{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,16]],"date-time":"2026-03-16T19:01:49Z","timestamp":1773687709579,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"American Animal Hospital Association","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]},"abstract":"ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n The use of human serum albumin (HSA) is described in dogs receiving critical care. However, despite the high degree of homology, anaphylactic and delayed hypersensitivity reactions are reported. Delayed type III hypersensitivity reactions can lead to glomerulonephritis and acute kidney injury (AKI). Undiluted 20% HSA was administered to a 4.8 yr old intact male Labrador Retriever with severe hypoalbuminemia, following surgical management of septic peritonitis of gastrointestinal origin. Nineteen days after HSA administration, the dog developed peracute high magnitude renal proteinuria and AKI. Rapid immunosuppression, using a combination of prednisolone and mycophenolate mofetil, resulted in full resolution of AKI, hypoalbuminemia, and proteinuria. Addition of mycophenolate mofetil may have resulted in the first documented case of full renal recovery from hypersensitivity-induced AKI caused by HSA administration.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.5326\/jaaha-ms-7287","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,30]],"date-time":"2022-12-30T14:25:35Z","timestamp":1672410335000},"page":"45-50","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Successful Use of Mycophenolate Mofetil as Adjunct to Prednisolone for Treatment of Acute Kidney Injury Secondary to Human Serum Albumin Administration in a Dog"],"prefix":"10.5326","volume":"59","author":[{"given":"Mariana","family":"Almeida","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"From Lumbry Park Veterinary Specialists, Alton, United Kingdom (M.A., P.D.)."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Adam","family":"Mugford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anderson Moores Veterinary Specialists, Linnaeus, Mars Veterinary Health, Winchester, United Kingdom (A.M.)."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pieter","family":"Defauw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From Lumbry Park Veterinary Specialists, Alton, United Kingdom (M.A., P.D.)."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"3280","reference":[{"key":"i1547-3317-59-1-45-b1","series-title":"J Vet Emerg Crit Care","first-page":"281","article-title":"Retrospective evaluation of recurrent secondary septic peritonitis in dogs (2000\u20132011): 41 cases","volume":"26","year":"2016","unstructured":"Barfield\n DM\n ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tTiversMS,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tHolahanM,\n\t\t\t\t\t\n .\n\t\t\t\t\tRetrospective evaluation of recurrent secondary septic peritonitis in dogs (2000\u20132011): 41 cases.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Vet Emerg Crit Care2016;26:281\u20137."},{"key":"i1547-3317-59-1-45-b2","series-title":"J Vet Emerg Crit Care","first-page":"213","article-title":"Identification of risk factors for recurrent secondary septic peritonitis following initial surgical treatment of secondary septic peritonitis in dogs","volume":"30","year":"2020","unstructured":"Fink\n O\n ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tBuysseA,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tDrobatzKJ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\n .\n\t\t\t\t\tIdentification of risk factors for recurrent secondary septic peritonitis following initial surgical treatment of secondary septic peritonitis in dogs.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Vet Emerg Crit Care2020;30:213\u201320."},{"key":"i1547-3317-59-1-45-b3","series-title":"Vet Anaesth Analg","first-page":"14","article-title":"The use of concentrated bovine serum albumin in canines","volume":"32","year":"2005","unstructured":"Mosley\n C\n \n \n Mathews\n K.\n \n \n The use of concentrated bovine serum albumin in canines.\n\t\t\t\t\tVet Anaesth Analg2005;32:14\u20135."},{"key":"i1547-3317-59-1-45-b4","series-title":"N Engl J Med","first-page":"1412","article-title":"Albumin replacement in patients with severe sepsis or septic shock","volume":"370","year":"2014","unstructured":"Caironi\n P\n ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tTognoniG,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tMassonS,\n\t\t\t\t\t\n .\n\t\t\t\t\tAlbumin replacement in patients with severe sepsis or septic shock.\n\t\t\t\t\tN Engl J Med2014;370:1412\u201321."},{"key":"i1547-3317-59-1-45-b5","series-title":"Crit Care","first-page":"1","article-title":"Albumin administration in the acutely ill: what is new and where next?","volume":"18","year":"2014","unstructured":"Vincent\n JL\n ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tRussellJA,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tJacobM,\n\t\t\t\t\t\n .\n\t\t\t\t\tAlbumin administration in the acutely ill: what is new and where next?Crit Care2014;18:1\u201310."},{"key":"i1547-3317-59-1-45-b6","series-title":"Can Vet J","first-page":"591","article-title":"A retrospective analysis of 25% human serum albumin supplementation in hypoalbuminemic dogs with septic peritonitis","volume":"56","year":"2015","unstructured":"Horowitz\n F\n ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tReadR,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tPowellL.\n A retrospective analysis of 25% human serum albumin supplementation in hypoalbuminemic dogs with septic peritonitis.\n\t\t\t\t\tCan Vet J2015;56:591\u20137."},{"key":"i1547-3317-59-1-45-b7","series-title":"J Vet Emerg Crit Care","first-page":"110","article-title":"The use of 25% human serum albumin: outcome and efficacy in raising serum albumin and systemic blood pressure in critically ill dogs and cats","volume":"15","year":"2005","unstructured":"Mathews\n KA\n \n \n Barry\n M.\n \n \n The use of 25% human serum albumin: outcome and efficacy in raising serum albumin and systemic blood pressure in critically ill dogs and cats.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Vet Emerg Crit Care2005;15:110\u20138."},{"key":"i1547-3317-59-1-45-b8","series-title":"J Vet Emerg Crit Care","first-page":"237","article-title":"Administration of 5% human serum albumin in critically ill small animal patients with hypoalbuminemia: 418 dogs and 170 cats (1994\u20132008)","volume":"20","year":"2010","unstructured":"Vigano\n F\n ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tPerissinottoL,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tBoscoVRF.\n Administration of 5% human serum albumin in critically ill small animal patients with hypoalbuminemia: 418 dogs and 170 cats (1994\u20132008).\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Vet Emerg Crit Care2010;20:237\u201343."},{"key":"i1547-3317-59-1-45-b9","series-title":"J Amer Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"873","article-title":"Adverse reactions suggestive of type III hypersensitivity in six healthy dogs given human albumin","volume":"230","year":"2007","unstructured":"Francis\n AH\n ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tMartinLG,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tHaldorsonGJ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\n .\n\t\t\t\t\tAdverse reactions suggestive of type III hypersensitivity in six healthy dogs given human albumin.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Amer Vet Med Assoc2007;230:873\u20139."},{"key":"i1547-3317-59-1-45-b10","series-title":"J Vet Emerg Crit Care","first-page":"574","article-title":"Delayed type III hypersensitivity reaction with acute kidney injury in two dogs following administration of concentrated human albumin during treatment for hypoalbuminemia secondary to septic peritonitis","volume":"30","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mazzaferro\n EM\n ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tBalakrishnanA,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tHacknerSG,\n\t\t\t\t\t\n .\n\t\t\t\t\tDelayed type III hypersensitivity reaction with acute kidney injury in two dogs following administration of concentrated human albumin during treatment for hypoalbuminemia secondary to septic peritonitis.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Vet Emerg Crit Care2020;30:574\u201380."},{"key":"i1547-3317-59-1-45-b11","series-title":"J Vet Emerg Crit Care","first-page":"598","article-title":"Type III hypersensitivity reaction with immune complex deposition in 2 critically ill dogs administered human serum albumin","volume":"23","year":"2013","unstructured":"Powell\n C\n ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tThompsonL,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tMurtaughRJ.\n Type III hypersensitivity reaction with immune complex deposition in 2 critically ill dogs administered human serum albumin.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Vet Emerg Crit Care2013;23:598\u2013604."},{"key":"i1547-3317-59-1-45-b12","series-title":"J Amer Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"1004","article-title":"Serum antibodies against human albumin in critically ill and healthy dogs","volume":"232","year":"2008","unstructured":"Martin\n L\n ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tLutherT,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tAlperinD,\n\t\t\t\t\t\n .\n\t\t\t\t\tSerum antibodies against human albumin in critically ill and healthy dogs.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Amer Vet Med Assoc2008;232:1004\u20139."},{"key":"i1547-3317-59-1-45-b13","series-title":"IRIS International Renal Interest Society","article-title":"Grading of acute kidney injury","unstructured":"Cowgill\n L.\n \n \n Grading of acute kidney injury.\n\t\t\t\t\tIRIS International Renal Interest Societyhttp:\/\/www.iris-kidney.com\/pdf\/4_ldc-revised-grading-of-acute-kidney-injury.pdf. Accessed August 21, 2021."},{"key":"i1547-3317-59-1-45-b14","series-title":"Crit Care Med","first-page":"162","article-title":"Allergic and hypersensitivity reactions in the intensive care unit","volume":"38","year":"2010","unstructured":"Kanji\n S\n \n \n Chant\n C.\n \n \n Allergic and hypersensitivity reactions in the intensive care unit.\n\t\t\t\t\tCrit Care Med2010;38:162\u20138."},{"key":"i1547-3317-59-1-45-b15","series-title":"J Vet Emerg Crit Care","first-page":"113","article-title":"The role of albumin replacement in the critically ill veterinary patient","volume":"12","year":"2002","unstructured":"Mazzaferro\n EM\n ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tRudloffE,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tKirbyR.\n The role of albumin replacement in the critically ill veterinary patient.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Vet Emerg Crit Care2002;12:113\u201324."},{"key":"i1547-3317-59-1-45-b16","series-title":"Textbook of veterinary internal medicine.","first-page":"4743","article-title":"Glomerular diseases","year":"2017","unstructured":"Vaden\n S.\n \n \n Glomerular diseases.\n\t\t\t\t\tIn:EttingerS,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tFeldmanE,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tC\u00f4t\u00e9E,\n\t\t\t\t\teds.Textbook of veterinary internal medicine.8th ed.\n\t\t\t\t\tSt. Louis:\n\t\t\t\t\tElsevier;\n\t\t\t\t\t2017:4743\u201357."},{"key":"i1547-3317-59-1-45-b17","series-title":"Nephron","first-page":"272","article-title":"Update on C3 glomerulopathy: a complement-mediated disease","volume":"144","year":"2020","unstructured":"Caravaca-Font\u00e1n\n F\n ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tLucientesL,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tCaveroT,\n\t\t\t\t\t\n .\n\t\t\t\t\tUpdate on C3 glomerulopathy: a complement-mediated disease.\n\t\t\t\t\tNephron2020;144:272\u201380."},{"key":"i1547-3317-59-1-45-b18","series-title":"Kidney Int","first-page":"1153","article-title":"Effectiveness of mycophenolate mofetil in C3 glomerulonephritis","volume":"88","year":"2015","unstructured":"Rabasco\n C\n ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tCaveroT,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tRom\u00e1nE,\n\t\t\t\t\t\n .\n\t\t\t\t\tEffectiveness of mycophenolate mofetil in C3 glomerulonephritis.\n\t\t\t\t\tKidney Int2015;88:1153\u201360."},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"i1547-3317-59-1-45-b19","series-title":"J Vet Int Med","first-page":"S44","article-title":"Consensus recommendations for immunosuppressive treatment of dogs with glomerular disease based on established pathology","volume":"27","year":"2013","unstructured":"Segev\n G\n ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tCowgillLD,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tHeieneR,\n\t\t\t\t\t\n .\n\t\t\t\t\tConsensus recommendations for immunosuppressive treatment of dogs with glomerular disease based on established pathology.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Vet Int Med2013;27(Suppl 1):S44\u201354."},{"key":"i1547-3317-59-1-45-b20","series-title":"Amer J Transplant","first-page":"312","article-title":"Advances in the understanding of complement mediated glomerular disease: implications for recurrence in the transplant setting","volume":"15","year":"2015","unstructured":"Barbour\n S\n \n \n Gill\n JS.\n \n \n Advances in the understanding of complement mediated glomerular disease: implications for recurrence in the transplant setting.\n\t\t\t\t\tAmer J Transplant2015;15:312\u20139."},{"key":"i1547-3317-59-1-45-b21","series-title":"J Parenter Enteral Nutr","first-page":"207","article-title":"Role of albumin in human physiology and pathophysiology","volume":"15","year":"1991","unstructured":"Doweiko\n J\n \n \n Nompleggi\n D.\n \n \n Role of albumin in human physiology and pathophysiology.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Parenter Enteral Nutr1991;15:207\u201311."},{"key":"i1547-3317-59-1-45-b22","series-title":"Kidney Int","first-page":"977","article-title":"C3 glomerulonephritis and dense deposit disease share a similar disease course in a large United States cohort of patients with C3 glomerulopathy","volume":"93","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bomback\n A\n ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tSantorielloD,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tAvasareR,\n\t\t\t\t\t\n .\n\t\t\t\t\tC3 glomerulonephritis and dense deposit disease share a similar disease course in a large United States cohort of patients with C3 glomerulopathy.\n\t\t\t\t\tKidney Int2018;93:977\u201385."},{"key":"i1547-3317-59-1-45-b23","series-title":"Comprehensive biomaterials.","first-page":"573","article-title":"6.636 Suture material: conventional and stimuli responsive, Volume 6: biomaterials and clinical use","year":"2011","unstructured":"Dart\n AJ\n \n \n Dart\n CM.\n \n \n 6.636 Suture material: conventional and stimuli responsive, Volume 6: biomaterials and clinical use.\n\t\t\t\t\tIn:DucheyneP,\n\t\t\t\t\ted.Comprehensive biomaterials.Netherlands:\n\t\t\t\t\tElsevier;\n\t\t\t\t\t2011:573\u201387."},{"key":"i1547-3317-59-1-45-b24","series-title":"J Amer Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"486","article-title":"Identification of risk factors for septic peritonitis and failure to survive following gastrointestinal surgery in dogs","volume":"238","year":"2011","unstructured":"Grimes\n J\n ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tSchmiedtC,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tCornellK,\n\t\t\t\t\t\n .\n\t\t\t\t\tIdentification of risk factors for septic peritonitis and failure to survive following gastrointestinal surgery in dogs.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Amer Vet Med Assoc2011;238:486\u201394."},{"key":"i1547-3317-59-1-45-b25","series-title":"J Amer Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"73","article-title":"Risk factors for leakage following intestinal anastomosis in dogs and cats: 115 cases (1991\u20132000)","volume":"223","year":"2003","unstructured":"Ralphs\n S\n ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tJessenC,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tLipowitzA.\n Risk factors for leakage following intestinal anastomosis in dogs and cats: 115 cases (1991\u20132000).\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Amer Vet Med Assoc2003;223:73\u20137."},{"key":"i1547-3317-59-1-45-b26","series-title":"Ann Surg","first-page":"222","article-title":"Effects of vitamin A and glucocorticoids upon inflammation and collagen synthesis","volume":"177","year":"1973","unstructured":"Ehrlich\n HP\n ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tTarverH,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tHuntTK.\n Effects of vitamin A and glucocorticoids upon inflammation and collagen synthesis.\n\t\t\t\t\tAnn Surg1973;177:222\u20137."},{"key":"i1547-3317-59-1-45-b27","series-title":"Mechanisms of disease in small animal surgery.","first-page":"191","article-title":"Disorders of visceral healing","year":"2010","unstructured":"Ellison\n G.\n \n \n Disorders of visceral healing.\n\t\t\t\t\tIn:BojrabM,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tMonnetE,\n\t\t\t\t\teds.Mechanisms of disease in small animal surgery.Jackson, WY:\n\t\t\t\t\tTeton New Media;\n\t\t\t\t\t2010:191\u20136."},{"key":"i1547-3317-59-1-45-b1","series-title":"J Vet Emerg Crit Care","first-page":"281","article-title":"Retrospective evaluation of recurrent secondary septic peritonitis in dogs (2000\u20132011): 41 cases","volume":"26","year":"2016","unstructured":"Barfield\n DM\n ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tTiversMS,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tHolahanM,\n\t\t\t\t\t\n .\n\t\t\t\t\tRetrospective evaluation of recurrent secondary septic peritonitis in dogs (2000\u20132011): 41 cases.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Vet Emerg Crit Care2016;26:281\u20137."},{"key":"i1547-3317-59-1-45-b2","series-title":"J Vet Emerg Crit Care","first-page":"213","article-title":"Identification of risk factors for recurrent secondary septic peritonitis following initial surgical treatment of secondary septic peritonitis in dogs","volume":"30","year":"2020","unstructured":"Fink\n O\n ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tBuysseA,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tDrobatzKJ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\n .\n\t\t\t\t\tIdentification of risk factors for recurrent secondary septic peritonitis following initial surgical treatment of secondary septic peritonitis in dogs.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Vet Emerg Crit Care2020;30:213\u201320."},{"key":"i1547-3317-59-1-45-b3","series-title":"Vet Anaesth Analg","first-page":"14","article-title":"The use of concentrated bovine serum albumin in canines","volume":"32","year":"2005","unstructured":"Mosley\n C\n \n \n Mathews\n K.\n \n \n The use of concentrated bovine serum albumin in canines.\n\t\t\t\t\tVet Anaesth Analg2005;32:14\u20135."},{"key":"i1547-3317-59-1-45-b4","series-title":"N Engl J Med","first-page":"1412","article-title":"Albumin replacement in patients with severe sepsis or septic shock","volume":"370","year":"2014","unstructured":"Caironi\n P\n ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tTognoniG,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tMassonS,\n\t\t\t\t\t\n .\n\t\t\t\t\tAlbumin replacement in patients with severe sepsis or septic shock.\n\t\t\t\t\tN Engl J Med2014;370:1412\u201321."},{"key":"i1547-3317-59-1-45-b5","series-title":"Crit Care","first-page":"1","article-title":"Albumin administration in the acutely ill: what is new and where next?","volume":"18","year":"2014","unstructured":"Vincent\n JL\n ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tRussellJA,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tJacobM,\n\t\t\t\t\t\n .\n\t\t\t\t\tAlbumin administration in the acutely ill: what is new and where next?Crit Care2014;18:1\u201310."},{"key":"i1547-3317-59-1-45-b6","series-title":"Can Vet J","first-page":"591","article-title":"A retrospective analysis of 25% human serum albumin supplementation in hypoalbuminemic dogs with septic peritonitis","volume":"56","year":"2015","unstructured":"Horowitz\n F\n ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tReadR,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tPowellL.\n A retrospective analysis of 25% human serum albumin supplementation in hypoalbuminemic dogs with septic peritonitis.\n\t\t\t\t\tCan Vet J2015;56:591\u20137."},{"key":"i1547-3317-59-1-45-b7","series-title":"J Vet Emerg Crit Care","first-page":"110","article-title":"The use of 25% human serum albumin: outcome and efficacy in raising serum albumin and systemic blood pressure in critically ill dogs and cats","volume":"15","year":"2005","unstructured":"Mathews\n KA\n \n \n Barry\n M.\n \n \n The use of 25% human serum albumin: outcome and efficacy in raising serum albumin and systemic blood pressure in critically ill dogs and cats.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Vet Emerg Crit Care2005;15:110\u20138."},{"key":"i1547-3317-59-1-45-b8","series-title":"J Vet Emerg Crit Care","first-page":"237","article-title":"Administration of 5% human serum albumin in critically ill small animal patients with hypoalbuminemia: 418 dogs and 170 cats (1994\u20132008)","volume":"20","year":"2010","unstructured":"Vigano\n F\n ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tPerissinottoL,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tBoscoVRF.\n Administration of 5% human serum albumin in critically ill small animal patients with hypoalbuminemia: 418 dogs and 170 cats (1994\u20132008).\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Vet Emerg Crit Care2010;20:237\u201343."},{"key":"i1547-3317-59-1-45-b9","series-title":"J Amer Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"873","article-title":"Adverse reactions suggestive of type III hypersensitivity in six healthy dogs given human albumin","volume":"230","year":"2007","unstructured":"Francis\n AH\n ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tMartinLG,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tHaldorsonGJ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\n .\n\t\t\t\t\tAdverse reactions suggestive of type III hypersensitivity in six healthy dogs given human albumin.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Amer Vet Med Assoc2007;230:873\u20139."},{"key":"i1547-3317-59-1-45-b10","series-title":"J Vet Emerg Crit Care","first-page":"574","article-title":"Delayed type III hypersensitivity reaction with acute kidney injury in two dogs following administration of concentrated human albumin during treatment for hypoalbuminemia secondary to septic peritonitis","volume":"30","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mazzaferro\n EM\n ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tBalakrishnanA,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tHacknerSG,\n\t\t\t\t\t\n .\n\t\t\t\t\tDelayed type III hypersensitivity reaction with acute kidney injury in two dogs following administration of concentrated human albumin during treatment for hypoalbuminemia secondary to septic peritonitis.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Vet Emerg Crit Care2020;30:574\u201380."},{"key":"i1547-3317-59-1-45-b11","series-title":"J Vet Emerg Crit Care","first-page":"598","article-title":"Type III hypersensitivity reaction with immune complex deposition in 2 critically ill dogs administered human serum albumin","volume":"23","year":"2013","unstructured":"Powell\n C\n ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tThompsonL,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tMurtaughRJ.\n Type III hypersensitivity reaction with immune complex deposition in 2 critically ill dogs administered human serum albumin.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Vet Emerg Crit Care2013;23:598\u2013604."},{"key":"i1547-3317-59-1-45-b12","series-title":"J Amer Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"1004","article-title":"Serum antibodies against human albumin in critically ill and healthy dogs","volume":"232","year":"2008","unstructured":"Martin\n L\n ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tLutherT,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tAlperinD,\n\t\t\t\t\t\n .\n\t\t\t\t\tSerum antibodies against human albumin in critically ill and healthy dogs.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Amer Vet Med Assoc2008;232:1004\u20139."},{"key":"i1547-3317-59-1-45-b13","series-title":"IRIS International Renal Interest Society","article-title":"Grading of acute kidney injury","unstructured":"Cowgill\n L.\n \n \n Grading of acute kidney injury.\n\t\t\t\t\tIRIS International Renal Interest Societyhttp:\/\/www.iris-kidney.com\/pdf\/4_ldc-revised-grading-of-acute-kidney-injury.pdf. Accessed August 21, 2021."},{"key":"i1547-3317-59-1-45-b14","series-title":"Crit Care Med","first-page":"162","article-title":"Allergic and hypersensitivity reactions in the intensive care unit","volume":"38","year":"2010","unstructured":"Kanji\n S\n \n \n Chant\n C.\n \n \n Allergic and hypersensitivity reactions in the intensive care unit.\n\t\t\t\t\tCrit Care Med2010;38:162\u20138."},{"key":"i1547-3317-59-1-45-b15","series-title":"J Vet Emerg Crit Care","first-page":"113","article-title":"The role of albumin replacement in the critically ill veterinary patient","volume":"12","year":"2002","unstructured":"Mazzaferro\n EM\n ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tRudloffE,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tKirbyR.\n The role of albumin replacement in the critically ill veterinary patient.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Vet Emerg Crit Care2002;12:113\u201324."},{"key":"i1547-3317-59-1-45-b16","series-title":"Textbook of veterinary internal medicine.","first-page":"4743","article-title":"Glomerular diseases","year":"2017","unstructured":"Vaden\n 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