3317-58-5-231-b29","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"1008","article-title":"Safety and feasibility of the NanoKnife system for irreversible electroporation ablative treatment of canine spontaneous intracranial gliomas","volume":"123","year":"2015","unstructured":"Rossmeisl\n JH\n Jr,\n \n \n Garcia\n PA,\n \n \n Pancotto\n TE,\n \n \n .\n\t\t\t\t\tSafety and feasibility of the NanoKnife system for irreversible electroporation ablative treatment of canine spontaneous intracranial gliomas.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Neurosurg2015;123(\n\t\t\t\t\t4):\n\t\t\t\t\t1008\u201325."},{"issue":"9","key":"i1547-3317-58-5-231-b30","series-title":"Med Phys","first-page":"4968","article-title":"Predictive therapeutic planning for irreversible electroporation treatment of spontaneous malignant glioma","volume":"44","year":"2017","unstructured":"Garcia\n PA,\n \n \n Kos\n B,\n \n \n Rossmeisl\n JH\n Jr,\n \n .\n\t\t\t\t\t\n Predictive therapeutic planning for irreversible electroporation treatment of spontaneous malignant glioma.\n\t\t\t\t\tMed Phys2017;44(\n\t\t\t\t\t9):\n\t\t\t\t\t4968\u201380."},{"key":"i1547-3317-58-5-231-b31","series-title":"Technol Cancer Res Treat","article-title":"High-frequency irreversible electroporation for intracranial meningioma: a feasibility study in a spontaneous canine tumor model","volume":"17","year":"2018","unstructured":"Latouche\n EL,\n \n \n Arena\n CB,\n \n \n Ivey\n JW,\n \n \n .\n\t\t\t\t\tHigh-frequency irreversible electroporation for intracranial meningioma: a feasibility study in a spontaneous canine tumor model.\n\t\t\t\t\tTechnol Cancer Res Treat2018;17:\n\t\t\t\t\t1533033818785285."},{"issue":"13","key":"i1547-3317-58-5-231-b32","series-title":"J Clin Oncol","first-page":"e372","article-title":"Successful treatment of a large soft tissue sarcoma with irreversible electroporation","volume":"29","year":"2011","unstructured":"Neal\n RE\n 2nd,\n \n \n Rossmeisl\n JH\n Jr,\n \n \n Garcia\n PA,\n \n \n .\n\t\t\t\t\tSuccessful treatment of a large soft tissue sarcoma with irreversible electroporation.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Clin Oncol2011;29(\n\t\t\t\t\t13):\n\t\t\t\t\te372\u20137."},{"key":"i1547-3317-58-5-231-b33","series-title":"Br J Anaesth","first-page":"985","article-title":"Anaesthetic management during open and percutaneous irreversible electroporation","volume":"113","year":"2014","unstructured":"Nielsen\n K,\n \n \n Scheffer\n HJ,\n \n \n Vieveen\n JM,\n \n \n .\n\t\t\t\t\tAnaesthetic management during open and percutaneous irreversible 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Forum2020;11(\n\t\t\t\t\t3):\n\t\t\t\t\t289\u201393."},{"issue":"3","key":"i1547-3317-58-5-231-b36","series-title":"Vet Comp Oncol","first-page":"176","article-title":"Response evaluation criteria for solid tumours in dogs (v1.0): a Veterinary Cooperative Oncology Group (VCOG) consensus document","volume":"13","year":"2015","unstructured":"Nguyen\n SM,\n \n \n Thamm\n DH,\n \n \n Vail\n DM,\n \n \n .\n\t\t\t\t\tResponse evaluation criteria for solid tumours in dogs (v1.0): a Veterinary Cooperative Oncology Group (VCOG) consensus document.\n\t\t\t\t\tVet Comp Oncol2015;13(\n\t\t\t\t\t3):\n\t\t\t\t\t176\u201383."},{"key":"i1547-3317-58-5-231-b37","unstructured":"Canine Acute Pain Scale.\n \n Available at: http:\/\/csu-cvmbs.colostate.edu\/Documents\/anesthesia-pain-management-pain-score-canine.pdf. 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